1. Unit 1_Task 3
Wilfredo Velasco. Cod 17.420.513
Yudi Esperanza Loaiza. Cod 40.327.934
Eduardo Adolfo Mejía Cod. 1.128.276.738
Luz Aida Idarraga. Cod 1.041.202.490
Group_12
TRANSLATION TECHNIQUES
National University open and Distance
(UNAD)
October 2017
2. Wilfredo Velasco Ardila
TASK 1. TRANSLATION
PARAGRAPH 2
When the first steam trains appeared in the 1830's, they
provoked violent reactions too; opponents claimed that
they were dangerous, noisy and dirty, would destroy cities
by fire, and kill people through speed. Some landowners
resolutely refused to allow lines to be built over their land.
Fifty years later, the arrival of the motor car was met with
a similar mixed response - opponents arguing that
"horseless carriages" were far too dangerous to be allowed
on Britain's roads. For a while, the opponents almost won
the battle, and until 1896, cars on Britain's roads had to be
preceded by a man walking with a red flag.
Indeed, the history of scientific and technical progress is
full of examples of resistance to progress - in a paradoxical
illustration of Newton's third law of motion*.
This being the case, the vigorous reaction in Britain and
several other countries against the introduction of
genetically modified crops is not surprising; indeed, it is
probably inevitable. Since the catastrophe of "Mad Cow
Disease", - and in spite of the enormous benefits brought
about by modern agricultural practice - agribusiness and
scientific modern farming methods are seriously contested
in many quarters.
Parágrafo 2
Cuando los primeros trenes a vapor aparecieron en la
década de 1830, también provocaron reacciones violentas;
los opositores afirmaron que eran peligrosos, ruidosos y
sucios, que destruirían las ciudades por el fuego y matarían
a la gente a través de la velocidad. Algunos terratenientes
se negaron rotundamente a permitir la construcción de
líneas sobre sus tierras. Cincuenta años más tarde, la
llegada del automóvil se encontró con una respuesta mixta
similar - opositores argumentando que los "carruajes sin
caballos" eran demasiado peligrosos para ser permitidos
en las carreteras de Gran Bretaña. Durante un tiempo, los
oponentes casi ganaron la batalla, y hasta 1896, los coches
en las carreteras de Gran Bretaña tuvieron que ser
precedidos por un hombre caminando con una bandera
roja.
De hecho, la historia del progreso científico y técnico
está llena de ejemplos de resistencia al progreso en una
ilustración paradójica de la tercera ley del movimiento de
Newton. Siendo así, no es sorprendente la vigorosa
reacción en Gran Bretaña y en otros países contra la
introducción de cultivos modificados genéticamente; de
hecho, es probablemente inevitable. Desde la catástrofe de
la "enfermedad de las vacas locas", y a pesar de los
enormes beneficios que trajo consigo la práctica agrícola
moderna, la agroindustria y los modernos métodos de
cultivo se encuentran seriamente cuestionados en muchos
sectores.
3. TASK 2. REFLECTION
during the translation of this text (paragraph 2) first of all I considered, it was an interesting topic on culture
and history since my paragraph was about the first steam trains in the 1830s and this was more motivating
for me since I really like the history of the world. I start translating complete sentences to achieve a good
sense to the translation with coherent and logical phrases and in this way to facilitate the comprehension of
the text, and sometimes I did it word by word although I found several unknown words so I used an online
translator and an English - English dictionary to clear my doubts.
My unknown words were these:
- provoked
- paradoxical
- Indeed
And in this phrase I also had to give coherence:
- (contested in many quarters.)
I think that when we develop these translation skills into another language, what is really important is to try
to express the same idea by retaining the original meaning of the text and for this reason I can conclude that
the techniques used according to the knowledge that I learned in the development of this course were the
literal translation in which, as its name indicates, is word for word because in the translation of the
paragraph sometimes I had to be legitimate to the writer and therefore remain unchanged and also think that
uses the oblique technique both transposition and modulation to change the grammatical structure of some
sentences but maintaining the same original meaning of the paragraph.
in conclusion I consider that this was a very good learning exercise and I put all my senses in the
development of this translation in order to adapt it to Spanish language in an appropriate way.
