• Airborne Survey planning -modelling, method, specifications, logistics and safety • Survey management – Geophysics, Spatial, LIDAR, Bathymetry • Aviation audits • Land Seismic survey support • QA/QC – safety, quality. • Data processing and modelling • Interpretation and Integration

1. Innovate │Integrate │ Enhance │ Excel
TOTAL EARTH SOLUTIONS
Geology from Non-seismic Geophysics for
Petroleum Exploration

2. 2
Total Earth Solutions – Company Profile:
• Total Earth Solutions Pty Ltd (TES) is a specialist aviation, geological,
geophysical and geospatial consulting firm providing services to the
petroleum and mining industries.
• TES provides a range of technical services related to the acquisition,
processing and interpretation of geoscientific and geospatial data
collected from space, aircraft, UAV’s and ground vehicles.
• We aim to offer a complete turnkey service where we can plan and
manage surveys all the way through to interpreting the data to create
highly detailed analyses of petroleum basins and mining regions.
• We differentiate ourselves by employing a strong focus on the
geological interpretation of geophysical and geospatial data, but also
by having enormous experience in the effective and safe management
and Q/C of airborne and ground survey operations.

3. 3
Multi Industry and Multi Sector
CONSULTING
• TURNKEY
SOLUTIONS
• GEOLOGY
• HYDROGEOLOGY
• GEOPHYSICS
• GEOSPATIAL
• AUDIT SERVICES
• QA/QC AND HSE
DATA ACQUISITION
• UNMANNED
SYSTEMS
• GEOPHYSICS
• GEOSPATIAL
DATA SALES
• SATELLITE
IMAGERY
• INTERMAP
PRODUCTS AND
SERVICES
TECHNICAL
SOLUTIONS
• IMAGEMAPS
• VELODYNE
LIDAR
• ROUTESCENE
LIDAR POD
• VEXCEL

4. 4
• Dr Warwick Crowe, BSc(hons), MSc, PhD – geology,
airborne geophysics, interpretation
• Brett Johnson, MBA – aviation operations, safety,
geophysical and geospatial survey
• Brad George, BSc(hons), MBA – geophysics, geology,
finance
• Geoff Peters, BSc(hons) – geophysics, airborne survey
• Laurel Borromei, MBA – strategic procurement and
contract management
• Numerous other associates
Total Earth Solutions – Bios:

5. 5
• Airborne Survey planning -modelling, method,
specifications, logistics and safety
• Survey management – Geophysics, Spatial, LIDAR,
Bathymetry
• Aviation audits
• Land Seismic survey support
• QA/QC – safety, quality.
• Data processing and modelling
• Interpretation and Integration
Services offered - Petroleum

6. 6
• World Class Petroleum and Structural Geologist
• Experts in Aviation and Airborne Survey
• UAVs for terrain mapping to reduce exploration cost and
risk
• Satellite, Airborne, UAV mapping for onshore survey
planning
• Safety Management
• Field Logistics
Key offerings

7. 7
• Airborne survey
• Processing
• Depth to Basement
• Basin Architecture
• Exploration targeting
• Seismic cost reduction
• Seismic planning
Airborne Survey – Geophysics and Geospatial

8. 8
• The basin margins
• Basin symmetry/asymmetry
• Depocentres/Thickness of Sedimentary Packages/Depth to
basement
• Base of major stratigraphic units
• Intrabasin volcanics
• Basin Involved Structures
What is Basin Architecture? – 2D Seismic Example
• Intra-basin faults
• Basin History (Inversion?)
• Major Salt structures
• Seismic data is the benchmark for basin architecture
studies, particularly in resolving structures at depth
• Seismic is very expensive – what are the alternatives?
*From: Carr et al STRUCTURAL AND STRATIGRAPHIC ARCHITECTURE OF WESTERN AUSTRALIA’S FRONTIER ONSHORE SEDIMENTARY BASINS: THE WESTERN OFFICER AND
SOUTHERN CARNARVON BASINS

