This document discusses factors that affect global climate, including solar radiation, the tilt of the Earth's axis, winds, and topography. Solar radiation drives the greenhouse effect and impacts weather patterns. The Earth's tilted axis causes seasons as different hemispheres tilt toward or away from the Sun. Winds are formed by temperature contrasts and deflected by the Coriolis effect, shaping prevailing wind patterns that influence regional climates by transporting moisture. Mountains also impact local climates through their effects on temperature, winds, and rainfall distribution.

1. CLIMATOLOGY
 GLOBAL CLIMATIC FACTORS
 ELEMENTS OF CLIATE
 COMFORT AND THE DESIRABLE CONDITION
 SOLAR RADIATION
 AXIS OF EARTH AFFECTING CLIMATE
 WIND AFFECTING CLIMATE

2. GLOBAL CLIMATIC FACTORS
 CLIMATE
The weather conditions prevailing in an area in general or over a long
period.
A region with a particular climate.
 TROPICAL CLIMATE
Tropical climate are those where heat is the dominant problem. Where
the annual man temp. is not less than 20 °C.

3. Factors affecting the climate in global
scale
 SOLAR RADIATION
Solar radiation is the heat energy that is emitted from the Sun (As source .
This heat is absorbed by the Earth. As temp. falls the heat that has been
absorbed is re-radiated back outward toward space. This type of radiation
we call Thermal Radiation. The wavelength of thermal radiation
corresponds to the vibrational frequencies of the greenhouse gas
molecules within the atmosphere, this allows for the absorption of some of
that heat by the greenhouse gases. In turn the greenhouse gas molecules
re-emit the heat, some of this goes off into space but some of it returns
back down to Earth, it’s this downward transmission of heat that we refer
to as the Greenhouse Effect. And the more greenhouse gases there are in
the atmosphere the more heat will be retained. With the retention of more
/ less heat within the atmosphere we get changes within the global weather
patterns, this is because heat is the primary driver of weather and climate –
it causes the winds, rains, snow etc.

4.  TILT OF AXIS OF EARTH
During the year, the seasons change depending on the amount of
sunlight reaching the Earth as it revolves around the Sun.
The seasons are caused as the Earth, tilted on its axis, travels in a loop
around the Sun each year. Summer happens in the hemisphere tilted
towards the Sun, and winter happens in the hemisphere tilted away
from the Sun.

5.  THE EARTH’S THERMAL BALANCE
The total amount of heat absorbed by earth is each year is balanced by
a corresponding heat loss. This heat releases by three processes
1. – By long wave radiation to cold outer space (84% is reradiated by
atmosphere and 16% escapes in space)
2. - By evaporation : the earth’s surface is
cooled,as liquid water changes into
vapour and mixes with air.
3. - By convection – air heated by contact
with the warm earth surface becomes
lighter and rises to the upper atmosphere,
where it dissipates its heat to space

6.  WINDS : THERMAL FORCES
The pattern of movement of wind is modified by earths rotation. At the
maximum heating zone the air is heated by hot surface, it becomes
lighter and flows toward colder regions. When it gets cooled it
descends towards subtropic regions, from where the cooler, heavier air
is drawn toward equator from both north and south. The area where
they meet and rises and tropical front is formed is reffered as inter-
tropical convergence zone. This area experiences either completely
calm conditions or only light breezes of irregular directions. This
phenomenon of wind affect the global climate.

7.  TRADE WIND THE CORIOLIS FORCE
Atmosphere rotates with earth. It has tendency to lag behind the
rotation of earth as it is light in weight and held against earth due to
gravity and friction. At equator there is a slippage between earth and
atmosphere cause by what is known as coriolis force. This effect is
experienced as a wind blowing in a direction opposite to earth ‘s
rotation.
Actual wind is resultant of thermal force and coriolis force i.e north-
easterly wind and south-easterly winds.

8.  POLAR WINDS
Towards the poles, the air flow pattern come once under the influence
of thermal factors (similar to that of the equator). Here air from the
coldest region move towards the slightly warmer regions i.e away from
poles. As the circumferential velocity f air at the pole is almost zero so it
will lag behind rotation of earth. The northerly deflected into north-
easterly and south to south-easterly polar winds.
At the meeting point of cold polar
winds a low pressure (subpolar
front ) is formed, with strong winds.

9.  ANNUAL WIND SHIFTS
During each year the global wind patterns shift from north to south
and back again, remaining symmetrical about the ITCZ. The location
of ITCZ follows max. Solar heating resulting in change in position of
ITCZ in north (JULY) and south in (JANUARY).
As a consequence of this annual shifts most regions experience
seasonal changes not only in temp. But also in wind direction and in
rainfall.

10.  TOPOGRAPHY
Temperature decreases with altitude, so mountainous regions, plateaus
etc can have cooler than expected temperatures (hence glaciers on Mt
Kilimanjaro near the Equator).
2nd - aspect. the orientation of a slope in higher latitudes can affect the
local climate; south facing slopes in northern extra-tropical regions
(say Canada) will be warmer and get more hours of sunlight than north
facing slopes.
As stated by the other respondent, mountain ranges can act as barriers
to wind and rainfall, with much of the rain falling on the windward side
and top of the mountain and the lee of the mountain in 'rainshadow',
i.e with little rain.
Mountains can also control local winds.

11. AXIS OF EARTH AFFECTING CLIMATE
 During the year, the seasons change depending on the amount of
sunlight reaching the Earth as it revolves around the Sun.
The seasons are caused as the Earth, tilted on its axis, travels in a loop
around the Sun each year. Summer happens in the hemisphere tilted
towards the Sun, and winter happens in the hemisphere tilted away
from the Sun.

12. WINDS AFFECT CLIMATE
 Contrasts in temperature create winds. Hot air rises, allowing cooler air
to flow underneath. This movement of air from cooler to warmer areas
is wind. Local winds are created by normal fluctuations in temperature
from day to night, but global winds have a more direct effect on the
climate of a region.
 Because the sun is more intense at the equator, global wind patterns
called prevailing winds form. Hotter air at the equator rises and spreads
toward the poles. This hotter air is deflected by the rotation of the
Earth in a pattern known as the Coriolis effect. Winds are deflected to
the right in the northern hemisphere and to the left in the southern
hemisphere. Prevailing winds either bring moisture to the land or take
it away, depending upon the orientation of the land to the prevailing
wind direction.