Presentation at the Advanced Workshop for CO2 Storage, Mexico City, 26-27 August 2014

1. Gonzalo Zambrano, PhD, PEng
Research Associate
University of Alberta
Advanced Workshop for CO2 Storage
August 26-17, 2014
DF IPN ESIA Ticomán Auditorium
SUPPORTED BY:

2. Monitoring Measuring and Verification (MMV)
01 2003
2006
2009
2012
2015
2018
2021
2024
09 / 01 /
2000
2027
2030
01 / 01 / 2033
01 / 01 / 2034
End of EOR
75 Pattern Reservoir Simulation from IEA Weyburn Monitoring and Storage Project – Law, ARC
CO2 Global
Mol. Fr.
Numbers of Observation or Monitoring Wells?
SUPPORTED BY:

3. 3
Capture Utilization Geological Storage
CCUS
O=C=O
Risk Management
Verification
MMV
Pre- operation
Closure
Post-closure
Near
Surface
Above
Container
Container
Domain
R&D
-EOR
-Saline
Aquifer
Operation
Field Studies

4. MMV – IPCC 2005

5. Previous Work - 2005
MMV – CCS R&D
CO2 Geological Storage –
operational, verification, and
environmental monitoring
• Pembina Cardium CO2
Monitoring Pilot Project

6. Other Field Studies
6
Weyburn
IEA GHG Weyburn-
Midale CO2 Storage
and Monitoring Project
Aquistore
Shell Quest
Otway Basin Pilot Project - OBPP
Buttress
Naylor-1

7. CSA Z741-12 (Future section of ISO for CCS)
Table of Contents
1 Scope
2 Reference publications
3 Definitions
4 Management systems
5 Site screening, selection, and
characterization
6 Risk management
7 Well infrastructure development
8 Monitoring and verification
9 Closure

8. CSA Z741-12 (M&V)
Monitoring — the measurement and surveillance activities necessary to
provide an assurance of the integrity of CO2 storage.
8.1 Purpose
8.2 M&V program periods
8.3 M&V program objectives
8.4 M&V program design
- procedures and practice
- required specifications
- recommended specifications
- contingency monitoring

9. Intensity Uncertainty (%)
Container
Domain
Above Container
Domain
Near Surface
Domain
Baseline
Mode
Operational
Mode
Environmental
Mode
Risk (%)
Time (logarithmic)
Monitoring
MMV
MMV
MMV ?

10. Aquistore Project
• Project Objectives:
– Demonstrate CO2 storage
in deep saline formation is
a safe, workable solution
to reduce greenhouse gas
(GHG) emissions
– Develop best methods &
technologies to monitor
GHG
– Involve research
institutions, policy makers,
industry, and public

11. MMV Program
Surface-based:
– Regional 3D seismic survey
• Baseline & time-lapse (?)
• Geological characterization
– Permanent seismic array
• Baseline & time-lapse surveys
– Electrical/electromagnetic
– Gravity
– Passive seismic
– InSAR
– GPS
– Tiltmeters
– Groundwater & Soil gas monitoring
Well-based
• Real-time P & T
• Fluid sampling/tracers
• Time-lapse logging
• DAS/DTS
• Heater cable
• Cross-well seismic & VSP
• Cross-well & surface-to-downhole
electrical
monitoring
• Gravity
• Passive seismic
(1) plume/containment monitoring
(2) public assurance
(3) research objectives

12. Project Location: Williston Basin
ALBERTA
MANITOBA
MONTANA
WYOMING
NORTH DAKOTA
SOUTH DAKOTA
EDMONTON
SASKATOON
WINNIPEG
REGINA
HELENA
BISMARCK
PIERRE
CALGARY
WILLISTON BASIN
HUDSON
BAY
SASKATCHEWAN
Estevan

13. Subsurface
Model
13
Bearpaw Shale
Colorado Shale
Watrous “Red Beds”
Prairie Evaporite Formation
Till
Mannville Group
Midale Beds
Bakken Formation
Red River Formation
Deadwood Formation
Depth ~ 3.4 km
Aquistore depth is equivalent to
over 30 football fields end to end.
Precambrian Basement

14. Phase 1: Demonstration & Evaluation
• Site selection, permits,
agreements, community
engagement
• Risk assessment, seismic
surveys, monitoring
programs
• Evaluation/injection well
• Observation/monitoring
well
• Water injection test