9. 9
Qualitative Interpretation of Magnetic Data:
Basin Architecture: Basin Margins, Sub basins
• Perth Basin (Onshore Part) –
magnetic response; Eastern edge of
basin well defined;
• Sub basin area margins including
lows (troughs) and highs (terraces)
are only weakly correlated with
magnetic response
• Some deep magnetic basement
responses
• Defining Intra-basin Structures and
depth to basement with magnetic
data depends on the magnetic
mineral content – not always
possible

10. 10
Qualitative Basin Architecture:
Gravity Data – Basin Margins, Sub basins
Perth Basin – magnetic response; Eastern
edge of basin well defined; Basin lows
(troughs) and highs (terraces) weakly
correlated with magnetic response
Perth Basin – Gravity response; Eastern edge
of basin well defined; Basin lows (troughs)
and highs (terraces) generally well
correlated with gravity response

11. 11
Qualitative Interpretation of Magnetic Data:
Basin Architecture: Salt Rupture Zones in the Officer Basin
• Browne Salt Wall has
breached the flat lying
magnetic Table Hill
Volcanics
• “Breached” zone
obvious in 1VD
magnetic data
• Strike slip offsets – i.e.
intra-basin Structures,
are visible in the salt
wall magnetic response
• This could provide the
means to target further
seismic surveys (salt wall
= possible hydrocarbon
trap)
• Deep basement
magnetic sources are
also visible

12. 12
Qualitative Interpretation of Magnetic Data:
Basin Architecture: Salt Rupture Zones in the Officer Basin
• Browne Salt Wall has
breached the flat lying
magnetic Table Hill
Volcanics
• “Breached” zone
obvious in 1VD
magnetic data
• Strike slip offsets – i.e.
intra-basin Structures,
are visible in the salt
wall magnetic response
• This could provide the
means to target further
seismic surveys (salt wall
= possible hydrocarbon
trap)
• Deep basement
magnetic sources are
also visible

13. 13
Comparison of Seismic Data with Aeromagnetic
data: Salt Rupture Zones in the Officer Basin
Subtle first vertical derivative (1VD) Magnetic
signature from breached Table Hill Volcanics
Salt diapirs are generally well imaged in Seismic reflection Data
In this case the Browne Salt Wall can be seen in the magnetic data because it has
breached a sub horizontal magnetic layer (Table Hill Volcanics)
Browne
Salt Wall
Table Hill Volcanics
Salt
wall?

14. 14
Basin Architecture from Aeromagnetic Data –
Sedminentary Layer Sequence Mapping in the
Canning/Amadeus Basins
• Magnetic signal
from shallow to
deep sources
• Surficial Dendritic
drainage patterns
• Subtle magnetic
signatures from
relatively shallow
siltstones,
sandstones,
carbonates and
conglomerates
layers containing
minor magnetite
• Deep, long
wavelength
signals from
basement sources

15. 15
Basin Architecture from Aeromagnetic Data –
Sedminentary Layer Sequence Mapping in the
Canning/Amadeus Basins
• Magnetic signal
from shallow to
deep sources
• Surficial Dendritic
drainage patterns
• Subtle magnetic
signatures from
relatively shallow
siltstones,
sandstones,
carbonates and
conglomerates
layers containing
minor magnetite
• Deep, long
wavelength
signals from
basement sources

16. 16
DTB – Magnetic Methods – Forward Modelling
• A magnetic basement below
non-magnetic basin fill
• Strong magnetic response at
basin edges
• Less “intuitive” to model than
gravity data in the case of
deep basins (anomaly shape
more complex)
• Magnetic response of shallow
or flat-lying “intra-basin”
magnetic units (i.e. volcanics)
is very ambiguous to model
• Steep dipping dykes or
contacts can be modelled
more accurately than shallow
or flat-lying bodies
• Magnetic susceptibility (model
property) can be variable
across orders of magnitude
even in the one geological unit
Subtle magnetic response of
shallow dipping unit
Intra-basin Volcanics
Strong response of basin edge

