Translation of genetic information.
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The document discusses two recent discoveries related to genetic information processing and stem cells. The first is the discovery of a "repair system" in algae (C. reinhardtii) that can remove interrupting sequences from proteins, restoring their function. This protein could potentially be used to develop drugs that activate or inhibit specific viral or bacterial proteins. The second is that stem cells in worms and humans process RNA and genetic information in similar ways, through alternative splicing processes in stem cells regulated by proteins like CELF and MBNL. These findings suggest similarities between human and worm stem cells that could help advance regenerative medicine research.
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Presentation Protein Synthesis
This document provides an overview of protein synthesis, including:
1. It describes the process of transcription, where information from DNA is transcribed into mRNA in the nucleus.
2. Translation, or protein synthesis, then occurs in the cytoplasm, where the mRNA sequence is read by ribosomes to produce a polypeptide chain based on the genetic code.
3. Protein synthesis involves initiation, elongation through the addition of amino acids guided by tRNAs, and termination when a stop codon is reached.
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Translation is the process by which the genetic code contained within mRNA is used to synthesize proteins. During translation, mRNA is decoded by ribosomes to produce an amino acid chain. Key molecules involved in translation include mRNA, which contains the code to be translated; tRNA, which carries the correct amino acid to the ribosome; and ribosomes, which assemble proteins by linking amino acids in the proper order specified by the mRNA. Translation occurs in both eukaryotes and prokaryotes.
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This document summarizes two scientific articles. The first article describes a new method called PIP-seq that establishes a complete footprint of RNA-protein interactions by comparing protein-bound RNA segments protected from degradation to a control sample. The second article describes a novel approach using the single-celled fungus saccharomyces cerevisiae to understand how individual genetic variants affect gene expression over a two-and-a-half year study period. The observation notes that choosing a simple organism provides insights into RNA expression, genetic variations, and protein regulation applicable to human genetics, with implications for precision medicine through understanding disease vulnerability and tailoring treatments.
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This document discusses animal models and their importance in biomedical research. It focuses on mice and rats as the most widely used animal models. Mice and rats are useful models because they share many physiological similarities with humans, have short lifecycles, and their genomes share a high percentage of DNA similarity. The document also introduces CRISPR/Cas9 as a tool for generating transgenic and gene-edited rodent models. It aims to validate whether the mouse is the most suitable model by comparing gene expression regulation between human, mouse and rat.
Genetic transcription
I will show some news that are important to the understanding of the importance of the genetic transcription and how it provides important tools to the actual medicine
Pallavi online assignment
The document discusses the Human Genome Project and tissue culture. It provides an overview of the goals and history of the Human Genome Project, which aimed to sequence the entire human genome. An international consortium used a "hierarchical shotgun method" to cut up chromosomes into fragments, clone them in bacteria, sequence the fragments, and assemble the genome. The document also discusses tissue culture techniques, which involve growing tissues or cells outside the organism in a defined medium, allowing study of cell and tissue biology in vitro. Tissue culture has advantages like cloning desirable plant traits but also challenges like requiring specialized expertise and facilities.
PROTEINS (Molecular Biology)
The document discusses two studies related to protein synthesis and cancer. The first study developed a new method to selectively silence genes encoding proteins to determine their function in tumor cells. The second study identified the protein components responsible for inserting membrane proteins, resolving a mechanism that was previously unknown. Understanding protein functions and interactions is important for gaining insights into the origins of cancer and developing prevention and treatment strategies.
Caenorhabditi Elegans Research Paper
The document discusses the use of zebrafish (Danio rerio) as a model organism in biomedical research. Some key points:
- Zebrafish are becoming a popular alternative to mammalian models due to their small size and low costs.
- They have been successfully used in developmental biology research employing genetic and molecular methods.
- Extensive past research has established zebrafish as a favored genetic model, providing brain anatomy and physiology similar to humans.
Impact of advanced technology in biology
“I think the biggest innovations of the 21st century will be at the intersection of biology and technology. A new era is beginning.” — Steve Jobs
While analyzing the effects of radio frequency heating on hypothermia in the year 1941, Canadian electrical engineer John Hopps read that if the heart stops beating due to an acute drop in temperature, it could successfully be brought back to life artificially using mechanical or electrical stimulation.
