Genetically modified crops have faced controversy in Europe, as militant environmentalists and small farmers have destroyed experimental GM crop fields, viewing them as threats to the environment and symbols of multinational agribusiness. While protesters fear GM crops, there is debate around whether these concerns are backed by science or stem from ignorance. Throughout history, new scientific and technological developments have often initially faced backlash due to public fear or misunderstanding of the changes they may bring.
Here are some tips for improving your translation skills:
- Use a dictionary to look up any words you don't know. This will help you understand the meaning and find an accurate translation.
- Read the text multiple times - once to get the overall idea, then again closely to analyze grammar, word order, etc.
- It's okay if your first draft isn't perfect. Focus on conveying the main ideas clearly. You can refine word choices and flow on subsequent drafts.
- Compare your translation back to the original. Check that the meaning is fully conveyed when translating phrases and sentences.
- Don't be afraid to leave some parts unfinished if truly stuck. Make a note and come back to it
The document discusses translation techniques and strategies used when translating texts from English to Spanish. It provides examples of translating paragraphs from an article on genetically modified crops. The students completing the task reflected on the translation process, identified techniques used such as direct translation and reformulation, and created charts comparing translation strategies, methods, and techniques.
- The introduction of GM crops in Britain has become the most contested scientific dispute since the arrival of the atom bomb. While public opinion polls in 1998 showed most British people opposed GM crops, the UK government has continued supporting GM crop research.
- Hundreds of hectares of GM crops now grow in Britain, mostly in research centers, universities, and laboratories. To passersby, GM crops look no different than other crops.
- While GM crops may not differ much from conventionally bred crops, genetic modification allows scientists to produce new varieties with desired traits like disease resistance more efficiently. However, opponents argue GM crops pose enormous risks to the environment and biodiversity.
When the first steam trains and motor cars were introduced, they faced similar opposition from those claiming they were dangerous and would disrupt society. Similarly, genetically modified crops have faced significant opposition in Britain and other countries. While public opinion polls in Britain have shown most people oppose GM crops, the UK government has continued supporting their research and cultivation. GM crops are not fundamentally different than conventional crops bred through selective breeding over generations. Genetic modification simply takes the selective breeding process a step further by allowing scientists to more directly introduce desired traits.
Hi everyone,
Below, you will find a presentation with the tasks 1, 2, 3 and 4 consolidated about the reading GM crops - Frankenstein Food? and some differences between method, strategy and technique of the group: 551037_1.
Thanks a lot!
One of the main goals of genetically modifying certain plants is to make them resistant to disease and pests in order to reduce the need for pesticides. Genetically modified crops could also be made resistant to specific herbicides, allowing farmers to spray fields knowing only the targeted weeds will be killed. Other modifications aim to produce plants needing less fertilizer or that are more drought resistant. Developing drought and disease resistant crops could help address famine in developing nations. Laboratories are also genetically incorporating vaccines into certain plants, which may provide cheaper and easier to store alternatives to chemically produced vaccines.
This document discusses genetically modified (GM) crops in Britain. It notes that the debate over GM crops in Britain has become the most contested scientific issue since the arrival of the atom bomb. While most British people did not want GM crops grown in Britain in 1998, only about half were opposed to genetic modification in general. The document also states that UK governments have continued supporting GM crop research, and hundreds of hectares of genetically engineered plants are currently growing in Britain, mostly in research centers. It argues that GM crops are not really that different from conventionally bred crops, as scientists have been selecting and improving crops for centuries.
In Britain, the debate over GM crops has become the most contested scientific dispute since the arrival of the atom bomb. While most British people did not want GM crops grown in the UK, governments have continued supporting GM crop research. Hundreds of hectares of GM plants now grow in Britain, mostly in research centers. GM crops are not very different from conventional crops, as scientists have been selectively breeding crops for centuries to increase productivity. Genetic modification just further improves crops by allowing scientists to develop new varieties with specific traits.
Here are some tips for improving your translation skills:
- Use a dictionary to look up any words you don't know. This will help you understand the meaning and find an accurate translation.
- Read the text multiple times - once to get the overall idea, then again closely to analyze grammar, word order, etc.
- It's okay if your first draft isn't perfect. Focus on conveying the main ideas clearly. You can refine word choices and flow on subsequent drafts.
- Compare your translation back to the original. Check that the meaning is fully conveyed when translating phrases and sentences.
- Don't be afraid to leave some parts unfinished if truly stuck. Make a note and come back to it
The document discusses translation techniques and strategies used when translating texts from English to Spanish. It provides examples of translating paragraphs from an article on genetically modified crops. The students completing the task reflected on the translation process, identified techniques used such as direct translation and reformulation, and created charts comparing translation strategies, methods, and techniques.
- The introduction of GM crops in Britain has become the most contested scientific dispute since the arrival of the atom bomb. While public opinion polls in 1998 showed most British people opposed GM crops, the UK government has continued supporting GM crop research.
- Hundreds of hectares of GM crops now grow in Britain, mostly in research centers, universities, and laboratories. To passersby, GM crops look no different than other crops.
- While GM crops may not differ much from conventionally bred crops, genetic modification allows scientists to produce new varieties with desired traits like disease resistance more efficiently. However, opponents argue GM crops pose enormous risks to the environment and biodiversity.
When the first steam trains and motor cars were introduced, they faced similar opposition from those claiming they were dangerous and would disrupt society. Similarly, genetically modified crops have faced significant opposition in Britain and other countries. While public opinion polls in Britain have shown most people oppose GM crops, the UK government has continued supporting their research and cultivation. GM crops are not fundamentally different than conventional crops bred through selective breeding over generations. Genetic modification simply takes the selective breeding process a step further by allowing scientists to more directly introduce desired traits.
Hi everyone,
Below, you will find a presentation with the tasks 1, 2, 3 and 4 consolidated about the reading GM crops - Frankenstein Food? and some differences between method, strategy and technique of the group: 551037_1.
Thanks a lot!
One of the main goals of genetically modifying certain plants is to make them resistant to disease and pests in order to reduce the need for pesticides. Genetically modified crops could also be made resistant to specific herbicides, allowing farmers to spray fields knowing only the targeted weeds will be killed. Other modifications aim to produce plants needing less fertilizer or that are more drought resistant. Developing drought and disease resistant crops could help address famine in developing nations. Laboratories are also genetically incorporating vaccines into certain plants, which may provide cheaper and easier to store alternatives to chemically produced vaccines.
