ABC (ATP‑binding cassette) proteins are one of the largest and most diverse protein superfamilies, whose members can be found in all eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms studied to date. The most of ABC proteins are transporters that translocate allocrites across biological membranes. Almost half of the 48 human ABC transporter proteins are thought to facilitate the ATP-dependent translocation of lipids or lipid-related compounds. Such substrates include cholesterol, plant sterols, phospholipids, bile acids and sphingolipids. Mutations in a substantial number of the 48 human ABC transporters have been related to human disease.
The cell membrane (also known as the plasma membrane or cytoplasmic membrane) is a biological membrane that separates the interior of all cells from the outside environment. The cell membrane is selectively permeable to ions and organic molecules and controls the movement of substances in and out of cells.The basic function of the cell membrane is to protect the cell from its surroundings. It consists of the phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins. Cell membranes are involved in a variety of cellular processes such as cell adhesion, ion conductivity and cell signalling and serve as the attachment surface for several extracellular structures, including the cell wall, glycocalyx, and intracellular cytoskeleton.
ABC (ATP‑binding cassette) proteins are one of the largest and most diverse protein superfamilies, whose members can be found in all eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms studied to date. The most of ABC proteins are transporters that translocate allocrites across biological membranes. Almost half of the 48 human ABC transporter proteins are thought to facilitate the ATP-dependent translocation of lipids or lipid-related compounds. Such substrates include cholesterol, plant sterols, phospholipids, bile acids and sphingolipids. Mutations in a substantial number of the 48 human ABC transporters have been related to human disease.
The cell membrane (also known as the plasma membrane or cytoplasmic membrane) is a biological membrane that separates the interior of all cells from the outside environment. The cell membrane is selectively permeable to ions and organic molecules and controls the movement of substances in and out of cells.The basic function of the cell membrane is to protect the cell from its surroundings. It consists of the phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins. Cell membranes are involved in a variety of cellular processes such as cell adhesion, ion conductivity and cell signalling and serve as the attachment surface for several extracellular structures, including the cell wall, glycocalyx, and intracellular cytoskeleton.
Membrane proteins are proteins that interact with, or are part of, biological membranes. They include integral membrane proteins that are permanently anchored to the membrane and peripheral membrane proteins which are only temporarily attached to the lipid bilayer or to integral proteins.
A membrane protein is a protein molecule that is attached to, or associated with the membrane of a cell or an organelle.
More than half of all proteins interact with membranes.
Describes the plasma membrane in detail, explains the each major component with its functions.
Transport mechanism across the cell is covered with detailed explanation with examples.
by Dr. N.Sivaranjani, MD
This presentation contains the introduction to the structure of plasma membrane. This gives an insight into the biochemistry of the plasma membrane and the singer and nicholsan model.
Membrane proteins are proteins that interact with, or are part of, biological membranes. They include integral membrane proteins that are permanently anchored to the membrane and peripheral membrane proteins which are only temporarily attached to the lipid bilayer or to integral proteins.
A membrane protein is a protein molecule that is attached to, or associated with the membrane of a cell or an organelle.
More than half of all proteins interact with membranes.
Describes the plasma membrane in detail, explains the each major component with its functions.
Transport mechanism across the cell is covered with detailed explanation with examples.
by Dr. N.Sivaranjani, MD
This presentation contains the introduction to the structure of plasma membrane. This gives an insight into the biochemistry of the plasma membrane and the singer and nicholsan model.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
1. 2.4 MEMBRANES
2.4.1 Draw and label a diagram to show the structure of a membrane
2.4.2 Explain how the hydrophobic and hydrophilic properties of phospholipids help to maintain the structure of
cell membranes
2.4.3 List the functions of membrane proteins
2.4.4 Define diffusion and osmosis
2.4.5 Explain passive transport across membranes by simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion
2.4.6 explain the role of protein pumps and ATP in active transport across membranes
2.4.7 explain how vesicles are used to transport materials within a cell between the rough E.R., G.A., and plasma
membrane
2.4.8 Describe how the fluidity of the membrane allows it to change shape, break and re-form during endocytosis
and exocytosis
Membrane Structure: p.21-30
See Fig 2.13 p. 50
Polar Hydrophilic Region
(water loving)
Non-Polar Hydrophobic Region
(water hating)
See Cross-Sectional View of the Phospholipids bilayer Fig 1.19 p. 21. What is the functional
implication of having a double layer of phospholipids?
