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Networks of 
Interaction & Exchange 
300 BCE – 1100 CE
The Silk Road 
• Geography: Outer versus Inner Eurasia 
• Three Phases due to Secure Politics 
(CONSIDER CCOT!) 
– 100 BCE-200 CE 
– 7th century – 1000 CE 
– 13-14th centuries
“I can see clothes of silk (if 
materials that do not hide the body, 
nor even one’s decency, can be 
called clothes)…Wretched flocks of 
maids labor so that the adultress 
may be visible through her thin 
dress, so that her husband has no 
more acquaintance than any 
outsider or foreigner with his wife’s 
body.” 
Seneca the Younger, ~60 
CE
Kushan Art & Syncretism
The Silk Road 
• Dynamic trade 
– Expensive, luxury items 
– Syncretism 
• Spread of Buddhism (compare with Islam 
after 600 CE)
Bamiyan (Afghanistan)
Buddha: An Evolution 
Alexander the Great, 300s BC
The many images of the Buddha 
Leshan Buddha, China
The many images of the Buddha 
Thailand
Indian Ocean Trade 
• Up to 1500 CE, largest sea-based system 
of trade (cf. Mediterranean) 
• Transportation costs cheaper
The Romans in India
Trans-Saharan Trade 
• Use of the camel 
• Significant especially after 600 CE
“Perhaps, in the future, there will be some African history to teach. But 
at present there is none, or very little: there is only the history of the 
Europeans in Africa. The rest is largely darkness, like the history of pre- 
European, pre-Columbian America….” 
-- Hugh Trevor-Roper, The Rise of Christian Europe, 1965
 “In my three volumes with the 
title Black Athena, I argue that the 
Ancient Egyptian civilization can 
usefully be seen as African. I also 
maintain Ancient Egypt and 
Semitic speaking South West Asia 
played fundamental roles in the 
formation of Ancient Greece. I do 
not claim the Ancient Greeks were 
Black or that the Ancient 
Egyptians all looked like 
stereotypical West Africans.” 
(Martin Bernal)
 “There were books in 
circulation that claimed 
that Socrates and Cleopatra 
were of African descent, 
and that Greek philosophy 
had actually been stolen 
from Egypt. Not only were 
these books being read and 
widely distributed; some of 
these ideas were being 
taught in schools and even 
in universities…”
 Primitive 
› Failed to develop; non-changing 
 Wild & Dangerous 
› Wild animals & wild people 
 Exotic 
› Strange & fanciful 
 Unspoiled 
› Avoided progress – pure 
 Broken 
› Poverty, political sickness
 Recognize diversity – no single image of 
Africa
 Stateless societies 
› = no professional political class 
› = no one spent all their time telling people what to 
do 
 Difficult to produce consistent surplus of food? 
 No state chaos 
› Solution through discussion 
› Authority through kinship, age, experience
 Hundreds, even thousands of indigenous 
African religions. Many 
› believe in one God above a host of lesser gods 
or semi-divine figures 
› believe in ancestral spirits 
› stress the idea of sacrifice, often involving the 
death of a living thing, to ensure divine 
protection and generosity 
› Stress rites of passage to move from 
childhood to adulthood, from life to death.
 First 
diaspora 
› Egypt 
› Axum 
(Ethiopia) 
 Beta 
Israel
 Egypt via pax 
Romana 
(Coptic 
church) 
 St. Augustine 
(modern 
Tunisia)
Visualizing Culture: Sacred Sites
The plan 
• What are these cultural systems – how do they 
create order? 
• How did they spread and how did they affect 
the way people behave? 
• How were these cultural systems expressed 
visually?
Buddha: an evolution
Sacred Sites: Angkor Wat
Sacred sites: the stupa
Sacred sites: the stupa
Sacred sites: the stupa
Sacred sites: the Catholic Church
Santa Sabina Basilica (5th century CE)
Sacred sites: the Catholic Church