This document discusses genetically modified (GM) crops in Britain. It notes that the debate over GM crops in Britain has become the most contested scientific issue since the arrival of the atom bomb. While most British people did not want GM crops grown in Britain in 1998, only about half were opposed to genetic modification in general. The document also states that UK governments have continued supporting GM crop research, and hundreds of hectares of genetically engineered plants are currently growing in Britain, mostly in research centers. It argues that GM crops are not really that different from conventionally bred crops, as scientists have been selecting and improving crops for centuries.
In Britain, the debate over GM crops has become the most contested scientific dispute since the arrival of the atom bomb. While most British people did not want GM crops grown in the UK, governments have continued supporting GM crop research. Hundreds of hectares of GM plants now grow in Britain, mostly in research centers. GM crops are not very different from conventional crops, as scientists have been selectively breeding crops for centuries to increase productivity. Genetic modification just further improves crops by allowing scientists to develop new varieties with specific traits.
Genetically modified crops are controversial. While some see them as a threat, others believe they could help address issues like famine. The following key points are made:
- GM crops are altered to resist pests/diseases and need less pesticides, or resist herbicides so farmers can spray fields without harming crops. Other goals are drought/fertilizer resistance.
- Developing drought/disease resistant crops could majorly help developing nations prone to famine by increasing food production.
- Nations with large populations to feed, like China and India, support GM research, unlike Europe/North America with surpluses.
- Laboratories are incorporating vaccines for diseases like hepatitis and rabies into some
The document discusses genetically modified crops and the debate surrounding them. It notes that while GM crops aim to increase disease and pest resistance, reduce water needs, and have other environmental benefits, opponents argue they pose enormous risks. Specifically, there are fears that GM crops could create superresistant weeds or reduce biodiversity. The short and long term risks of GM crops are still unknown, so individuals must decide if the risks outweigh the advantages.
Genetically modified crops are controversial. Some activists and small farmers in Europe have attacked experimental GM crop fields, seeing them as symbols of multinational agribusiness and a threat to the environment. There is debate around whether protests are motivated by sound scientific evidence or ignorance. The introduction of new technologies like GM crops often provokes backlash from fear or misunderstanding, as seen with previous innovations like steam trains and automobiles. While GM crops aim to improve disease and pest resistance, reduce pesticide and water needs, and help feed populations, they remain controversial with the public in many countries.
Genetically modified crops have faced opposition throughout history as new technologies like steam trains and cars initially provoked fears until becoming widely accepted, as the history of scientific progress shows resistance to change is common though modern farming benefits agriculture; therefore, the strong reaction against GM crops in Britain and elsewhere is understandable given past fears over mad cow disease.
This document provides a translation of a multi-paragraph English text into Spanish. The English text discusses genetically modified crops and some of the controversy surrounding them. It notes that historically, new scientific and technological developments have often faced resistance and backlash due to fear or misunderstanding. The document provides several historical examples of this, such as opposition to steam trains and automobiles when they were first introduced. It also discusses some of the objectives and potential benefits of genetically modifying crops, such as increasing disease and pest resistance or making them more drought tolerant. Overall, the document analyzes some of the debate around genetically modified crops and compares the current controversy to historical patterns of initial resistance to new technologies.
The document discusses the history of resistance to new technologies like steam trains, motor vehicles, and genetically modified crops. It notes that opponents often claim new inventions are dangerous and will have negative impacts, even though history shows such technologies usually prove beneficial. The reaction against genetically modified crops in some countries is presented as inevitable and unsurprising given past fears about innovations like "Mad Cow Disease".
This document provides a translation of a text about genetically modified crops from English to Spanish. It is divided into 4 paragraphs that were translated by different group members. Each member also provided a short reflection on their translation process and techniques used. The techniques discussed include direct translation techniques like literal translation as well as oblique techniques like modulation and transposition. Overall, the document demonstrates the group's application of various translation strategies, procedures, and methods to complete the task of translating the full text about GM crops from English to Spanish.
The document summarizes the translation of a passage about genetically modified (GM) crops from English to Spanish performed by three students. The passage discusses the controversy around GM crops in Europe and Britain, comparing it to past resistance to technological innovations like trains and automobiles. It also notes that while the public is wary, the UK continues to support GM crop research.
The document discusses translation techniques, methods, and strategies. It provides definitions for each term:
- Translation techniques are used for individual words or phrases and include borrowing, calque, and literal translation.
- Translation methods apply to the entire text and include word-for-word, literal, semantic, and free translation.
- Translation strategies refer to a translator's plan to solve problems, and can be global or local depending on whether they apply to the whole text or segments.
Genetically modified crops are controversial. In Europe, environmental activists and small farmers have destroyed experimental GM crops, seeing them as a threat. One objective of altering plant genes is to make crops resistant to disease and pests, reducing the need for pesticides. Another is creating herbicide-resistant crops so farmers can spray fields knowing only weeds will be killed. Genetic modifications also aim to produce plants needing less fertilizer or more drought resistance. Developing drought and disease-resistant crops could greatly help developing countries where famine is a risk. Developing nations support genetic research to increase food production for their populations.
Genetically modified crops are controversial. In Europe, environmental activists and small farmers have destroyed experimental GM crops, seeing them as a threat. One objective of genetically altering plants is to make them resistant to pests and disease, reducing the need for pesticides. Genetic modifications also aim to produce plants that need less water or fertilizer. Developing drought and disease-resistant crops could help developing countries prone to famine. Nations with large populations to feed, like China and India, support GM research, as many cannot currently produce enough food. Laboratories are also genetically incorporating vaccines into certain plants, which could be cheaper to produce and store than manufactured vaccines.
Task3 collaborative andrea -perez_group-12andrea perez
1) The paragraph discusses the arguments opponents make against genetically modified crops, pointing to the enormous risks involved. While fears of diseases are hypothetical, other risks like GM crops cross-breeding with other plants to create super-resistant weeds seem more realistic.
2) According to the UK government's advisory body, GM crops pose a threat to wildlife by reducing plant diversity and destroying ecosystems.
3) In the short term, the debate over risks vs. benefits is unlikely to be resolved, as more data is needed over 10-20 years to understand disaster potential, though American farmers already grow GM crops with no reported issues so far.
The document discusses genetically modified (GM) crops and the controversy surrounding them. It begins by explaining that GM crops are controversial in Europe, where environmental activists and small farmers have destroyed experimental GM crop fields, seeing them as symbols of multinational agribusiness and a threat to the natural environment. It asks whether protests are backed by scientific evidence or motivated by ignorance, and discusses how new technologies have historically faced backlash due to fear or misunderstanding. The document goes on to provide context around opposition to past innovations like factories, trains and cars.