17. 17
DTB – Gravity Methods – Forward Modelling 2
3.0 g/cc
2.65 g/cc
2.6 g/cc
2.5 g/cc
2.2 g/cc
Density Contrast Basin/Basement 0.35 g/cc
Faults interpreted
from other data
Thinning basin sediments
modelled to fit increasing
gravity response
Drill hole with downhole density
measurements and lithology

18. 18
DTB – Euler Methods 1
• Euler Deconvolution is a semi automated depth to source method that can be used with gravity
or magnetic data
• The process uses “windows” of a user specified size (number of cells or data points) that move
the across the data in 2D or 3D. Large windows are suited to deep targets, small windows to
shallow targets.
• At each window location a depth solution is calculated with depth “Z” below surface and window
offset X (2D) or X,Y (3D) with respect to the window centre
• Statistics calculated for each depth solution, such as depth uncertainty and horizontal
uncertainty, are used to filer the solutions at a later stage
• The depth solutions can be calculated for different structural indices (SI) that relate to the type of
structure/geological features that are expected in the area and the method used (magnetics or
gravity). A high structural index (SI) indicates that the gravity/magnetic response drops off more
rapidly with depth
SI Magnetic Field Gravity Field
0Contact Sill/Dyke/Step
0.5Thick Step Ribbon
1Sill/Dyke Pipe
2Pipe Sphere
3Sphere n/a

19. 19
DTB – Gravity Euler Methods 1
• Accurate calculated derivatives of potential fields require the original
field to be sampled at a line or station spacing less than or equal to
the depth of the source bodies of interest
• Vertical and horizontal derivatives from wide, variably spaced gravity
data are noisy and contain point aliasing around stations
• As Euler depth solutions require horizontal and vertical derivatives as
inputs to the calculations, they are not well suited to widely spaced
gravity data
• The noise introduced into the derivatives can lead to spurious
solutions
• Careful low pass or upward continuation can be used to minimise
these affects, so that the data may still be used to calculate Euler
Solutions for very long wavelength (deep) features at the expense of
shallow features

20. 20
DTB – Euler Methods 2
First Vertical Derivative
First Horizontal Derivative
Vertical Gravity Component
Euler Solution Window
(7 data points) moves
along profile (2D) and
solves for x,z (2D)
location of source body
with user specified SI
Spherical Source Body
SI (Gravity) = 2
SI (Magnetics) = 3
Horizontal Offset (with
respect to window
centre)
Depth
Window Centre
Note that this window
size is well suited for
the target SI, size, and
depth

21. 21
DTB – Euler Methods 3
• Euler Deconvolution produces a vast amount of solutions most of which are spurious
• A window that is too small relative to the source size/depth will not capture the full
wavelength of the anomaly and the depth solution will be inaccurate
• With large window sizes, interference from neighbouring source bodies, or multiple
source bodies in a single “window” will produce poor depth estimates
• Generally it is easiest to calculate solutions for all SI, followed by filtering
• Basic statistical filtering (depth uncertainty, horizontal uncertainty etc.) is generally
not adequate
• Some Geological input is required to determine which SI solution set is best suited for
each geological body (dykes, sills, intrusions etc.)

