TRANSIT THEODOLITE.pptx
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A transit theodolite is a precision instrument used to measure horizontal and vertical angles between visible points. It has several key components including a trivet, foot screws, tri-branch, leveling head, and tripod. A transit theodolite is used for tasks like navigating, surveying, laying out building plans, and measuring angles and straight lines. It has advantages like repeat readings not being needed and providing greater accuracy compared to other theodolites. However, it also has disadvantages such as not being suitable for very accurate work and being inconvenient to transport due to its heaviness.
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Theodilite:
The theodolite is a complex instrument used mainly for accurate measurement of horizontal and
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This document provides an overview of physical geography, including its definition, scope, and development. It discusses the key components studied in physical geography - geomorphology, pedology, biogeography, hydrology, oceanography, climatology, and biogeography. For each component, it outlines some of the main topics examined, such as landforms, soils, plant and animal distributions, water systems, ocean features, climate patterns, and interactions between living organisms and the environment. The document also traces the historical evolution of physical geography and how its methodologies and approaches have changed over time to study earth's natural processes and features.
( ভূগোল চিন্তার বিকাশ ) ভূগোল আলােচনার বিভিন্ন পদ্ধতি । ( নিয়ন্ত্ৰণবাদ , সম্...
ভূগোল আলােচনার বিভিন্ন পদ্ধতি । (নিয়ন্ত্ৰণবাদ , সম্ভাবনাবাদ) APPROACHES TO GEOGRAPHICAL STUDIES । (DETERMINISTIC , POSIBILISTIC)ভূগােল অনেক অজানা তথ্য জানতে সাহায্য করে , তাই একে Study of unknown বলে । ফলে পৃথিবীজুড়ে কোথায় কিভাবে পরিবর্তন হচ্ছে এবং উক্ত পরিবেশে কিভাবে উন্নয়ন ঘটানাে সম্ভব তার জন্য কোথায় কি ধরণের পরিকল্পনা করা উচিত , তার নির্দেশ থাকে ভূগােলে । তাই ভূগােলকে বলা হয় Geography is the study of the change and development .ভূগােল হল এমন এক বিজ্ঞান যা পৃথিবী ও মানুষের মধ্যে পারস্পরিক সম্বন্ধবােধ তৈরী করেমানুষের প্রতিটি ক্রিয়াকলাপের সাথে ভূগােল যুক্ত । একজন চাষী থেকে একজন পর্যটক , ব্যবসায়ী , রাজনীতিবিদ , পরিসংখ্যানবিদ সকল প্রকার লােকেদের ভূগােল বিষয়ে জ্ঞান রাখতে হয় । তাই সর্বসাধারণ মানুষের কাছে ভূগােলের প্রাসঙ্গিকতা খুবই বেশি । উনবিংশ শতাব্দীতে ক্ষেত্রীয় বিজ্ঞানের উন্নতি । ভ্রমণের সুযােগ বৃদ্ধি এবং অজানা মহাদেশগুলির বিষয়ে বিপুল তথ্য ভূগােলকে আরও আকর্ষণীয় করে তুলেছে ।
বহির্জাত প্রক্রিয়া ও তাদের দ্বারা সৃষ্ট ভূমিরূপ (Exogenic processes &Landforms)
ভূগোলে প্রথমে যে অধ্যায়টি রয়েছে তা হল বহির্জাত প্রক্রিয়া ও তাদের দ্বারা সৃষ্ট ভূমিরূপ |Exogenic processes include geological phenomena and processes that originate externally to the Earth's surface. They are genetically related to the atmosphere, hydrosphere and biosphere, and therefore to processes of weathering, erosion, transportation, deposition, denudation etc.
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- 2. A theodolite is a precision optical instrument for measuring angles between designated visible points in the horizontal and vertical planes.
- 3. CLASSIFICATION OF THEODOLITE THEODOLITE BASE ON ANGLE BASE ON HORIZONTAL AXIS Transit theodolite Non transit theodolite Vernier theodolite Micrometer theodolite Electronic digital theodolite
- 4. MAIN COMPONENTS OF TRANSIT THEODOLITE 1. Trivet 2. Foot screws 3. Tri branch 4. Leveling head 5. Spindels 6. Lower plate 7. Upper plate 8. A frame 9. T frame 10. Altitude bubble 11. Compass 12. Tripod
- 5. PARTS OF TRANSIT THEODOLITE
- 6. 1. Navigating 2. Meteorology 3. Laying out building corners and lines 4. Measuring and laying out angles and straight lines 5. Aligning wood frame walls 6. Forming panels 7. Plumbing a column or building corner APPLICATION
- 7. Repeat readings are unnecessary. Greater accuracy. Internal magnifying optical system. Electronic readings. Horizontal circles can be instantly zeroed or set to any other value. Horizontal circle readings can be taken either to the left or right of zero.= ADVANTAGES OF USING A TRANSIT THEODOLITE
- 8. DISADVANTAGES OF USING A TRANSIT THEODOLITE It is not intended for very accurate work. It is not suitable in monsoon. It is essentially a tropical instrument. Due to heaviness, it is inconvenient to transport. Since there are so many accessories , there is like hood of them being lost.
- 9. Instrumental errors Upper and lower plate adjustment is imperfect Line of collimation and telescope axis not parallel. Line of collimation not perpendicular to horizontal axis of theodolite. Personal errors Errors due to leveling Inaccurate centering of theodolite instrument over station mark point. Error due slipping of lower plate of theodolite instrument. This errors occur when foot screw is not tight. Taking reading wrong from vernier scale. Natural errors Due to high temperature refraction error occur. Movement of tripod leg due to wind ERRORS