15. Phase 2: Commercial & Monitoring
• On going monitoring and
observation
• On going community
engagement
• Pipeline tie-in CO2 from
Boundary Dam Power
Station
• Word’s first commercial
carbon capture technology
in a coal plant and the sale
of CO2 for EOR/storage

16. Project Management
Aquistore
PTRC
Communications
PTRC
Research &
Development
PTRC
Operations
Schlumberger
Carbon Services
Management Committee
•Petroleum Technology Research Centre
•SaskPower
•Schlumberger Carbon Services
•Enbridge
•SaskEnergy
•Sask Ministry of Energy and Resources
•Sask Ministry of Environment
•Consumers Cooperative Refineries Ltd
•Korea National Oil Corporation
Science & Engineering
Research Committee
• Geological Survey of Canada
• University of Alberta
• University of Saskatchewan
• Schlumberger Doll
SaskPower
Capture & Pipeline

17. Injection Well Design
• Well depth 3396m to
Deadwood in Estevan area
• Surface 13-3/8” casing to
~500m
• Production 7-5/8” casing to
~3300m
• 7-5/8” production casing for
operability with 4.5” tubing
• Achieves evaluation and
potential injection objectives
• Coring, DST, Logging program

18. Well Evaluation Program
• Coring
– Multiple intervals of reservoir, caprock and
seals
• Logging – TD section
– Gamma Ray / SP / Resistivity / Density /
Neutron
– Sonic Compressional and Dipole Shear
– Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
– Formation Elemental Analysis
– MDT – formation pressure & samples
– MDT – minifrac
• Logging – Cased hole
– Ultra sonic cement imager
– Pulse Neutron Log (RST)
– Spinner Log (Flow Profile)

19. Observation Well
• 9-5/8” casing to ~620m
• 4-1/2” casing to ~3400m
• Fluid Recovery System
• OPZ system - P/T Gauges
Patent P1396PC00

20. Site Characterization: 3D Seismic
• Size : 30 km2
• Acquisition : UniQ
• Acquired March 2012
• Vibroseis source:
– 2-100Hz sweep
– 5 sec record length
– 2ms sample rate
– 288 m line interval, 36 m in-line
– Recievers:
• 288m line interval, 6m in-line
– 2411 shots, 18100 geophones
– Natural bin size: 3m x 18m
– Full fold: 88
– Offset range: 220m to 5388m
CO2 Capture
CO2 Injector

21. Seismic Interpretation – Time Data
• Line 86815
Prairie Evaporite
Winnipegosis
Ashern
Winnipeg
Winnipeg Sand
Deadwood
Precambrian
W E

22. Isopach for Prairie Evaporite Formation
C.I. = 10 m m

23. Interpretation Summary
• Prairie Evaporite appears to be a continuous seal throughout the 3D
volume.
• No evidence of vertical faulting was observed that extended through the
Devonian or deeper section.
• A flexure is observed in the lower section that trends NNE. The flexure
suggests the sediments are gently folded without clear evidence that the
strata are ruptured or faulted.
• Orientation of this feature (subparallel to minimum horizontal stress)
minimizes likelihood of reactivation if it is a fault.
• The reservoir (Deadwood/Winnipeg sands) varies little in thickness.
• The injection well is located where Deadwood and Winnipeg sands may be
marginally thicker.

24. Permanent Seismic Array
• Active source and passive monitoring
• 630 geophones over 6.25 km2
• 20 m depth
• Receiver lines 144m, in-line 72m
• Baseline dynamite survey:
• 260 shots, 1 kg at 15 m depth
• Source lines 288m, in-line 144m

25. Permanent Seismic Array:
Repeatability Test
25
Permanent Array
Dynamite shots
2.5 km

26. Baseline Gravity Survey
• Accuracy of ≤ 3.5 μGal
• A10 surveys are
planned at locations
adjacent to GPS sites
(two times per year).
A10-003