About the necessity of adequately defining no-tillage - a discusssion paper. ...Joanna Hicks
The document discusses the need for a precise, science-based definition of no-tillage farming to ensure consistent and comparable research results. Currently, there is no agreed-upon definition, and researchers use different definitions and practices leading to contradictory findings. The author argues that no-tillage should be defined as a holistic system that retains crop residues as mulch, uses low-disturbance seeding equipment, and incorporates integrated pest management without tilling over 50% of the soil surface. A detailed description of the system and research methods is needed for meaningful comparison of no-tillage research results.
Genetically modified crops are a controversial issue with valid arguments on both sides. While GM crops could increase yields and reduce pesticide use, there are also concerns about their environmental and health impacts. Some key points of debate include fears that GM crops could create resistant superweeds or reduce biodiversity. Proponents argue GM crops could help feed a growing population and benefit developing nations, while opponents worry about potential long-term risks that are still unknown. There are also historical parallels with past innovations like steam engines that initially faced resistance but were later widely adopted. Overall, reasonable people can disagree on this complex issue with arguments weighing both costs and benefits of this new agricultural technology.
This document provides an overview of the importance of fats and oils. It discusses their history of production, economic importance, role in nutrition, and use as technical raw materials and sources of energy. It also covers new sources of raw materials and potential substitutes for fats. The document emphasizes that fats provide the highest level of energy density of any food component and supply essential fatty acids and fat-soluble vitamins that are important for human and animal health. It notes that fats make up a large portion of energy consumption for humans and are critical for infant nutrition. Fats also have significant economic importance as a globally traded commodity.
Task3 collaborative andrea -perez_group-12andrea perez
Genetically modified crops are controversial. Opponents argue they pose enormous risks, including the development of super-resistant weeds. Supporters counter that American farmers already mass produce GM crops with no reported disasters. In the long run, the issues around genetic modification may be resolved, but for now individuals must weigh the pros and cons to decide if the risks outweigh the benefits.
The document discusses genetically modified crops and the controversy surrounding them. It provides 5 paragraphs of text in English and the corresponding Spanish translation. The text discusses how genetically modified crops have faced opposition from environmental activists and small farmers in Europe who see them as threats. It notes that while GM crops may not be very different from traditional breeding techniques, they still face resistance from fears of the unknown. The text outlines some of the objectives of genetic modifications like increasing resistance to pests and diseases. It also notes potential environmental and agricultural benefits but acknowledges concerns about risks to biodiversity and ecosystems. Overall, the document presents both sides of the complex debate around genetically modified crops.
The document provides a summary of translation techniques presented by a group of students. It begins by introducing the group members and tutor for the project on translation techniques. It then includes examples of English text passages with corresponding Spanish translations on the topic of genetically modified crops. The passages translated discuss some of the controversies around GM crops and compare resistance to new technologies in the past, like machinery during the Industrial Revolution. It aims to concisely summarize the key information and examples presented in the document regarding translation techniques and passages translated.
This document contains a Spanish translation of an English text about genetically modified crops. The English text discusses the controversy around GM crops, noting both opposition and support. It covers historical examples of resistance to new technologies like steam trains and cars. The translated Spanish text maintains the overall meaning and structure of the original English paragraphs.
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
Genetically modified crops are controversial. While some see them as a threat, others believe they could help address issues like famine. The following key points are made:
- GM crops are altered to resist pests/diseases and need less pesticides, or resist herbicides so farmers can spray fields without harming crops. Other goals are drought/fertilizer resistance.
- Developing drought/disease resistant crops could majorly help developing nations prone to famine by increasing food production.
- Nations with large populations to feed, like China and India, support GM research, unlike Europe/North America with surpluses.
- Laboratories are incorporating vaccines for diseases like hepatitis and rabies into some
The document discusses genetically modified crops and the debate surrounding them. It notes that while GM crops aim to increase disease and pest resistance, reduce water needs, and have other environmental benefits, opponents argue they pose enormous risks. Specifically, there are fears that GM crops could create superresistant weeds or reduce biodiversity. The short and long term risks of GM crops are still unknown, so individuals must decide if the risks outweigh the advantages.
Genetically modified crops are controversial. Some activists and small farmers in Europe have attacked experimental GM crop fields, seeing them as symbols of multinational agribusiness and a threat to the environment. There is debate around whether protests are motivated by sound scientific evidence or ignorance. The introduction of new technologies like GM crops often provokes backlash from fear or misunderstanding, as seen with previous innovations like steam trains and automobiles. While GM crops aim to improve disease and pest resistance, reduce pesticide and water needs, and help feed populations, they remain controversial with the public in many countries.
Genetically modified crops have faced opposition throughout history as new technologies like steam trains and cars initially provoked fears until becoming widely accepted, as the history of scientific progress shows resistance to change is common though modern farming benefits agriculture; therefore, the strong reaction against GM crops in Britain and elsewhere is understandable given past fears over mad cow disease.
This document provides a translation of a multi-paragraph English text into Spanish. The English text discusses genetically modified crops and some of the controversy surrounding them. It notes that historically, new scientific and technological developments have often faced resistance and backlash due to fear or misunderstanding. The document provides several historical examples of this, such as opposition to steam trains and automobiles when they were first introduced. It also discusses some of the objectives and potential benefits of genetically modifying crops, such as increasing disease and pest resistance or making them more drought tolerant. Overall, the document analyzes some of the debate around genetically modified crops and compares the current controversy to historical patterns of initial resistance to new technologies.
The document discusses the history of resistance to new technologies like steam trains, motor vehicles, and genetically modified crops. It notes that opponents often claim new inventions are dangerous and will have negative impacts, even though history shows such technologies usually prove beneficial. The reaction against genetically modified crops in some countries is presented as inevitable and unsurprising given past fears about innovations like "Mad Cow Disease".
This document provides a translation of a text about genetically modified crops from English to Spanish. It is divided into 4 paragraphs that were translated by different group members. Each member also provided a short reflection on their translation process and techniques used. The techniques discussed include direct translation techniques like literal translation as well as oblique techniques like modulation and transposition. Overall, the document demonstrates the group's application of various translation strategies, procedures, and methods to complete the task of translating the full text about GM crops from English to Spanish.
