The document summarizes two scientific studies on translation of mRNA. The first study found that ribosomes can translate untranslated regions of messenger RNA, challenging a long-held belief. The second study discovered that tRNA fragments vary based on gender, race, and population, and could play regulatory roles in cellular processes. The student believes both studies could help understand diseases by providing insight into protein synthesis and translation. Further research on these topics may lead to improved treatment approaches tailored to individual patients.

1. TRANSLATION OF
mRNA
JUAN JOSÉ GIL SERNA

2. Medical Utility Bibliography
 Johns Hopkins Medicine. (2015,
August 13). Alert to biologists:
Ribosomes can translate
'untranslated region' of
messenger RNA. ScienceDaily.
Retrieved August 28, 2015 from
www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2
015/08/150813130024.htm
 Thomas Jefferson University.
(2015, July 6). tRNAs are
segmented into fragments in a
manner that depends on race,
gender and population.
ScienceDaily. Retrieved August
28, 2015 from
www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2
015/07/150706114221.htm
There is no doubt that most of the
science researchs are focused on
medicine and more specific to treat
diseases. I personally think that
these 2 investigations are no
exception because both of them
could perfectly lead us to a more
correct approach of what happens
in the human body when we get ill.
The first reasearch is very
important cause of it acknoeledge
of some proteins that normally
shouldn`t be formed but for some
reason they are; from here we can
assume that ribosome feel when
the body needs more proteins.
The second finding lead us to a
different approach of diseases that
have not been tried; maybe just
maybe by this way we could end
with a very successfull result not
only for science but also for
medicine and more important
patients.

3. Alert to biologists: Ribosomes can
translate 'untranslated region' of
messenger RNA
NEWS #2
In what appears to be an
unexpected challenge to a long-
accepted fact of biology, Johns
Hopkins researchers say they
have found that ribosomes -- the
molecular machines in all cells
that build proteins -- can
sometimes do so even within the
so-called untranslated regions of
the ribbons of genetic material
known as messenger RNA
(mRNA).
Introduction
Student’s
Opinion
tRNAs are segmented into
fragments in a manner that depends
on race, gender and population
The study reports on a newly
discovered category of tRNA
fragments as well as shows that
all tRNAs are rich sources of very
diverse short molecules whose
characteristics depend on a
person's gender, population, and
race and differ according to tissue
and disease type.
Student’s
Opinion
The findings in these research are
hugely usefull because of it`s
important when a patient is in a
potencial state of depletion of
proteins; therefore could be a
solution for
starvation or many
lack of protein
diseases.
The results of these investigation
brings with it a wide use cause of
it`s epidemiological character,
which means that have great
importance on infectious and
contagious diseases.
These results also
mean that we`re
going to have to
treat our patients
individually cause
each of them
develops different.
The process of synthesis of
proteins takes place at the
ribosomes formed by rRNA in the
cytoplasm of the cells. These
proteins are essential for almost
every single function of the human
body.
It all begins with a mRNA mold
coming from the nucleus after the
replication and transcription of DNA
and the maduration of RNA.
This mRNA has the genetic code
that codifies for the proteins after
it`s reading by tRNA which has the
aminoacids to create the
polypeptidic chain.
This whole process could be
summarized in 3 stages: initiation,
elongation and termination.

4. Introduction
The process of synthesis of
proteins takes place at the
ribosomes formed by rRNA in the
cytoplasm of the cells. These
proteins are essential for almost
every single function of the human
body.
It all begins with a mRNA mold
coming from the nucleus after the
replication and transcription of DNA
and the maduration of RNA.
This mRNA has the genetic code
that codifies for the proteins after
it`s reading by tRNA which has the
aminoacids to create the
polypeptidic chain.
This whole process could be
summarized in 3 stages: initiation,
elongation and termination.
The initiation of translation
is when the mRNA joins to
the small subunit of the
ribosome, then the tRNA
sticks to them and finally
comes the big subunit
covering all.
Elongation is basically the
formation of the
polypeptidic chain by
pepticic bonds between
aminoacids.
At the end, the termination
stage turns off the
proccess because a stop
codon it`s read.

5. Alert to biologists: Ribosomes can
translate 'untranslated region' of
messenger RNA
In what appears to be an
unexpected challenge to a long-
accepted fact of biology, Johns
Hopkins researchers say they
have found that ribosomes -- the
molecular machines in all cells
that build proteins -- can
sometimes do so even within the
so-called untranslated regions of
the ribbons of genetic material
known as messenger RNA
(mRNA).
Student’s
OpinionThe findings in these research are
hugely usefull because of it`s
important when a patient is in a
potencial state of depletion of
proteins; therefore could be a
solution for
starvation or many
lack of protein
diseases.
Ribosomes can translate
'untranslated region' of
messenger RNA.
Johns Hopkins Medicine
August 13, 2015

6. Ribosomes can translate 'untranslated region' of messenger
RNA
This research opens up further
questions to be cleared, because the
proteins made by this unusual way
could be potencial solutions to
understand cancer and how cells
respond to stress.