22. 22
DTB – Magnetic Euler Methods 1
Deep Basin
Moderately Deep Mafic/Ultramafic
Strongly Magnetic Edge
Of Basin
Shallow Granite Body
Shallow Dykes
Example – Capricorn Basin – A variety of source bodies that will require different SI and window
sizes

23. 23
DTB – Magnetic Euler Methods 2
Deep Basin
Structural Index (SI) = 0; Tightly clustered, generally consistent depth solutions over the deep
basin area; poor definition of dykes in South West

24. 24
DTB – Magnetic Euler Methods 3
Shallow Dykes
Strongly Magnetic Edge
Of Basin
Structural Index (SI) = 1; Tightly clustered, consistent solutions over the shallow dykes
and basin edges; scattered and inconsistent in deep basin area

25. 25
DTB – Magnetic Euler Methods 4
• One approach is to digitize and classify the main magnetic
features into SI units
SI=1 SI=0
SI=1
SI=1
SI=1 SI=1
SI=1
SI=0

26. 26
DTB – Magnetic Euler Methods 5
• The resultant depth to basement surface shows a deep
basin in the east, with some near surface magnetic bodies
superimposed
• Further processing could include the removal of the
shallow magnetic features to produce a more smooth and
coherent DTB surface

27. 27
Airborne Gravity Vs Gravity Gradiometry near
surface sources
• Gravity gradiometry systems are
very sensitive to near surface
sources
• Gravity systems are more
sensitive to deeper sources
• The response of shallow
sources in gravity gradient data
can obscure deeper sources
*After Olsen 2010

28. 28
Airborne Gravity Vs Gravity Gradiometry – Basin
Model
Gzz
Gz
Salt dome
apparent in
both Gzz
and Gz
Near surface palaeo-
channel and minor ridge
causes strong response in
Gzz
Basement Offset
(masked by
adjacent
basement density
variation)
Intrabasin offset
(masked by
nearby salt
dome) Mafic Basement and
dyke/sills (larger relative
amplitude in Gz)

29. 29
Airborne Gravity Vs Gravity Gradiometry – Basin
Model – With noise added
5 Eotvos RMS noise (400m cutoff)
0.2 mGal RMS noise (grey)
1 mGal RMS noise (grey dashed

30. 30
Airborne Gravity Vs Gravity Gradiometry – Basin
Model
Gzz
Gz
Salt dome
apparent in
both Gzz
and Gz
Near surface palaeo-
channel and minor ridge
causes strong response in
Gzz
Basement Offset
(masked by
adjacent
basement density
variation)
Intrabasin offset
(masked by
nearby salt
dome) Mafic Basement and
dyke/sills (larger relative
amplitude in Gz)

31. 31
Forward Modelling the Gz and Gzz response of a
basement shelf interpreted from Seismic Data
• An interpreted 2D
seismic section
was used to
construct a
basement model
• The Gz and Gzz
reponse of the
model was
calculated to
determine the
most
appropriaate
system

32. 32
Forward Modelling the Gz and Gzz response of a
basement shelf interpreted from Seismic Data
• The depth of the
shelf is
approximately
2000m

33. 33
• Gz response with
estimated system
noise added
• Gzz response with
system noise added
• Both resolve the
feature of interest
• Which one is more
cost effective?

34. 34

35. 35
Issues With Sabah
• Remote
• Forest agriculture
• Poor access
• Social issues
• High Risk and High Cost

36. 36
Assist with Land Seismic – LIDAR and Photography
Planning for Low Footprint Acquisition
Geophysically correct – the first time in the field
• Highest accuracy
• Detailed information on vegetation, culture, etc.
• Up to the minute reliability

37. 37
• Low cost data acquisition in small areas
• Suitable for rugged or areas of high risk
• Map terrain, vegetation, infrastructure
UAV Systems – Photography and LIDAR

38. 38
• Decades of aviation experience – pilots and auditors
• Decades of survey experience – management roles in
worlds largest airborne survey organisations (Fugro, ARKEX)
• Expertise in methods – Mag, Gravity, FTG, EM
• Full suite of processing and modelling software and
expertise
• Huge experience in global petroleum basin geology
Experience - Technical

39. 39
• Over 100 years combined experience in over 100 countries
• Specialising Australia, Africa, South America, Asia
• Recent regions – West Africa, South Sudan, Timor-Leste,
Brazil, Columbia, Philippines, PNG, India
• Wide range of local contacts in emerging countries for
support and assistance.
Expertise –Geographical