The document summarizes the translation of a passage about genetically modified (GM) crops from English to Spanish performed by three students. The passage discusses the controversy around GM crops in Europe and Britain, comparing it to past resistance to technological innovations like trains and automobiles. It also notes that while the public is wary, the UK continues to support GM crop research.
The document discusses translation techniques, methods, and strategies. It provides definitions for each term:
- Translation techniques are used for individual words or phrases and include borrowing, calque, and literal translation.
- Translation methods apply to the entire text and include word-for-word, literal, semantic, and free translation.
- Translation strategies refer to a translator's plan to solve problems, and can be global or local depending on whether they apply to the whole text or segments.
Genetically modified crops are controversial. In Europe, environmental activists and small farmers have destroyed experimental GM crops, seeing them as a threat. One objective of altering plant genes is to make crops resistant to disease and pests, reducing the need for pesticides. Another is creating herbicide-resistant crops so farmers can spray fields knowing only weeds will be killed. Genetic modifications also aim to produce plants needing less fertilizer or more drought resistance. Developing drought and disease-resistant crops could greatly help developing countries where famine is a risk. Developing nations support genetic research to increase food production for their populations.
Genetically modified crops are controversial. In Europe, environmental activists and small farmers have destroyed experimental GM crops, seeing them as a threat. One objective of genetically altering plants is to make them resistant to pests and disease, reducing the need for pesticides. Genetic modifications also aim to produce plants that need less water or fertilizer. Developing drought and disease-resistant crops could help developing countries prone to famine. Nations with large populations to feed, like China and India, support GM research, as many cannot currently produce enough food. Laboratories are also genetically incorporating vaccines into certain plants, which could be cheaper to produce and store than manufactured vaccines.
Task3 collaborative andrea -perez_group-12andrea perez
1) The paragraph discusses the arguments opponents make against genetically modified crops, pointing to the enormous risks involved. While fears of diseases are hypothetical, other risks like GM crops cross-breeding with other plants to create super-resistant weeds seem more realistic.
2) According to the UK government's advisory body, GM crops pose a threat to wildlife by reducing plant diversity and destroying ecosystems.
3) In the short term, the debate over risks vs. benefits is unlikely to be resolved, as more data is needed over 10-20 years to understand disaster potential, though American farmers already grow GM crops with no reported issues so far.
The document discusses genetically modified (GM) crops and the controversy surrounding them. It begins by explaining that GM crops are controversial in Europe, where environmental activists and small farmers have destroyed experimental GM crop fields, seeing them as symbols of multinational agribusiness and a threat to the natural environment. It asks whether protests are backed by scientific evidence or motivated by ignorance, and discusses how new technologies have historically faced backlash due to fear or misunderstanding. The document goes on to provide context around opposition to past innovations like factories, trains and cars.
About the necessity of adequately defining no-tillage - a discusssion paper. ...Joanna Hicks
The document discusses the need for a precise, science-based definition of no-tillage farming to ensure consistent and comparable research results. Currently, there is no agreed-upon definition, and researchers use different definitions and practices leading to contradictory findings. The author argues that no-tillage should be defined as a holistic system that retains crop residues as mulch, uses low-disturbance seeding equipment, and incorporates integrated pest management without tilling over 50% of the soil surface. A detailed description of the system and research methods is needed for meaningful comparison of no-tillage research results.
Genetically modified crops are a controversial issue with valid arguments on both sides. While GM crops could increase yields and reduce pesticide use, there are also concerns about their environmental and health impacts. Some key points of debate include fears that GM crops could create resistant superweeds or reduce biodiversity. Proponents argue GM crops could help feed a growing population and benefit developing nations, while opponents worry about potential long-term risks that are still unknown. There are also historical parallels with past innovations like steam engines that initially faced resistance but were later widely adopted. Overall, reasonable people can disagree on this complex issue with arguments weighing both costs and benefits of this new agricultural technology.
This document provides an overview of the importance of fats and oils. It discusses their history of production, economic importance, role in nutrition, and use as technical raw materials and sources of energy. It also covers new sources of raw materials and potential substitutes for fats. The document emphasizes that fats provide the highest level of energy density of any food component and supply essential fatty acids and fat-soluble vitamins that are important for human and animal health. It notes that fats make up a large portion of energy consumption for humans and are critical for infant nutrition. Fats also have significant economic importance as a globally traded commodity.
Task3 collaborative andrea -perez_group-12andrea perez
Genetically modified crops are controversial. Opponents argue they pose enormous risks, including the development of super-resistant weeds. Supporters counter that American farmers already mass produce GM crops with no reported disasters. In the long run, the issues around genetic modification may be resolved, but for now individuals must weigh the pros and cons to decide if the risks outweigh the benefits.
The document discusses genetically modified crops and the controversy surrounding them. It provides 5 paragraphs of text in English and the corresponding Spanish translation. The text discusses how genetically modified crops have faced opposition from environmental activists and small farmers in Europe who see them as threats. It notes that while GM crops may not be very different from traditional breeding techniques, they still face resistance from fears of the unknown. The text outlines some of the objectives of genetic modifications like increasing resistance to pests and diseases. It also notes potential environmental and agricultural benefits but acknowledges concerns about risks to biodiversity and ecosystems. Overall, the document presents both sides of the complex debate around genetically modified crops.
The document provides a summary of translation techniques presented by a group of students. It begins by introducing the group members and tutor for the project on translation techniques. It then includes examples of English text passages with corresponding Spanish translations on the topic of genetically modified crops. The passages translated discuss some of the controversies around GM crops and compare resistance to new technologies in the past, like machinery during the Industrial Revolution. It aims to concisely summarize the key information and examples presented in the document regarding translation techniques and passages translated.
This document contains a Spanish translation of an English text about genetically modified crops. The English text discusses the controversy around GM crops, noting both opposition and support. It covers historical examples of resistance to new technologies like steam trains and cars. The translated Spanish text maintains the overall meaning and structure of the original English paragraphs.
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit InnovationTechSoup
In this webinar, participants learned how to utilize Generative AI to streamline operations and elevate member engagement. Amazon Web Service experts provided a customer specific use cases and dived into low/no-code tools that are quick and easy to deploy through Amazon Web Service (AWS.)
Communicating effectively and consistently with students can help them feel at ease during their learning experience and provide the instructor with a communication trail to track the course's progress. This workshop will take you through constructing an engaging course container to facilitate effective communication.
1. By: Valeria Viña Leonardi
TASK 1 - PARAGRAPH 2
ENGLISH TEXT SPANISH TEXT
GM-CROPS – FRANKENSTEIN FOOD?