7. Ribosomes can translate 'untranslated region' of messenger
RNA
The study began with a protein
called that RLi1 split the 2
subunits of the ribosome when
it`s no longer needed so it can
be available to translate another
mRNA.
Depletion of the RLi1 lead to
piled the ribosomes at stop
codon and they also saw
evidence that they were active
at the untrasnlated regions.

8. Ribosomes can translate 'untranslated region' of messenger
RNA
The authors explain that this
phenomenon happens to be
because the ribosomes fail to
get recycled when they reach
the stop codon in the mRNA;
therefore the ribosome restart
without a signal and make
these proteins from
untraslated regions.

9. Ribosomes can translate 'untranslated region' of messenger
RNA
Student`s opinion
Besides of the importance for science
and cell understanding of this study; i
think is very usefull to go further on
what we know about cancer and also
possibly for some cases of starvation.

10. NEWS #2
tRNAs are segmented into
fragments in a manner that depends
on race, gender and population
The study reports on a newly
discovered category of tRNA
fragments as well as shows that
all tRNAs are rich sources of very
diverse short molecules whose
characteristics depend on a
person's gender, population, and
race and differ according to tissue
and disease type.
Student’s
OpinionThe results of these investigation
brings with it a wide use cause of
it`s epidemiological character,
which means that have great
importance on infectious and
contagious diseases.
These results also
mean that we`re
going to have to
treat our patients
individually cause
each of them
develops different.
tRNAs are segmented into
fragments in a manner that
depends on race, gender and
population.
Thomas Jefferson University
July 6, 2015

11. tRNAs are segmented into fragments in a manner that
depends on race, gender and population.
The genomic loci encoding tRNA
also rise shorter tRNA fragments
tRFs, which are 5`halve, 3`halve,
5`tRF and 3`tRF; later all of them
were called internal tRNA
fragments.

12. tRNAs are segmented into fragments in a manner that
depends on race, gender and population.
These fragments have regulatory roles in
cellular processes such as translation
initiation, response to viral infection,
response to DNA damage and cell
proliferation in hormose sensitive cancer.

13. tRNAs are segmented into fragments in a manner that
depends on race, gender and population.
The abundance, length and
starting and ending point of these
fragments depend on person`s
race, population and gender;
besides they also change
between tissues and diseases
subtypes, so it`s correct to say
that they share a constitutive
nature.

14. tRNAs are segmented into fragments in a manner that
depends on race, gender and population.
Student`s opinion
With a deep investigation about
these fragments i think it could
definitely lead science to a better
and more close point of view of
many health disorders in a way that
could affect a huge population of
man kind.

15. Medical Utility
There is no doubt that most of the
science researchs are focused on
medicine and more specific to treat
diseases. I personally think that
these 2 investigations are no
exception because both of them
could perfectly lead us to a more
correct approach of what happens
in the human body when we get ill.
The first reasearch is very
important cause of it acknoeledge
of some proteins that normally
shouldn`t be formed but for some
reason they are; from here we can
assume that ribosome feel when
the body needs more proteins.
The second finding lead us to a
different approach of diseases that
have not been tried; maybe just
maybe by this way we could end
with a very successfull result not
only for science but also for
medicine and more important
patients.
MEDICAL
UTILITY

16. MEDICAL UTILITY
Both research demonstrate the importance
of translation and of the components that
are involved in it.
it`s indeniable that proteins make our life
simple and possible but they also give us a
“headache” when just one of them is
missing; therefore these kind of studies
makes us to be a little closer to understand
what really happens when our body is
compromised.

17. MEDICAL UTILITY
Translation of DNA happens everyday in our
cells. Proteins, the product of this process
while they complete their function correctly
our body will be great; therefore the
importance on knowing how to regulate it
synthesis so doctors could lead effectively
therapy to a wide variety of diseases.

18. MEDICAL UTILITY
Translation is the last stage of the central
biology dogma, but it`s the first step for a
protein to become functional wich mean that
knowing how to act correctlyon translation
could be a potencial way for health prevention
avoiding increasing the number of ill people wich
already is a worldwide problem.

19. BIBLIOGRAPHY
 Johns Hopkins Medicine. (2015, August 13). Alert to biologists: Ribosomes
can translate 'untranslated region' of messenger RNA. ScienceDaily.
Retrieved August 28, 2015
fromwww.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/08/150813130024.htm
 Thomas Jefferson University. (2015, July 6). tRNAs are segmented into
fragments in a manner that depends on race, gender and population.
ScienceDaily. Retrieved August 28, 2015 from
www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/07/150706114221.htm
 Martinez Sanchez, Lina Maria. Biologia molecular.8.ed.Medellin:
UPB.Fac.Medicina.