4. TASK 3. CHART
Definition of translation Strategy
Venuti (1998:240) indicates that translation
strategies "involve the basic tasks of choosing the
foreign text to be translated and developing a
method to translate it." He employs the concepts of
domesticating and foreignizing to refer to
translation strategies.
Jaaskelainen (1999:71) considers strategy as, "a
series of competencies, a set of steps or processes
that favor the acquisition, storage, and/or
utilization of information." Hemaintains that
strategiesare "heuristic and flexible in nature, and
their adoption implies a decision influenced by
amendments in the translator's objectives."
Definition of translation method
translation method refers to the way a particular translation
process is carried out in terms of the translator's objective, a
global option that affects the whole text. There are several
translation methods that may be chosen, depending on the aim
of the translation: interpretative-communicative "translation of
the sense), literal "lin-guistic transcodification), free
"modification of semiotic and communicative categories) and
philological "academic or critical translation)
the translation method affects the way micro units of the text
are translated: the translation techniques. thus, we should
distinguish between the method chosen by the translator, e.g.,
literal or adaptation, that affects the whole text, and the
translation techniques, literal translation or adaptation, that
affect micro-units of the text.
According to Larson (1984:15) translation method is divided
into two categories. First category is from-based or literal
translation. Secondly, it is meaning based or idiomatic
translation. By literal translations, he means, the translation
faithfully follows the form of the SL. On the other hand, the
idiomatic translation tries to convey the meaning intended by
the SL writer in a natural form of the receptor language.
Larson (1984: 16) then adds that in applying the literal
translation, there is rarely a true literal translation. The methods
spread in the continuum from very literal, to literal, to modified
literal, to near idiomatic, idiomatic, and unduly free.
Translation technique
They are used when structural and conceptual
elements of the source language can be transposed
into the target language:
Borrowing: taking words straight into another
language, also known as ‘transfer’ (eg using baguette,
Schadenfreude or glasnost in an English text)
Calque: borrowing a phrase from another language
and translating it literally word-forword (eg
translating the French marché aux puces as ‘flea
market’ in English or the English skyscraper as
‘gratte-ciel’ in French)
Literal translation: a word-for-word translation
6. TASK 2. REFLECTION
The translation of a text leads us to develop coherent logical skills in the
formation of sentences and form a text, where the reader can understand is his
own language having the ability to create conclusions of the text. I can say that
during the process of translating paragraph 3, there are diversity of words that
must be omitted to give coherence to the text, was one of the drawbacks I had
in the course of translation because in some cases did not present Coherence
the phrase, the technique used was the literal and oblique, in the literal
technique I allow me to translate word for word, then use the oblique where
you can change the grammatical structure of the text to give logic in the
sequence of the words translated. I can say that this process in enriching
allowed me to concentrate and read the text carefully several times to be able
to fit the words in appropriate way.
7. TASK 3. CHART
TRANSLATIONS
DIFFERENCES
METHOD
Newmark (1988b) mentions the
difference between translation methods
and translation procedures. He writes
that, "[w]hile translation methods relate to
whole texts, translation procedures are
used for sentences and the smaller units
of language" (p.81).
The translation method applies to the
entire text to be translated.
Word-for-word translation
Literal translation
Semantic translation
-Faithful translation
Adaptation
Free translation
Idiomatic translation
Communicative translation
STRATEGY
Bell (1998:188) "Differentiates between
global (those dealing with whole texts)
and local (those dealing with text
segments) strategies and confirms that
this distinction results from various
kinds of translation problems".
Use of a standard translation
Minimum change, that is, a literal
translation.
Extra allusive guidance added in the
text.
The use of footnotes.
Stimulated familiarity or internal marking
Replacement by a TL item
.
TECHNIQUE
Poses a bit of a challenge at the
moment of applying them.
