The document discusses green chemistry and its principles. It begins by describing some industrial accidents involving chemical releases that resulted in deaths and health issues. It then outlines the 12 principles of green chemistry as developed by Paul Anestas, including things like waste prevention and energy efficiency. Finally, it discusses how green chemistry aims to make chemical processes safer and less polluting through various methods like designing safer chemicals and alternative synthetic pathways.

1. Dr. Satish S. Kola
(Assistant professor)
M.G Arts science and late N.P commerce college
Armori.
TOPIC : GREEN CHEMISTRY

3. A plant accident in Bhopal, India, released
methyl isocyanate. Nearly 4000 people died.
Dr. SATISH S. KOLA

4. An accidental release of chemicals, including
dioxin, in Seveso, Italy, in 1976 resulted in
death of farm animals and long-term health
problems for many local residents.
Dr. SATISH S. KOLA

5. Air
Water
All living
organisms
Dr. SATISH S. KOLA

6. Chemical
Reaction
Safety
Simplicity
Selectivity
High
Yield
Energy
Efficiency
Renewable,
recyclable
Absence of
hazardous
material
Dr. SATISH S. KOLA

7. Paul Anestas,
Who coined the concept of
Green Chemistry in 1994
and enunciated 12 principles
to idealize the process of
chemical reactions
Green Chemistry is the utilisation of a set of
principles that reduces or eliminates the use or
generation of hazardous substances in the design,
manufacture and application of chemical products .
Dr. SATISH S. KOLA

8. It Refers to the field of chemistry dealing with
1- Synthesis (the path of synthesizing chemicals)
2- Processing (the actual making of chemicals)
3- Use of chemicals that reduce risks to humans and impact
on the environment
Dr. SATISH S. KOLA

9. • Chemistry is a very prominent part of our daily
lives.
• Chemical developments also bring new
environmental problems and harmful
unexpected side effects, which result in the
need for ‘greener’ chemical products.
Why do we need Green Chemistry ?
Dr. SATISH S. KOLA

10. Green chemistry looks at pollution prevention on the
molecular scale and is an extremely important area of
Chemistry due to the importance of Chemistry in our
world today and the implications it can show on our
environment.
The Green Chemistry program
supports the invention of more
environmentally friendly chemical
processes which reduce or even
eliminate the generation of
hazardous substances.
Dr. SATISH S. KOLA

11. Green Chemistry Is All About...
Cost
Waste
Pollution
Hazard
Risk
Energy
Dr. SATISH S. KOLA

12. Efficiency parameter for reactions
1. Atom Economy =
2. Conversion (%) =
3. Reaction Yield (%) =
4. Reaction Selectivity =
100
reactant
all
of
weight
Molecular
product
desired
of
weight
Molecular

100
aken
reactant t
of
Amount
reacted
reactant
of
Amount

100
product
of
amount
expected
formed
product
of
Amount

100
consumed
reactant
of
amount
of
basis
on the
expected
product
of
Amount
formed
product
desired
of
Amount

Dr. SATISH S. KOLA

13. Environmental load factor (E)
minimum.
be
should
It
product.
desired
the
of
kg
per
generated
effluent
the
is
product
desired
of
Mass
generated
effluent
of
mass
Total
E
E 
Dr. SATISH S. KOLA

14. Dr. SATISH S. KOLA

15. Dr. SATISH S. KOLA

16. Dr. SATISH S. KOLA

17. Dr. SATISH S. KOLA

18. Let us find out the greener way of production of
maleic anhydried, if it is produced from oxidation of
Butene, Benzene and Butane, on the basis of atom
economy
%
1
.
44
100
222
98
2
2
5
.
4
.
2
)
18
2
(
2
)
44
2
(
2
)
98
(
3
2
4
)
32
5
.
4
(
2
)
78
(
6
6










Economy
Atom
O
H
CO
O
H
C
O
H
C
%
64
.
57
100
170
98
4
5
.
3
.
3
)
18
4
(
2
)
98
(
3
2
4
)
32
5
.
3
(
2
)
58
(
10
4








Economy
Atom
O
H
O
H
C
O
H
C
Dr. SATISH S. KOLA

19. Dr. SATISH S. KOLA

20. .
Dr. SATISH S. KOLA

21. .
Dr. SATISH S. KOLA

22. Dr. SATISH S. KOLA

23. Dr. SATISH S. KOLA

24. Dr. SATISH S. KOLA

25. Dr. SATISH S. KOLA

26. Dr. SATISH S. KOLA

27. .
Dr. SATISH S. KOLA

28. Dr. SATISH S. KOLA

29. Dr. SATISH S. KOLA

30. Dr. SATISH S. KOLA

31. Dr. SATISH S. KOLA

32. • A supercritical fluid is any substance at a
temperature and pressure above its critical point,
where distinct liquid and gas phases do not exist.
• It can effuse through solids like a gas, and dissolve
materials like a liquid.
• Close to the critical point, small changes in pressure
or temperature result in large changes in density.
• Carbon dioxide and water are the most commonly
used supercritical fluids, being used for
decaffeination and power generation, respectively.
Dr. SATISH S. KOLA