Plegable definitivo
The document summarizes two scientific studies on translation of mRNA. The first study found that ribosomes can translate untranslated regions of messenger RNA, challenging a long-held belief. The second study discovered that tRNA fragments vary based on gender, race, and population, and could play regulatory roles in cellular processes. The student believes both studies could help understand diseases by providing insight into protein synthesis and translation. Further research on these topics may lead to improved treatment approaches tailored to individual patients.
Plegable biomol
Researchers discovered a protein involved in cancer metastasis that also inhibits two proteins linked to neurodegenerative diseases. They also identified a non-coding RNA called INXS that modulates a gene important for apoptosis. In mouse studies, tumors treated with INXS decreased in size compared to controls. Both studies could help develop future cancer treatments by inhibiting metastasis genes or activating apoptosis through increasing INXS expression.
Plegable biología molecular
The document discusses two recent studies that focused on the "control code" of DNA replication and RNA transcription in order to better understand causes of diseases like cancer and autism. The studies revealed new insights into how small signaling molecules regulate genome expression by controlling protein complexes that switch genes on and off. Understanding the interactions between proteins that control replication and transcription could allow developing new treatments for many misunderstood diseases.
Metagenomics newer approach in understanding Microbes
Metagenomics is the study of genetic material recovered directly from environmental samples. It provides a new approach to studying microbes that are not easily cultured in a laboratory and enables investigation of microbial communities in their natural habitats. Metagenomics involves directly extracting DNA from samples, sequencing it, and analyzing the genetic information obtained from entire communities of organisms simultaneously. This provides insights into uncultured microbes and their roles in various environments.
Presentacion plegable
Satellite DNA sequences that are normally inactive are overexpressed in many common tumor cells. Two types of satellite DNA called HSATII and ALR showed increased levels in human tumor studies. Using mouse models, researchers also found higher levels of satellite DNA in pancreatic, colon, and lung cancers. The tumor suppressor protein p53 plays a role in regulating organ size by inducing apoptosis in stressed cells and limiting further cell growth, allowing damaged tissue to repair itself. Overexpression of satellite DNA and dysregulation of p53 may both contribute to uncontrolled cell growth and proliferation in cancer.
Plegable biología molecular
Two scientific studies focused on understanding the "control code" of DNA replication and RNA transcription in order to learn more about human diseases like cancer and autism. The studies revealed that RNA transcription, like DNA replication, is regulated by proteins. One study identified the RBFOX1 protein, which ensures activity of important brain genes, is turned off in autism patients. The other study found that inositol phosphates regulate histone deacetylases, enzymes that control DNA replication by packaging DNA tightly and switching genes off. Understanding these protein interactions that control genetic expression could enable new treatments for misunderstood diseases.
Final report - Div
Neutrophils are white blood cells that defend the body from infection. They were traditionally thought to kill microbes only through phagocytosis. However, a new method called Neutrophil Extracellular Traps (NETs) was discovered 10 years ago. NETs are made of DNA and proteins that neutrophils release to trap and potentially kill microbes outside the cell. This study found that NETs reduced the number of living Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteria by 58% compared to when bacteria were not exposed to NETs. Further, inhibiting neutrophil elastase or adding hydrogen peroxide did not decrease NETs' ability to kill P. aeruginosa. P. aeruginosa was also found to induce NET formation. In conclusion, NETs can
can you complete this for meIndividual Assignment 3 Instruct
can you complete this for me
Individual Assignment 3 Instructions
The global community is plagued by increasing incidence of leukemia; non-Hodgkin lymphoma; lung, colorectal, breast, pancreatic, prostate, liver, ovarian, and esophageal cancers. Other types of cancer exist but are less frequent. What is the scientific community doing to attempt to eliminate the most common forms of cancer that are ravaging society?
1. Read the course textbook’s chapter on cell division, specifically the last section on how cells become cancerous. This is context for completing Individual Assignment 3.
2. Watch the Presentation in Module/Week 4 entitled “Ways to Fight Cancer.” Notice that the presentation outlines essentially 3 approaches to fighting cancer: a) reduction of cancer risks, b) correction of cancer genes, and c) destruction of cancerous tissue.