Translation technique varies within
the same text according to each
case and depending on the specific
verbal elements that will be
translated.
.
-Direct Translation Techniques
-Oblique Translation Techniques
-Literal Translation
8. TASK 1. TRANSLATION
PARAGRAPH1 PARRAFO1
Genetically modified crops" are controversial. In Europe,
militant "greens" and angry small-farmers have attacked and
destroyed fields of experimental "GM" crops, seeing them both
as symbols of multinational agribusiness, and as a threat to the
world's natural environment.
Is there any sound scientific evidence to back up the protestors'
fears, or are the protests largely motivated by ignorance? Is the
anti-GM movement progressive, or is it a form of
fundamentalism, caused by fear of the unknown? Different
people have different views on the matter, but history shows
that quantum developments in science or technology have
always provoked a backlash motivated by fear or
misunderstanding.
When industrial machinery began to appear in British factories
over 200 years ago, factory-owners were wildly enthusiastic; so
were many workers. But there were other people who took a
different view. Groups known as the Luddites, opposed to the
mechanisation of factories, sprang up across Britain, adopting
commando tactics to break up new machinery in factories -
claiming that it would destroy jobs and change people's lives
for the worse.
Cultivos genéticamente modificados” son controvertidos. En
Europa, los "verdes" militantes y los pequeños agricultores
furiosos han atacado y destruido campos de cultivos
experimentales "GM", viéndolos a ambos como símbolos de
agroindustria multinacional, y como una amenaza para el
entorno natural del mundo.
¿Existen pruebas científicas sólidas para respaldar los temores
de los manifestantes, o las protestas están motivadas en gran
medida por la ignorancia? ¿es el movimiento anti-GM
progresista, o es una forma de fundamentalismo, causada por el
miedo a lo desconocido? Diferentes personas tienen diferentes
puntos de vista sobre el tema, pero la historia muestra que los
desarrollos cuánticos en la ciencia o la tecnología siempre han
provocado un contragolpe motivado por el miedo o el
malentendido.
Cuando las maquinarias industriales empezaron a aparecer en
fábricas británicas hace más de 200 años, los propietarios de
fábricas se entusiasmaron tremendamente; así que muchos
trabajadores. Pero había otras personas que tenían una visión
diferente. Grupos conocidos como los luditas, opuestos a la
mecanización de fábricas, surgieron a través de Gran Bretaña,
adoptando tácticas de comando para romper la maquinaria
nueva en las fábricas-alegando que iba a destruir los puestos de
trabajo y cambiar la vida de la gente para peor.
Luz Aida Idarraga
9. TASK 2. REFLECTION
Some words when I was translating the paragraph were a bit difficult
because I did not know what their translation was like in Spanish.
Then I searched in a dictionary the words unknown to me, but in some
I found several meanings and according to the paragraph was adapting
the word that best fit the context of the sentence.
Such as the words attacked, threat, fear, matter and sprang up
I have in many cases used the transposition technique in the translation
process. Therefore, I have substituted some meanings of the words, but
keeping the original meaning of the translation text.
10. TASK 3. CHART
METHOD STRATEGY TECHNIQUE
The procedure followed
to achieve the translation
of a text; there are
several methods that can
be used.
Word for word
translation:
Literal translation :
Faithful translation
Semantic translation:
Adaptation:
Free translation :
Communicative
translation:
Krings (1986: 18)
defines the translation
strategy as a
translator's potential
plan for solving
specific translation
problems in the
context of a specific
translation task.
Direct Translation
Techniques:
Borrowing
Calque
Literal Translation
Oblique Translation
Techniques
Transposition
Modulation
Reformulation or
Equivalence
Adaptation
Compensation
11. TASK 1. TRANSLATION
GM crops
Frankenstein food?
Cultivos genéticamente modificados
¿La comida de Frankenstein?
