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Editor's Notes
- #2 I am adding a note here.
- #3 Transport: some have hydrophilic channels that allow certain molecules or ions to pass through; some hydrolyze ATP in order to actively pump substances across the membraneEnzymatic activity: embedded proteins may protrude so that its active site is exposed to substances (sometimes, in multiple, enzymes are ordered to carry out sequential steps of metabolism)Signal transduction: binding sites may have specific shapes that match with chemical messengers, causing conformational changes to relay messages to the inside of cellsIntercellular joining: adjacent cells hook together in various kinds of junctionsCell-Cell recognition: glycoproteins (proteins with oligosaccharides) serve as identification tagsAttachment to the cytoskeleton and ECM: bonds to cytoskeletal structures maintain cell shape and fixes a protein’s location
- #5 Facilitated diffusion is the movement of molecules across the cell membrane via special transport proteins that are embedded within the cellular membrane. Many large molecules, such as glucose, are insoluble in lipids and too large to fit through the membrane pores. Therefore, it will bind with its specific carrier proteins, and the complex will then be bonded to a receptor site and moved through the cellular membrane. The facilitated diffusion is a passive process, and the solutes still move down the concentration gradient.