PARAGRAPH 2
When the first steam trains appeared in the 1830's, they provoked
violent reactions too; opponents claimed that they were dangerous, noisy
and dirty, would destroy cities by fire, and kill people through speed.
Some landowners resolutely refused to allow lines to be built over their
land. Fifty years later, the arrival of the motor car was met with a
similar mixed response - opponents arguing that "horseless carriages"
were far too dangerous to be allowed on Britain's roads. For a while,
the opponents almost won the battle, and until 1896, cars on Britain's
roads had to be preceded by a man walking with a red flag.
Indeed, the history of scientific and technical progress is full of
examples of resistance to progress - in a paradoxical illustration of
Newton's third law of motion*.
This being the case, the vigorous reaction in Britain and several other
countries against the introduction of genetically modified crops is not
surprising; indeed, it is probably inevitable. Since the catastrophe of
"Mad Cow Disease", - and in spite of the enormous benefits brought
about by modern agricultural practice - agribusiness and scientific
modern farming methods are seriously contested in many quarters.
CULTIVOS GENETICAMENTE MODIFICADOS – LA COMIDA
DE FRANKENSTEIN?
PARRAFO 2
Cuando los primeros trenes de vapor aparecieron en 1830, provocaron
también reacciones violentas; los opositores alegaban que eran peligrosos,
ruidosos y sucios, destruirían ciudades con fuego y matarían a la gente a
través de la velocidad. Algunos dueños de tierras rechazaron rotundamente
permitir que las líneas fueran construidas en sus tierras. Cincuenta años
después, la llegada de los carros de motor fue acogida con algunas
respuestas similares de los opositores, argumentando que los “carruajes sin
caballo”, eran muy peligrosos para ser permitidos en los caminos
Británicos. Por un tiempo, los opositores casi ganan la batalla y hasta 1896,
los carros en los caminos Británicos, tuvieron que ser precedidos por un
hombre caminando con una bandera roja.
En efecto, la historia del progreso científico y técnico está llena de
ejemplos de resistencia al progreso – en una ilustración paradójica de la
tercera ley de Newton del movimiento.
Este es el caso de reacciones vigorosas en Gran Bretaña y muchos otros
países, en contra de la introducción de cultivos genéticamente modificados
que no es sorprendente, en realidad es inevitable. Desde la catástrofe de
“La enfermedad de las vacas locas”, y a pesar de los enormes beneficios
traídos por la práctica moderna de la agricultura – la agroindustria y
métodos modernos científicos de agricultura, son seriamente disputados
en varios sectores.
2. TASK 2
REFLECTION
When I translate a text, most of the time I feel comfortable about it, but when the text includes words that I´m not used to them, for example (not
conversational vocabulary) I feel kind of lost.
In this paragraph I had some trouble trying to organize some ideas for example agribusiness and scientific modern farming methods are seriously
contested in many quarters. Fortunately I recognized the words and the context.
The strategy I always use, is to do “proof reading” it means I read the text several times, then I start to translate, when I finish I do the same with the
translate text, I read it several times and time by time, I find mistakes or a better way to redact the ideas. If I don´t know a word, I search for the
meaning in a dictionary or sometimes in a translator I have in my laptop, but I always make sure that the meaning is precise, because the translators
are not reliable, it´s better to use a conventional dictionary.
3. TASK 3 – CHART
CONCEPT DIFFERENCES
METHOD It´s the way something is done.
It can be defined also as the organized and planed scheme of a specific task.
Systematic order and way to do something.
Used for daily or routine task.
STRATEGY It´s used when faced a new situation.
An action plan to achieve a goal.
Describes a specific plan step by step.
TECHNIQUE Procedure for completing a specific task.
The skill used in a particular field.
A technique allows performing practical skills.
Most of the time the techniques are used in scientific and arts fields.
4. TASK 4 - FEEDBACK
Good afternoon Marco
Your translation is excellent, I couldn´t find any mistakes, you used very polite words and your redaction is organized and well done.
Excellent job
Good afternoon Nelson Javier
I think your translation is good and is clear, you didn´t change the context of the original text and that´s good; remember that the initials GM are in
english so it would be better if you write them in spanish, as "genéticamente modificados."
Thanks and well done.
Good afternoon Francisco
I think your file is very complete, your comparative chart has very good concepts and you included relevant information. I like your strategy to
translate, word by word, it´s better sometimes to translate like that because most of the translators are not reliable and they don´t give to the text any
context.
5. By: Francisco Javier Alcala
TASK 1 – PARAGRAPH 4
English Test Spanish
GM-CROPS – FRANKENSTEIN FOOD?
PARAGRAPH 4
One of the main objectives in altering the genes of certain plants is to
make them resistant to disease and to pests, and thus reduce the need for
pesticides. Another is to make them resistant to particular weed-killers,
so that farmers can spray fields knowing that the spray will kill almost
all plants except the selected crop that they are growing. Other genetic
modifications are aimed at producing plants that need less fertilizer or
are more resistant to drought, and thus need less watering. Most
developments in these directions are strongly positive in environmental
terms.
They are also positive in human terms, and development of drought-
resistant and disease-resistant crops will have major implications for
developing countries, where famine is a constant risk. It is therefore not
surprising that developing nations with large populations to feed, such as
China and India, are keen supporters of genetic research; unlike Europe
and North America, with their agricultural surpluses, many poorer
nations already cannot produce enough food to feed their populations.
In other developments, laboratories are genetically incorporating
vaccines - including hepatitis B and rabies - into certain plants. Plant-
based vaccines are potentially far cheaper to produce and easier to store
than their chemically-manufactured equivalents.
CULTIVOS GENETICAMENTE ODIFICADOS – LA COMIDA DE
FRANKENSTEIN?
PARRAFO 4
Uno de los principales objetivos en alterar los genes de ciertas plantas es
hacerlas resistentes a la enfermedades y a las plagas, y de esta forma
reducir la necesidad de pesticidas. Otra es hacerlos resistentes a los
herbicidas en particular, también esos granjeros pueden rociar campos
sabiendo que el rociar mataría casi todas las plantas, excepto el cultivo
seleccionado que está creciendo. Otras modificaciones genéticas están
destinados a producir plantas que necesitan menos fertilizantes o más
resistentes a las sequias, y por lo tanto necesitan menos riego, La
mayoría de los desarrollos en este sentido son fuertemente positivos en
términos ambientales.