3. Open the “10 Discoveries in the War on Cancer” document in the Assignment Instructions folder. Scan the discoveries briefly. Then, open the assignment submission link in Module/Week 9. In the text box, number from 1 to 10 for the 10 discoveries.
4. Reflect carefully on discovery 1. Would this discovery be more useful for a) reducing cancer risks, b) correcting/restoring cancer cells to normal, or c) destroying cancerous tissue? After number 1 in your list, place in parentheses the letter representing the approach to fighting cancer that will
best be served by this new discovery
. (More than 1 approach may be served, but which is
most likely
to be helped
most significantly
?)
5. Repeat this analysis for each of the remaining 9 discoveries. Return to the “Ways to Fight Cancer” presentation as needed for additional perspective. When finished, your entire text box must be simple: a numbered (1–10) list of letters (a), (b) or (c). The assignment is now complete.
6. Each correct association up to 8 correct answers is granted 7 points. If you get 9 or 10 out of 10, you get a perfect score (60 pts.) on the assignment.
Submit this assignment by 11:59 p.m. (ET) on Monday of Module/Week 4.
Individual Assignment 3 - 10 Discoveries in the War on Cancer
1. Virologists are modifying lentiviruses as vectors for carrying proto-oncogenes into cancer-transformed cells in culture. They are developing this virus for inserting the
ras
proto-oncogene directly into its correct location in the genome. The correct
ras
gene will already be linked to human DNA on either side of it and complexed with a recombination enzyme that will insert it into its correct location within the human genome. At the same time, the recombination enzyme will excise the defective oncogenic form of
ras.
The cells in culture should again come under normal hormonal control and require extra-cellular signals in order to continue dividing.
2. Malignant brain tumors in adults are fast-growing cancers with
median survival
rates of 15 months, even with aggressive treatment. Researchers have been searching for genetic “signatures” ...
Messenger rn as are regulated in far more ways than previously appreciated an...
The document discusses two news articles about messenger RNA (mRNA) regulation and the role of RNA polymerase in gene transcription. The first news article discovered that mRNAs can be targeted for destruction by several molecules and modes, highlighting more complexity in genetic message control than previously known. The second news article studied RNA polymerase to better understand the bacterial transcription process, which could help decipher genetics' role in human disease. Understanding these transcriptional processes could allow intervening to prevent diseases by stopping transcription in viruses and bacteria.
Plegable biología molecular
Two studies investigated the "control code" of DNA replication and RNA transcription to better understand diseases like cancer and autism. One study found that RNA transcription is regulated by proteins similar to how DNA replication is regulated. The other study discovered that inositol phosphates regulate genome expression by controlling enzymes that switch genes on and off. Understanding how proteins control replication and transcription could help develop new treatments for diseases caused by defects in the genetic control code.
Publication - The Effect of Red-Allotrope Selenium Nanoparticles on Head and ...
This document summarizes a study that investigated the effect of red-allotrope selenium nanoparticles (rSeNPs) on head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) cells and human dermal fibroblast (HDF) cells. rSeNPs were synthesized and characterized, then HNSCC and HDF cells were exposed to various concentrations of rSeNPs for 1-3 days. Results showed that rSeNPs were approximately four times more cytotoxic to HNSCC cells than HDF cells. An effective dosage range for killing HNSCC cells while minimizing damage to HDF cells was established at 20-55 μg rSeNP/mL media over 3 days. Observations also showed low doses of rSe
Folding
The document discusses two scientific studies:
1) A study that used the CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing system to simultaneously disrupt two target genes in monkey embryos, paving the way for valuable human disease models. Researchers were able to generate mutations in targeted genes without off-target effects.
2) A study showing that activating the tumor suppressor p53 in normal cells causes them to secrete the potent tumor suppressor Par-4, which induces cell death in p53-deficient cancer cells. This suggests a potential approach for preventing therapy resistance in tumors.