27. Surface Monitoring Site

28. 28
Surface Monitoring Sites
InSAR GPS
Tiltmeter

29. Scale
5 mm/y
Red: Uplift
Blue: Subsidence
GPS: Background Ground Deformation

30. Vertical Deformation Rate - InSAR data
MSBAS methodology: Samsonov and d’Oreye, 2012

31. Tiltmeters/GPS
1/4/2013 1/5/2013 1/6/2013 1/7/2013 1/8/2013 1/9/2013 1/10/2013 1/11/2013
Tiltmeters
GPS
-312
-314
-316
-318
-320
-322
-324
-326
-54
-55
-56
-57
-58
-59
-60
-61
Tilt (uR)
Tilt (uR)
Date (D/M/Y)
NW
TL0
6

32. Geophones vs Fibre Sensors
40 mm 6 mm

33. Acoustic Fibre Recording (DAS)

34. Site Orientation for Surface Studies
• Study area is west of
SaskPower’s Boundary
Dam Power Plant
• Aquistore study area
centered on the
injection/observation
well sites.
• Mostly reclaimed mining
areas from historic coal
mining
• Some wetlands, modified
and natural grasslands

35. Site Design for Surface Studies
• 49-site regular grid
centered on the
injection/observation
wells (7 x 7=5 x 5 km)
• 10-site irregular grid
(targets of opportunity –
e.g. ash piles)
• 9-site background grid on
PFRA land (not shown)
• 12-sites slated for multi-depth
probes

36. Soil Gas Measurement Approach
• Soil gas probes installed at 1.0 meter depth at each location (2.0 m depth at
multi-depth locations)
• Probes leak-checked using helium prior to sampling;
• Soil gas probes sampled for: He, H2, CO2, O2, N2, H2S, C1-C7+;
• Also sampled for stable isotopes: δ13C of: CO2 and CH4, and δ2H of CH4;
• Also sampled for radiocarbon, 14C of CO2.

37. Surface CO2 Flux Measurement Approach
• Discrete measurements of surface CO2 flux, soil temperature and
soil moisture for ~15 minutes (N = 5) at each location.
• Extended measurements (~4 hrs) of surface CO2 flux at select
locations (diurnal measurements in future).
• Measurements linked back to long term grassland measurements
(Fort Peck, Montana – long term ecological research station).

38. Continuous Measurements Approach
• Continuous measurements (12-minute intervals) of in-situ soil gas
CO2, and soil moisture (1.0 and 2.0 depths);
• Soil temperature at 4 depths (0.1, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0 m)
• Installed November 2012 at site I-07, site closest to the injection
well.

39. Aquistore Project Risk Assessment
• Risk Assessment Workshop
Held in Aug ‘11 and July ‘13
• SLB Carbon Services Risk
Assessment
– Top risks were identified
– Identify features, events and
processes (FEPs) which could
lead to negative outcomes
• Solicit expert opinion
• Management
– RACI Matrix Chart, Risk
Response Plan

40. Monitored Decision Framework
• Planned approach to decision making over time
that draws on long-term field measurements for
input, with planned analysis of the
measurements and appropriate contingent
actions
• long-term monitoring requires integration with a
“working hypothesis” of the storage mechanisms
• monitoring results combined with their analysis
or interpretation serve to support the hypotheses
of storage processes or aid in improving our
predictive capabilities

41. Monitored Decision Framework
• Normal practice in subsurface waste disposal
or oil and gas activities.
• In geological storage of CO2 , there is the need
(requirement?) to confirm the “science” of
storage and to ensure adequate storage
permanence.
• These drivers demand monitoring programs
that inform operating practices but provide
value-added knowledge on the evolution of
the CO2 storage processes.

42. Systematic Approach to Planning
Monitoring Programs
• Definition of project conditions
• Prediction of mechanisms that control behavior
• Identify the technical questions to be answered
• Select parameters to be measured and their role
in answering technical questions
• Predict magnitude of change expected in
parameters
• Select instrumentation/monitoring approach
• Instrument/monitoring locations

43. Purpose of Monitoring…..
• To “truth” or validate the predictive capability of the
simulators
• To validate the physics of the storage process
• To mitigate uncertainty associated with reservoir
parameters
• To identify and validate different categories of storage
mechanisms in geological horizons
• To correlate operational issues with aquifer and
caprock response, trigger contingency plans and
mitigation activities
• To satisfy regulatory requirements.

44. CCS and MMV
Know what you’re
looking for !
Sometimes it really does
make sense to just get
started !