Ellos son positivos también en términos humanos, y el desarrollo
resistentes a las sequias y enfermedades los cultivos tendrían una mayor
importancia para el desarrollo de los países, donde la hambruna está en
constante riesgo. Por lo tanto, no sorprende que las naciones en
desarrollo con grandes poblaciones para alimentar, como son China e
India, sean entusiastas de la investigación genética, a diferencia de
Europa Y Norteamérica, con sus excedentes agrícolas, muchas naciones
pobres ya no pueden producir suficiente comida para alimentar a sus
poblaciones.
En otros desarrollos, los laboratorios están genéticamente incorporando
vacunas, incluyendo la de la hepatitis B y la rabia en ciertas plantas.
Vacunas basadas en plantas están potencialmente más baratas para
producir y más fáciles para almacenar como sus equivalentes fabricadas
químicamente
6. TASK TWO - REFLECTION
I used the logical and coherent with regard to what the paragraph, I can find words difficult to translate literally and understand which mean for me it
is very enriching and enjoyable.
This words for me It is to easy to translate but the understand for me what´s means is so hard (Plant based vaccines)
I use the techniques of translation was Formal Equivalence or 'linguistic equivalence': It means a 'word-for-word' translation.
Definitions:
What is translation?
“Translation is the communication of the meaning of source-language text by means of an equivalent target language text” WIKIPEDIA
According to Nida, the function of these techniques of adjustment is to:
(1) Allow for adjusting the form the message takes to the structural requirements of the receptor language
(2) Produce semantically equivalent structures
(3) Provide stylistically appropriate equivalents
(4)Allow for a communicative equivalence.
Newmark also adopts the term ‘translation procedures’ from Vinay and Darbelnet, although he distinguishes these from what he calls ‘translation
methods’:
While translation methods relate to whole texts, translation procedures are used for sentences and the smaller units of language. (Newmark, 1988, p.
81)However, the position he adopts is still that of contrastive linguistics, just as we can find in more recent studies, such as the method formulated by
Lopez Guix and Minett Wilkinson (1997).
They use the term ‘procedimientos de traduccion (‘translation procedures’) as synonymous with ‘strategy’, contrary to Wotjak’s approach, where they
reject the possible prescriptive nature of these procedures.
Translation strategies
Parallel to the development of Vinay and Darbelnet’s proposals, a new way of naming the mental processes performed by a translator emerged:
translation strategies.
7. TASK 3 - COMPARATIVE CHART
NAME DESCRIPTION ADVANTAGE DISAVANTAGE
METHOD While translation methods relate to
whole texts, translation procedures
are used for sentences and the smaller
units of language. (Newmark, 1988,
p. 81)
Systematic study of grammatical rules
plays an important role in fostering
students’ ability of reading comprehension
and producing grammatically correct
sentences. It has special importance for
students in teachers’ colleges for whom a
good mastery of the grammar system of
the target language. Understanding and
manipulating the morphology and syntax
will develop students’ ability of analyzing
and solving problems.
Memorizing grammar rules and
bilingual word lists does not motivate
students to actively communicate in the
target language.
STRATEGY Jaaskelainen (1999:71) considers
strategy as, "a series of competencies,
a set of steps or processes that favor
the acquisition, storage, and/or
utilization of
information." He maintains that
strategies are "heuristic and flexible
in nature,
and their adoption implies a decision
influenced by amendments in the
translator's objectives."
Enhancing English skills, particularly
reading, writing, listening, and speaking:
Bagheri and Fazel (2011) found that
translation assists students in acquiring
writing, facilitates their comprehension,
helps them develop and express ideas in
another language, and increases their
motivation to learn English.
Considered as a poor learning strategy
when it comes to the communicative
language teaching (CLT) approach,
where the best way for the learner to
gain aptitude in the target language is
to think, particularly, in that language,
an act that can increase proficiency in
the target language (Husain, 1995)
TECHNIQUE Wotjak (1981) uses the term ‘transfer
techniques in communication’ to
refer to the transfer process from one
language to another. Nevertheless,
throughout his book he
also uses the terms ‘strategy’, ‘rule’
and ‘procedure’ with the same
meaning as ‘translation techniques’
According to Nida, the function of these
techniques of
adjustment is to:
(1) allow for adjusting the form the
message takes to the structural
requirements of the receptor language
(2) produce semantically equivalent
structures
(3) provide stylistically appropriate
equivalents; and (4) allow for a
communicative equivalence.
Without the knowledge of these
techniques which contemporary
linguistics have put within the
translator’s reach, the empirical
translator will continue to be embroiled
in continued puzzles which will take
up precious time and, most important
of all, s/he will be condemned to using
literalisms which are the universal
cause of all manner of mistakes.
(Vazquez Ayora, 1977, p. 251, my
translation
8. TASK 4 – FEEDBACK
Valeria :
The work is well written and the translation is according to the technique of literal translation and the reflection is rightful where i find the solutions ,
the solution to the problems presented .
Nelson Acosta :
The comparative chart, it is well structured very easy to understand, and the reflection relates how difficult it was to become a more accurate
translation but could finish. do the translation
Marco Ramos:
the paragraph that translated for me is long and extensive many new words for me agriculture was an unknown subject but with an effort comes one
to understand it In the reflection he tells how do the translation and the troubles he had , and how do I solve them.
9. By: Nelson Javier Acosta
TASK 1 - PARAGRAPH 1
English text Spanish Text
Genetically modified crops" are controversial. In Europe, militant "greens" and
angry small-farmers have attacked and destroyed fields of experimental
"GM" crops, seeing them both as symbols of multinational agribusiness, and as
a threat to the world's natural environment.
Is there any sound scientific evidence to back up the protestors' fears, or are
the protests largely motivated by ignorance? Is the anti-GM movement
progressive, or is it a form of fundamentalism, caused by fear of the unknown?
Different people have different views on the matter, but history shows
that quantum developments in science or technology have always provoked
a backlash motivated by fear or misunderstanding.
When industrial machinery began to appear in British factories over 200
years ago, factory-owners were wildly enthusiastic; so were many workers. But
there were other people who took a different view. Groups known as
the Luddites, opposed to the mechanization of factories, sprang up across
Britain, adopting commando tactics to break up new machinery in factories
- claiming that it would destroy jobs and change people's lives for the worse.