CV LaSalleSandra
This document is a resume for Sandra Anderson LaSalle, who has over 20 years of experience in clinical and basic science research. She has worked in a variety of roles including as a research scientist at Merck, Pfizer, and various universities. Her experience includes laboratory management, product development, clinical research, and teaching. She has advanced knowledge in microbiology and experience in fields like oncology, diabetes, and female reproduction.
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Translation of genetic information.
- 1. TRANSLATION OF GENETIC INFORMATION By: Ana Isabel Valencia Gómez Molecular Biology 2016
- 4. INTRODUCTION Translation is protein synthesis guided by a mold mRNA. Protein synthesis involves the interaction of three types of RNA molecules: mRNA, tRNA, rRNA and consists of 3 stages: initiation, elongation and termination.
- 5. Repair system discovered in algae, new tools of biotechnology. Novel 'repair system' discovered in algae may yield new tools for biotechnology. Boyce Thompson Institute. July 29, 2016.
- 6. Repair system discovered in algae, new tools of biotechnology. Algae C. reinhardtii can break the interrumping sequence from a protein. It removes the insertions in proteins that alter their function.
- 7. Repair system discovered in algae, new tools of biotechnology. Short version has the ability to cut RNA. Can be purified starting from C. reinhardtii chloroplasts. RB47: Protein
- 8. Repair system discovered in algae, new tools of biotechnology. The most important finding: A long protein RB47 without function may become short, by mixing them with the algae chloroplasts on light.
- 9. Repair system discovered in algae, new tools of biotechnology. STUDENT’S OBSERVATION This discovery represents a breakthrough for the pharmaceutical industry because by this protein can develop drugs with ability to activate or inhibit the function of virus or bacteria with specific proteins , which could be important for future cancer treatment.
- 10. Stem cells of worms, humans more similar than expected. Stem cells of worms, humans more similar than expected Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association August 9, 2016
- 11. Stem cells of worms, humans more similar than expected. The transient form of genetic information and RNA are processed in a similar manner in humans and in worms
- 12. Stem cells of worms, humans more similar than expected. In worms are identified numerous alternative exons responsible for stem cell-specific protein variants. CELF: protein counteracts MBNL by stimulating the production of these variants. MBNL: suppresses the production of stem cell- specific protein variants
- 13. Stem cells of worms, humans more similar than expected. Was identified splicing processes that operate only in the stem cells of the worms.
- 14. Stem cells of worms, humans more similar than expected. This is so interesting because planarian has a remarkable ability to regenerate any part of the lost body through its many stem cells, and through this research achievement demonstrate that they have similarities in the processes of RNA with humans, and maybe so can perform more complex experiments led to the ability of regeneration applied to humans STUDENT’S OBSERVATION
- 15. Medical utility The new about the algae C. reinhardtii has a great importance in the field of pharmacology therefore has significant medical utility, if they were to develop drugs based on the mechanism of action of this protein (RB47), it could activate and deactivate proteins by the addition or removal of additional sequences.
- 16. Medical utility The new about the stem cells in worms affect the medical advances for future generations, because as this research achievement demonstrate the similarity between stem cells human and worm, it can develop processes by which stem cells eachother humans have regenerative capabilities.
- 17. Medical utility Both studies have important for the field of modern medicine advances, because of his discoveries are so novel, useful and never mentioned above.
- 18. Medical utility The research done deal intron sequences, which can lead to infer that there multiple research in this field to make that may be useful in the field of the repair proteins and therefore production of drugs
- 19. BIBLIOGRAPHY Boyce Thompson Institute. (2016, July 29). Novel 'repair system' discovered in algae may yield new tools for biotechnology: Chloroplasts can cut an interrupting insertion from a protein, but only in the light. ScienceDaily. Retrieved September 4, 2016 from www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/07/160729092528.htm Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association. (2016, August 9). Stem cells of worms, humans more similar than expected: The same regulatory mechanisms are active in the stem cells of flatworms and humans.ScienceDaily. Retrieved September 4, 2016 Martínez Sánchez , Lina María; Vargas Grisales, Natalia; Cardona Mejía, Laura; Osorio Ospina, Felipe; Ramírez Pulgarin , Sergio. (29 de Julio de 2015). Biología Molecular. En Biología molecular (octava edición) (pág. 141). Medellín: Editorial Universidad Pontificia