Paragraph 4
One of the main objectives in altering the genes of certain plants is to
make them resistant to disease and to pests, and thus reduce the need for
pesticides. Another is to make them resistant to particular weed-killers, so
that farmers can spray fields knowing that the spray will kill almost all
plants except the selected crop that they are growing. Other genetic
modifications are aimed at producing plants that need less fertilizer or are
more resistant to drought, and thus need less watering. Most
developments in these directions are strongly positive in environmental
terms.
They are also positive in human terms, and development of drought-
resistant and disease-resistant crops will have major implications for
developing countries, where famine is a constant risk. It is therefore not
surprising that developing nations with large populations to feed, such as
China and India, are keen supporters of genetic research; unlike Europe
and North America, with their agricultural surpluses, many poorer nations
already cannot produce enough food to feed their populations.
In other developments, laboratories are genetically incorporating
vaccines - including hepatitis B and rabies - into certain plants. Plant-
based vaccines are potentially far cheaper to produce and easier to store
than their chemically-manufactured equivalents.
Párrafo 4
Uno de los principales objetivos de la alteración de los genes de algunas
plantas en particular es para hacerlas resistentes a enfermedades y
pestes, así reduciendo la necesidad de pesticidas. Otra de ellas es que
resistan ciertos herbicidas, para que así los granjeros puedan rosear los
campos sabiendo que este matara a casi todas las plantas excepto la
cosecha que están cultivando. Otras modificaciones genéticas están
dirigidas a la producción de plantas que necesiten menos fertilizante o que
sean más resistentes a la sequía y así necesiten menos riego. La mayoría
de avances en estas direcciones son fuertemente positivos en términos
ambientales.
Igualmente son positivos en términos humanos, y el desarrollo de cultivos
resistentes a la sequía y a las enfermedades tendrán implicaciones
mayores para los países en desarrollo, donde la hambruna es un riesgo
constante. Por lo tanto, no sorprende que naciones en desarrollo con un
gran número de población para alimentar, como China e India, sean
entusiastas partidarios de las investigaciones genéticas; a diferencia de
Europa y Norteamérica, con sus excedentes agrícolas, varias naciones
pobres ya no pueden producir suficiente comida para alimentar a su
población.
En otros avances, laboratorios están incorporando vacunas mediante
genética – incluyendo hepatitis B y rabia – en algunas plantas. Las
vacunas basadas en plantas son potencialmente mucho más baratas de
producir y más fáciles de almacenar que sus equivalentes químicamente
manufacturadas.
Eduardo Adolfo Mejía
12. TASK 2. REFLECTION
In general, I didn’t have any difficulties
translating the text, only in the last part of the
second part of the paragraph, not because I
didn’t know the meaning of the words or which
should I use, because I had to interpret the
idea and write it in a way for the reader to be
clear. Besides that, I trust that the few words I
changed with synonyms was for good and the
translation of the text is loyal to the idea it
wants to communicate.
Some of the techniques I used to make my
work easier and more efficient was
transposition and modulation.
13. TASK 3. CHART
Method Strategy Technique
A method can be applied to the
whole text from the beginning,
taking in mind if is it going to be a
literal or faithful translation
depending of the objective of the
text, or a free translation or a
communicative one.
It consists of how you will deal
with the translation of a text
depending of the circumstances. If
it’s a short or long text, the type or
to whom is directed. Correct the
errors as you translate, wait for
the finished text to fix the text,
apply them to the whole text or
just to small parts. These are just
some factors to have in mind in
order to design an effective
strategy when translating a text.
A technique is applied to small
fragments of the texts.
Is used for answering problems
that comes by as the translation
goes, changing a word, using a
synonym, adapting a sentence.
Always use the phrases and small
parts of the text to build the whole
idea it wants to communicate.
14. REFERENCE
• Bosco, G. (n.d.). Translation Techniques. Retrieved
March 22, 2017,
fromhttp://www.interproinc.com/es/blog/translati
on-techniques
•
• Ordudari, M. (july 2007). Translation procedures,
strategies, and methods. Translation Journal, 11(3).
Retrieved March 22, 2017,
from http://www.bokorlang.com/journal/41cultur
e.htm