Las cosechas genéticamente modificadas " son polémicas. En
Europa, "Verdes" militantes y agricultores pequeños enfadados han
atacado y han destruido los campos de "GM" experimental corta,
viendo ellos ambos como los símbolos de agroindustria
multinacional, y como una amenaza al entorno líder mundial natural.
Allí cualquier prueba científica sana debe sostener los miedos de los
manifestantes, o en gran parte son motivadas las protestas por la
ignorancia? ¿El movimiento Anti-GM es progresivo, o esto es una
forma de fundamentalismo, causado por el miedo del desconocido?
La gente diferente tiene vistas diferentes sobre la materia, pero la
historia muestra que acontecimientos cuánticos en la ciencia o la
tecnología siempre provocaban un contragolpe motivado por el
miedo o el malentendido.
Cuando la maquinaria industrial comenzó a aparecer en fábricas
británicas hace más de 200 años, los propietarios de la fábrica eran
desordenadamente entusiásticos; entonces eran muchos trabajadores.
Pero había otra gente que tomó una vista diferente. Los grupos
conocidos como el Luddites, se opusieron a la mecanización de
fábricas, apareció a través de Gran Bretaña, adoptando la táctica de
comandos para romper la nueva maquinaria en fábricas - reclamando
que esto destruiría empleos y cambiaría vidas de la gente para el
peor.
10. TASK 2 – REFLECTION
Really always it is difficult when a text is translated that the grammar remains correctly organized since the order is totally different from our mother
language. The truth was not for anything easily with the text that works. Beginning because some words of the English vocabulary did not remind or
known by it, As Crops, Threat and Quantum. In some occasions to organize phrases to interpret the idea of the text was a bit confused, honestly I am
very regular to interpret of written form the English and more when it is translating a text of Spanish into English. It has been necessary as technique
to improve, to practice too much, practicing the vocabulary across dictation of words, writing short and long phrases and in this case reading the
worn out text several times to be able to interpret it of the best way.
11. TASK 3 - COMPARATIVE CHART
NAME DIFFERENCES
METHOD Many are the methods of translation that there are the available ones nowadays and that, some or others are more useful. In the
method it differs from others for the translation of a language and is that the order of the phrase Preserves, one translates the
words into one taking his more current meaning though it is out of context with the words.
The method of translation moves with more freedom and is very used, Translates adapting the text of a language to other one
though the meaning of the words is not the same. It tries to reproduce the contextual meaning of an exact way to the original one
in order that both the content and the language turn out to be easily understandable for the readers.
Depending on the use that is going to give him to the text it is more suitable to use a method of translation that different. Some
are much easier but the final result is something poor, whereas with others they carry a more specialized work but the result is
much better.
STRATEGY The strategies are to find a solution we must look for a way in the space of the problem that leads us to the aim, with the help of
strategies of search for in this case to improve the translation of a language. Unlike the others, the strategy takes into account
that the representation of the translated text is the objective and that of the original text the initial state, it is affirmed that
the translation strategy allows the translator to reach the representation of the translated text from the representation of the
original text. In short, a translation strategy is a means to find a solution to a translation problem.
The strategies are the used ones for solving problems, for what it is necessary to suppose that they can be applied to the
problems of translation. Nevertheless, they do not manage to solve always any problem not that his efficiency is the same. With
the strategy one tries to expose applications to improve the translation.
TECHNIQUE At the moment of translating a text several technologies can be used, depending on the result that you want to obtain. The
technologies of translation can use with adjustment, expansion, reduction, modulation and transposition. Unlike the others it is
in the habit of being in use for the translators in case of not finding a suitable correspondence. Both the expansion and the
reduction is in use, as agree about every moment.
TheTechnique can create words following the structure of the language of origin, since for example of "basketball" "basketball"
was created. It consists of changing the form thanks to a semantic change, doing the new translation from a new point of view.
The technique for the translation are in the habit of being sought and somehow to be used to do of the most
understandable translation for the one who is going to read or to listen to it, so much in a language as in other one it.
12. TASK 4 – FEEDBACK
Good morning, fellow Francisco and Valeria. Generally each of us always look for different methods of translation in this case the English language
that is with which we are studying. The grammar of English in general is what must always be taken into account for the different methods, strategies
and techniques that will be used for the oral and written translation of English. Your individual documents reflect that. In recent years the role of
translation in the teaching of languages has been has been revalued since structuralism methods have been gradually replaced by others based on the
knowledge that has provided us with Generative transformational grammar. ¡Good job! In my opinion
13. By: Marco Tulio Ramos
TASK 1 - PARAGRAPH 3
ENGLISH TEXT SPANISH TEXT
PARAGRAPH 3
In Britain, the argument over GM crops has become the most contested
scientific dispute since the arrival of the atom bomb . In 1998 a public
opinion poll showed that 77% of British people did not want genetically-
modified crops to be grown in Britain - though only 58% were opposed
genetic modification in principle. And in spite of historic parallels that
tend to suggest that resistance to change is rarely effective in the long run,
the controversy over genetically modified crops is perhaps more critical
than most.
In spite of public apprehension, UK governments have continued to
support research into GM crops, and today hundreds of hectares of
genetically engineered plants are growing in Britain, mostly in
agricultural research centres, universities and plant laboratories. Here and
there, fields of genetically modified crops have been planted and to the
passer-by, they look no different from other fields.
In many ways, GM crops are not really very different from others.
Scientists have been selecting and "improving" crops for hundreds of
years, often by the slow and dubious method of "trial and error". Most of
the crops and fruit growing in today's fields are very different from the
varieties grown two centuries ago, and far more productive; far from
being "natural" plants, they are new strains that have been developed by
genetic selection of the best. "Genetic Modification" just takes the
process one stage further, allowing agricultural scientists to produce new
varieties with specific required qualities.
PÁRRAFO 3
En Gran Bretaña, el argumento sobre cultivos transgénicos se ha
convertido en la disputa científica más controvertida desde la llegada de la
bomba atómica. En 1998, una encuesta de opinión pública demostró que
el 77% de los británicos no quería que los cultivos genéticamente
modificados fueran cultivados en Gran Bretaña, aunque sólo 58% se
oponían a la modificación genética en principio. Y a pesar de los paralelos
históricos que tienden a sugerir que la resistencia al cambio rara vez es
efectiva a largo plazo, la controversia sobre cultivos genéticamente
modificados es quizás más crítica que la mayoría.
