1. Surgery is the main treatment for rectal carcinoma, with total mesorectal excision being the standard surgical approach. The main surgeries are abdominoperineal resection for low tumors and anterior resection for mid and upper tumors. 2. Preoperative radiotherapy with or without chemotherapy can downstage the cancer and reduce local recurrence. Adjuvant chemotherapy improves survival for node-positive cancers. 3. Other treatments include transanal total mesorectal excision, palliative procedures like Hartmann's operation, and chemotherapy and immunotherapy for metastatic disease. Prognosis depends on stage and tumor characteristics, with 5-year survival rates ranging from 90% for stage I to 5% for stage IV