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Trade Classical Period

  • 1. Networks of Interaction & Exchange 300 BCE – 1100 CE
  • 2.
  • 3.
  • 4. The Silk Road • Geography: Outer versus Inner Eurasia • Three Phases due to Secure Politics (CONSIDER CCOT!) – 100 BCE-200 CE – 7th century – 1000 CE – 13-14th centuries
  • 5.
  • 6.
  • 7.
  • 8.
  • 9.
  • 10.
  • 11.
  • 12.
  • 13. “I can see clothes of silk (if materials that do not hide the body, nor even one’s decency, can be called clothes)…Wretched flocks of maids labor so that the adultress may be visible through her thin dress, so that her husband has no more acquaintance than any outsider or foreigner with his wife’s body.” Seneca the Younger, ~60 CE
  • 14.
  • 15. Kushan Art & Syncretism
  • 16. The Silk Road • Dynamic trade – Expensive, luxury items – Syncretism • Spread of Buddhism (compare with Islam after 600 CE)
  • 18. Buddha: An Evolution Alexander the Great, 300s BC
  • 19.
  • 20.
  • 21. The many images of the Buddha Leshan Buddha, China
  • 22. The many images of the Buddha Thailand
  • 23. Indian Ocean Trade • Up to 1500 CE, largest sea-based system of trade (cf. Mediterranean) • Transportation costs cheaper
  • 24.
  • 25. The Romans in India
  • 26. Trans-Saharan Trade • Use of the camel • Significant especially after 600 CE
  • 27.
  • 28. “Perhaps, in the future, there will be some African history to teach. But at present there is none, or very little: there is only the history of the Europeans in Africa. The rest is largely darkness, like the history of pre- European, pre-Columbian America….” -- Hugh Trevor-Roper, The Rise of Christian Europe, 1965
  • 29.  “In my three volumes with the title Black Athena, I argue that the Ancient Egyptian civilization can usefully be seen as African. I also maintain Ancient Egypt and Semitic speaking South West Asia played fundamental roles in the formation of Ancient Greece. I do not claim the Ancient Greeks were Black or that the Ancient Egyptians all looked like stereotypical West Africans.” (Martin Bernal)
  • 30.  “There were books in circulation that claimed that Socrates and Cleopatra were of African descent, and that Greek philosophy had actually been stolen from Egypt. Not only were these books being read and widely distributed; some of these ideas were being taught in schools and even in universities…”
  • 31.  Primitive › Failed to develop; non-changing  Wild & Dangerous › Wild animals & wild people  Exotic › Strange & fanciful  Unspoiled › Avoided progress – pure  Broken › Poverty, political sickness
  • 32.  Recognize diversity – no single image of Africa
  • 33.
  • 34.
  • 35.
  • 36.
  • 37.
  • 38.
  • 39.
  • 40.  Stateless societies › = no professional political class › = no one spent all their time telling people what to do  Difficult to produce consistent surplus of food?  No state chaos › Solution through discussion › Authority through kinship, age, experience
  • 41.  Hundreds, even thousands of indigenous African religions. Many › believe in one God above a host of lesser gods or semi-divine figures › believe in ancestral spirits › stress the idea of sacrifice, often involving the death of a living thing, to ensure divine protection and generosity › Stress rites of passage to move from childhood to adulthood, from life to death.
  • 42.
  • 43.  First diaspora › Egypt › Axum (Ethiopia)  Beta Israel
  • 44.  Egypt via pax Romana (Coptic church)  St. Augustine (modern Tunisia)
  • 45.
  • 46.
  • 47.
  • 49. The plan • What are these cultural systems – how do they create order? • How did they spread and how did they affect the way people behave? • How were these cultural systems expressed visually?
  • 50.
  • 53.
  • 57. Sacred sites: the Catholic Church
  • 58. Santa Sabina Basilica (5th century CE)
  • 59. Sacred sites: the Catholic Church

Editor's Notes

  1. Trajan’s Basilica (Courthouse; audience hall)
  2. Many had cross plan.