A pesar de la aprehensión pública, los gobiernos del Reino Unido han
continuado apoyando la investigación sobre cultivos transgénicos, y hoy
en día cientos de hectáreas de plantas genéticamente modificadas están
creciendo en Gran Bretaña, principalmente en centros de investigación
agrícola, universidades y laboratorios de plantas. Aquí y allá, se han
plantado campos de cultivos genéticamente modificados? y al transeúnte,
no parecen diferentes de otros campos.
En muchos sentidos, los cultivos transgénicos no son realmente muy
diferentes de otros. Los científicos han estado seleccionando y
"mejorando" los cultivos durante cientos de años, a menudo por el método
lento y dudoso de "ensayo y error". La mayoría de los cultivos y frutales
en los campos actuales son muy diferentes de las variedades cultivadas
hace dos siglos, y mucho más productivas; lejos de ser plantas "naturales",
son nuevas cepas que han sido desarrolladas por selección genética de los
mejores. "Modificación genética" sólo lleva el proceso una etapa más, lo
que permite a los científicos agrícolas para producir nuevas variedades
con cualidades específicas requeridas.
14. TASK 2 – REFLECTION
I had some inconveniences in the translation of the paragraph, especially to organize the ideas that require a specific order; however the use of the
dictionary was fundamental to translate unknown words in my vocabulary. I have troubles with expressions for example: And in spite of historic
parallels that tend to suggest that resistance to change is rarely effective in the long run, the controversy over genetically modified crops. because
many of the words were unknown for me.
TASK 3
COMPARATIVE CHART
NONE
TASK 4 FEEDBACK
NONE
15. BY: LEONARD ANDRÉS VARGAS USCÁTEGUI
TASK 1 - PARAGRAPH 5
ENGLISH TEXT SPANISH TEXT
GM-CROPS – FRANKENSTEIN FOOD?
PARAGRAPH 5
Rejecting these arguments, opponents of genetic modification point to
the enormous risks that could be involved. While fears of "mad corn
disease" are as yet purely hypothetical, other risks seem more realistic.
Greatest of these is perhaps the fear that genetically modified crops can
naturally interact with other plants, producing super-resistant weeds that
could create chaos in agriculture. According to the Government's own
advisory body English Nature, genetic crops "pose a threat to all
wildlife". In a recent paper, English Nature scientists stressed that the
introduction of genetically modified plants might dramatically reduce
plant diversity in Britain, destroying fragile ecosystems and leading to
the rapid disappearance of certain species of plantlife, insects and birds.
Cynics might reply that species of plant life, insects and birds have
been disappearing for years already.
CULTIVOS GENETICAMENTE MODIFICADOS – LA COMIDA
DE FRANKENSTEIN?
PARRAFO 5
Rechazando estos argumentos, los opositores a la modificación genética
apuntan a los enormes riesgos que podrían estar involucrados. Si bien el
miedo a la "enfermedad del maíz loco" es aún puramente hipotético, otros
riesgos parecen ser más realistas. El mayor de estos es quizás el temor de
que los cultivos genéticamente modificados puedan interactuar
naturalmente con otras plantas, produciendo malezas super resistentes
que podrían crear caos en la agricultura. De acuerdo con el propio
Gobierno el órgano asesor English Nature, los cultivos genéticos
"representan una amenaza para toda la vida silvestre". En un artículo
reciente, de English Nature los cientificos destacaron que la introducción
de plantas genéticamente modificadas podría reducir drásticamente la
diversidad de plantas en Gran Bretaña, destruyendo ecosistemas frágiles
y llevando a la rápida desaparición de ciertas especies de vida vegetal,
insectos y aves.
Los cínicos podrían responder que especies de vida vegetal, insectos y
aves han estado desapareciendo desde hace años.
16. In the short term, the arguments seems unlikely to go away. American
farmers are already mass producing genetically modified crops, and so
far there has been no reported disaster. That does not mean that disasters
are impossible. In ten or twenty years' time, we may have a better idea of
how likely, or unlikely they are; in the long run the argument about
genetic modification will sort itself out one way or another. Until then, it
is up to each individual to weigh up the pros and the cons and decide if
the risks outweigh the advantages or not.
En el corto plazo, parece poco probable que los argumentos
desaparezcan. Los agricultores estadounidenses ya producen en masa
cultivos genéticamente modificados, y hasta ahora no se ha informado de
un desastre. Eso no significa que los desastres son imposibles. Dentro de
diez o veinte años, podemos tener una mejor idea de qué tan probable o
improbable es; a la larga, el argumento sobre la modificación genética se
resolverá de una manera u otra. Hasta entonces, corresponde a cada
individuo sopesar los pros y los contras y decidir si los riesgos superan
las ventajas o no.
17. TASK 2 – REFLECTION
The translation of a text leads us to develop coherent logical skills in the formation of sentences and form a text, where the reader can understand is his
own language having the ability to create conclusions of the text. I can say that during the process of translating paragraph 3, there are diversity of
words that must be omitted to give coherence to the text, was one of the drawbacks I had in the course of translation because in some cases did not
present Coherence the phrase, the technique used was the literal and oblique, in the literal technique I allow me to translate word for word, then use the
oblique where you can change the grammatical structure of the text to give logic in the sequence of the words translated. I can say that this process in
enriching allowed me to concentrate and read the text carefully several times to be able to fit the words in appropriate way, Example:
"mad corn disease" and "Government's own advisory body English Nature"
To translate the paragraph, first of all, I searched at the dictionary for the unknown vocabulary, secondly, I used some methods of translation like:
Word for Word translation
Literal translation
Oblique translation
18. TASK 3 – CHART
METHOD STRATEGY TECHNIQUE
Newmark (1988b) mentions thedifference
between translation methods and translation
procedures. He writes that, "[w]hile
translation methods relate to
Whole texts, translation procedures are used
for sentences and the smaller units of
language" (p.81).
The translation method applies to the entire
text to be translated.
Word-for-word translation
Literal translation
Semantic translation
Faithful translation
Adaptation
Free translation
Idiomatic translation
Communicative translation
Bell (1998:188) "Differentiates between global
(those dealing with
whole texts) and local (those
dealing with text segments)
Strategies and confirms that this distinction
results from various kinds of translation
problems".
Use of a standard translation
Minimum change, that is, a literal
translation.
Extra allusive guidance added in the
text.
The use of footnotes.
Stimulated familiarity or internal
marking
Replacement by a TL item
Poses a bit of a challenge at the moment of
applying them.
Translation technique varies
within the same text according to each case and
depending on the specific verbal elements that
will be translated.
Direct Translation Techniques
Oblique Translation Techniques
Literal Translation