40. 40
Basin analysis with potential fields data

41. 41
Potential Fields Data Interpretation
1. Definition of basin geometry
in regions with limited and/or
poor quality seismic data.
2. Basement and intra-basin
structural interpretation and
basin involved structural
frameworks.
3. Depth to basement modelling
utilizing magnetic and gravity
methods.
4. Defining basin architectural
models through the integrated
analyses of basement
geometry and structure with
the intra-basin structural
configuration of sedimentary
basins.
• Our team includes geologists and geophysicists
whom together provide a broad capabilities for
delivering geologically robust solutions in basin
analysis packages.
• We utilise ArcGIS, Geosoft, Modelvision, Profile
Analyst, Maxwell and Kingdom software suites to
provide a fully integrated interpretation solutions
of geophysical seismic and well datasets.

42. 42
Western Argentina- foreland thrust belt

43. 43
Magnetic and Gravity Data
Derivative reduced to pole magnetic
imagery. a) first vertical derivative, b)
first vertical derative with automatic
gain control filter and c) the horizontal
gradient.
Derivative gravity imagery. a) first vertical
derivative, b) Gaussian Residual and c)
the horizontal gradient.

44. 44

45. 45

46. 46
DTB Modeling
3D grid based depth profile as large red circles and the
other coloured circles are a combination of Werner,
Euler and Phillips depth estimates that are
intentionally scattered through the multi loop
approach.

47. 47
Basin Architecture
Sedimentthickness
Basement

48. 48
Salt Rupture Zones in the Officer Basin
• Browne Salt Wall has
breached the flat lying
magnetic Table Hill
Volcanics
• “Breached” zone
obvious in 1VD
magnetic data
• Strike slip offsets – i.e.
intra-basin Structures,
are visible in the salt
wall magnetic response
• This could provide the
means to target further
seismic surveys (salt wall
= possible hydrocarbon
trap)
• Deep basement
magnetic sources are
also visible

49. 49
Imaging multiple levels in the Amadeus Basin
• Magnetic signal
from shallow to
deep sources
• Surficial Dendritic
drainage patterns
• Subtle magnetic
signatures from
relatively shallow
siltstones,
sandstones,
carbonates and
conglomerates
layers containing
minor magnetite
• Deep, long
wavelength
signals from
basement sources

50. 50
Salt Rupture Zones in the Officer Basin: Comparison
of Seismic Data with Aeromagnetic data
Subtle first vertical derivative (1VD) Magnetic signature from
breached Table Hill Volcanics
The Browne Salt Wall can be seen in the magnetic data because it has breached a sub
horizontal magnetic layer (Table Hill Volcanics)
Browne
Salt Wall
Table Hill Volcanics
Salt
wall?

51. 51
Pre – Salt: How can potential fields add value
• Pre salt hydrocarbon exploration takes place at great depth
– Great depth:
• long source wavelengths Suitable for Airborne gravimetry
• Poorly imaged seismic data at depth or obscured by salt structures
– Shallow gravity gradiometry and magnetic data may assist with static
corrections to seismic data
– Airborne Magnetic data may provide DTB estimates (base of Pre-salt
formation)
– Constraint of potential field geophysical modelling through well data and
seismic sections
– Identification of Radial or sub parallel faults associated with active diapirs
– Identification of extensional structures that focus salt emplacement
– Interpolate structure between 2D seismic lines
– Estimates of salt thickness where seismic is poorly imaged, ie, based on the
calculated thickness below the top of the salt as imaged in the seismic data
via gravity modelling, and constrained with wells where possible.

52. 52
Salt in the Petrel Basin

53. 53
Salt in the Petrel Basin

54. 54
Salt in the Petrel Basin

55. 55
Salt in the Petrel Basin

56. 56
Salt in the Petrel Basin