GO TO YOUR WORKBOOK P. 93 AND USE FIG. 1.17 P. 21 TO ANNOTATE THE DIAGRAM
BELOW
A: glycoprotein (carbohydrate attached) to
extrinsic protein
B: carbohydrate (attached to lipid – glycolipid)
C: intrinsic protein
D: carbohydrate (glycolipid)
E: cholesterol
F: phospholipid
inside cells - cytoskeleton
2. Proteins: - embedded into Fluid Matrix
- Integral Proteins: all the way through
- Peripheral Proteins: surface only
Basic Structure: chain of amino acids = Proteins
There are 20 different amino acids
http://www.teachersparadise.com/ency/en/media/c/c5/amino_acids_2.png
Their 6 general functions are:
Hormone binding sites – exterior fits the shape of specific hormones change of protein shape
message into cell
Enzymatic action – catalyze chemical reactions
Cell adhesion – hook together permanent & temporary connections
Cell-to-cell communication – have carbohydrates attached / labels type & species of cell
Channels for passive transport – passageway for substances to pass through
Pumps for active transport – shuttles substances across the membrane by changing shape
3. Carbohydrate (sugar) attached to proteins act as distinctive antigens by which cells can recognize
each other
- glycoprotein -when attached to a protein, the complex is called a glycoprotein
- glycolipids -also exist in the cell membrane, a carbohydrate portion attached to a lipid molecule
Cholesterol is also present in the plasma membrane. Cholesterol is a LIPID (fat-like molecule)
that gives rigidity and strength to the plasma membrane, and is found in the hydrophobic area
Transport Across the Membrane: (IB learning Outcomes 2.4.4 2.4.8 p. 22-30)
- The structure of the cell surface membrane, the nuclear membrane and the membranes of the
organelles allow them to be selectively permeable, and provide for a variety of transport
mechanisms.
- Control of the exchange across membranes depends on the physical and chemical properties of
the membrane and the molecules moving through them.
Passive Transport Active Transport
VS
Movement = down the concentration gradient Movement =against the concentration gradient
High Low Low High
NRG not required – KMT provides all req. nrg NRG required = ATP from cell metabolism
4. Biology 11 IB Earland
Transport Types
1. Diffusion (passive transport – no energy required)
- the movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to low (down a
concentration gradient
- caused by random movement of molecules (Brownian motion) – dependent on
temperature, size of the molecules, and size of the gradient
- in cells, diffusion is limited to small molecules and ions that freely move across the
membrane: water, oxygen and carbon dioxide, lipid soluble molecules
- Recall: the rate of diffusion is instrumental in determining cell size
2. Osmosis (passive transport)
- the movement of water from an area of high concentration of water (low concentration
of solute) to low concentration of water (high concentration of solute) through a
SELECTIVELY permeable membrane
- described in terms of tonicity of the solution with respect to the cell
- hypertonic solution: has a higher
concentration of solute
- hypotonic solution: has a lower concentration of solute
4
5. Biology 11 IB Earland
- isotonic solution: has the same concentration of solute
3. Facilitated Diffusion
- involves the use of transport proteins
that are specific to certain solutes –
with specific binding sites
- it is believed that the protein changes
shape to allow the transport of a solute
down a concentration gradient
4. Active Transport (active – requires an energy input from the cell)
- involves the use of transport proteins, but takes place against a concentration gradient
- ex: the Na+/K+ pump
5
6. Biology 11 IB Earland
5. Endocytosis (active)
- used to transport larger molecules across the membrane and INTO the cell
- there are two types of endocytosis (both consume cell membrane)
- pinocytosis – the cell gulps in extracellular fluid into small vesicles
- phagocytosis – the cell extends pseudopodia and wraps the particles into a vacuole,
which will later fuse with a lysosome for digestion
6. Exocytosis (active)
- used to transport large molecules out of the cell – usually vesicles budded from the
ER or GA
- a vesicle will move towards and fuse with the cell membrane, spilling its contents into the
extracellular fluid
- exocytosis and endocytosis generally balance each other resulting in no change in the size
of the cell
6