Triangulation
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The document discusses triangulation as a research method where multiple data sources, theories, investigators, and methods are used to study a research topic. It provides examples of different types of triangulation including data triangulation, investigator triangulation, methodological triangulation, theory triangulation, and multiple triangulation. Triangulation is used to cross-check findings and increase confidence in results by integrating perspectives from different approaches. While it provides more reliable answers, triangulation can also be time consuming and expensive to implement.
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Triangulation
- 2. trrtsr067@gmail.com Origin of the concept Navigation Sailors used it to track their miss placed ship position by 3 point navigation. Plotting lines on a map on the location of the three features will produce a triangle. The interior of the triangle is the best available approximation for the navigator’s position. Actually the third line gives an idea of the magnitude and direction of the errors introduced by the other two. Different methods with same results Increase the confident
- 3. trrtsr067@gmail.com Through integrating results from several different approaches Obtaining more reliable answers to research questions Assure completeness & Confirm findings Applying Navigation concept to Research Methods Denzin (1970)
- 4. trrtsr067@gmail.com Triangulation “A method of cross-checking data from multiple sources to search for regularities in the research data” O’ Donoghue and Punch (2003)
- 5. trrtsr067@gmail.com Types of Triangulation 1.Data triangulation 2.Investigator triangulation 4.Theory triangulation 5.Multiple triangulation 3.Methodological triangulation 1.Data Triangulation: Involves using different sources (Different Time, Space & Persons) of information 2. Investigator triangulation: using several different investigators in the analysis process 3. Methodological triangulation: the use of multiple qualitative and/or quantitative methods to study the program 4. Theory triangulation: incorporates the use of more than one theory in the analysis of the same data set 5. Multiple Triangulation: uses a combination of two or more triangulation techniques in one study.
- 6. trrtsr067@gmail.com METHOD Triangulation A country with Data on the availability of age- appropriate HIV and AIDS curricula in its primary and secondary schools. Quantitative data on the Number of teachers trained to Deliver these curricula Qualitative study-1 Involving extensive focus group discussions with young people reached by the curricula Qualitative study-2 Involving extensive focus group discussions with young people reached by the curricula
- 7. trrtsr067@gmail.com In a large capital city, 3 different NGOs run comprehensive prevention projects for hotel-based sex workers in different places. NGO 1 Place 1 NGO 2 Place 2 NGO 3 Place 3 Data collected 1.Frequency of contact with sex workers 2.Percentage of sex acts including proper use of a condom 3.Reduction in prevalence Of STD among sex workers DATA Triangulation
- 8. trrtsr067@gmail.com Feminist theory Functional theory Symbolic interaction theory Compare how feminist theory, functional theory and symbolic interaction theory explain the forms, causes and societal results of violence that is in popular films TEORY Triangulation
- 9. trrtsr067@gmail.com Study on issue of condom access and condom use among rural populations in a mid-sized country Investigator from a condom social marketing project Investigator from a Local university Investigator from a family planning NGO INVESTIGATOR Triangulation
- 10. trrtsr067@gmail.com https://bmcmedresmethodol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1 186/s12874-017-0290-z A study on exploring decision making in pre hospital emergency care by paramedics in 3 Ambulance trust, UK MULTIPLE Triangulation
- 11. trrtsr067@gmail.com Why triangulation? • Getting multiple inputs to complex questions- Provide wide range of information • Balancing different perspectives – when having sufficient data but dissimilar data- Create opportunity to compare wide range of data • Compensating poor quality of some data- When relevant data from different sources, investigators and methods are available • Providing more precise picture on overall trend data- due to wide range of data • In a rapid response situation- by triangulation, using available data, can have a quick perspective than collecting new data
- 12. trrtsr067@gmail.com Disadvantages of Triangulation 1. Time consuming 2. Collecting more data requires greater planning and organizational resources that are not always available to lead researchers 3. Possible disharmony based on investigator biases, conflicts because of theoretical frameworks, and lack of understanding 4. Expensive
- 13. trrtsr067@gmail.com Conclusion • Triangulation is a powerful technique that facilitates validation of data through cross verification from two or more sources. • Triangulation can be a useful tool for qualitative as well as quantitative researchers. • Used with care, it contributes to the completeness and confirmation of findings necessary in qualitative research investigations.
Editor's Notes
- Triangulation is a method used to determine the location of a fixed point based on the laws of trigonometry Theoretically the lines should intersect one another at a single point, but in practice there are almost always errors in measurement.
- If an investigator uses only one method, the temptation is strong to believe in the findings If an investigator uses two methods, the results may clash By using three methods to get at the answer to one question… The two of the three will produce similar answers, or If three clashing answers are produced, the investigator knows that the question needs to be reframed, methods reconsidered, or both
- Greater confidence can be placed in research findings based on the points of agreement between the results of diverse methods It Involves applying a range of different perspectives on an issue in order to reduce uncertainty about it. The greater the differences between the perspectives, the more the confidence that can be placed in any agreement between their findings in a particular case. The idea is that one can be more confident with a result if different methods lead to the same result Triangulation was first applied to research by Campbell and Fiske (1959) and developed by Webb (1966), who argued that researchers should employ more than one instrument to measure variables. Triangulation was first associated with quantitative research but its relevance to qualitative methods was soon explored
- One researcher using two or more research techniques (within and between quantitative-qualitative techniques) Two or more researchers using the same research technique Two or more researchers using two or more research techniques The intention is to decrease the deficiencies and biases that come from any single method.
- Use of a variety of data sources, including time, space and persons, in a study. Findings can be corroborated and any weaknesses in the data can be compensated for by the strengths of other data, thereby increasing the validity and reliability of the results. The approach has been used in many sectors to strengthen conclusions about findings and to reduce the risk of false interpretations.
- Use of multiple theories or hypotheses when examining a situation or phenomenon. The idea is to look at a situation/phenomenon from different perspectives with different questions in mind
- Use of more than one investigator, interviewer, observer, researcher or data analyst in a study. The ability to confirm findings across investigators — without prior discussion can significantly enhance the credibility of the findings. It is particularly important for decreasing bias in gathering, reporting and/or analyzing study data.
- Uses a combination of two or more triangulation techniques in one study. According to Denzin to incorporate multiple methods of data collection, multiple sources of data and multiple investigators with multiple areas of expertise Denzin states that multiple research methods are desirable because each method reveals a different aspect of reality
- Triangulation can only be done when data are available, whether they are data from different sources, different investigators, different theories or different methods. However, when data are available, there are a number of different reasons why triangulation can and should be used.