33. Critical properties of various solvents
(Reid et al., 1987)
Solvent
Molecular weight
Critical
temperature
Critical pressure Critical density
g/mol K MPa (atm) g/cm3
Carbon dioxide
(CO2)
44.01 304.1 7.38 (72.8) 0.469
Water (H2O) (acc.
IAPWS)
18.015 647.096
22.064
(217.755)
0.322
Methane (CH4) 16.04 190.4 4.60 (45.4) 0.162
Ethane (C2H6) 30.07 305.3 4.87 (48.1) 0.203
Propane (C3H8) 44.09 369.8 4.25 (41.9) 0.217
Ethylene (C2H4) 28.05 282.4 5.04 (49.7) 0.215
Propylene (C3H6) 42.08 364.9 4.60 (45.4) 0.232
Methanol (CH3OH) 32.04 512.6 8.09 (79.8) 0.272
Ethanol (C2H5OH) 46.07 513.9 6.14 (60.6) 0.276
Acetone (C3H6O) 58.08 508.1 4.70 (46.4) 0.278
Dr. SATISH S. KOLA

34. Super critical CO2
• Supercritical carbon dioxide is a fluid
state of carbon dioxide where it is held at
or above its critical temperature and
critical pressure.
• Removal of caffeine from coffee or tea.
• Isolation of oils and other natural
products.
• In nanoelectronics
• Ultra high purity water.
Dr. SATISH S. KOLA

35. Super critical CO2
• Supercritical CO2 is forced through the green coffee beans and
then they are sprayed with water at high pressure to remove the
caffeine. The caffeine can then be isolated for resale (e.g. to the
pharmaceutical industry or to beverage manufacturers) by passing
the water through activated charcoal filters or by distillation,
crystallization or reverse osmosis.
• Supercritical carbon dioxide can also be used as a more
environmentally friendly solvent for dry cleaning as compared to
more traditional solvents such as hydrocarbons and
perchloroethylene.
• Recent studies have proved SC-CO2 is an effective alternative for
terminal sterilization of biological materials and medical devices.
Moreover, this process is gentle, as the morphology,
ultrastructure, and protein profiles of inactivated microbes are
maintained.
Dr. SATISH S. KOLA

36. Applications
– Supercritical fluid extraction
– Supercritical fluid
decomposition
– Dry-cleaning
– Supercritical fluid
chromatography
– Chemical reactions
– Impregnation and dyeing
– Nano and micro particle
formation
– Generation of pharmaceutical
cocrystals
– Supercritical drying
– Supercritical water oxidation
– Supercritical water
gasification
– Supercritical fluid in power
generation
– Biodiesel production
– Carbon capture and storage
and enhanced oil recovery
– Refrigeration
– Supercritical fluid deposition
– Antimicrobial properties of
highly compressed fluids
Dr. SATISH S. KOLA

37. Biodiesel production
• Conversion of vegetable oil to biodiesel is via a
transesterification reaction, where the triglyceride is
converted to the methyl ester plus glycerol. This is
usually done using methanol and caustic or acid
catalysts, but can be achieved using supercritical
methanol without a catalyst. The method of using
supercritical methanol for biodiesel production was
first studied by Saka and his coworkers. This has the
advantage of allowing a greater range and water
content of feedstocks (in particular, used cooking
oil), the product does not need to be washed to
remove catalyst, and is easier to design as a
Dr. SATISH S. KOLA

38. Biodiesel production
Dr. SATISH S. KOLA

39. Biocatalysis is the use of natural
catalysts, such as protein enzymes,
to perform chemical transformations
on organic compounds. Both
enzymes that have been more or less
isolated and enzymes still residing
inside living cells are employed for
this task
Biocatalysis can be defined as the use of
natural substances to speed up (or catalyze)
chemical reactions. The natural substances of
which I speak can be one or more enzymes or
cells. An enzyme is simply a protein catalyst,
and enzymes have many important uses.
Every reaction in your any living thing,
yourself included, proceeds thanks to the
presence of enzymes. Enzymes help you digest
food, produce vital nutrients, move muscles,
and do just about everything else you can
think of. Enzymes are also used in your daily
life to improve the performance of detergents
(“protein gets out protein”), make beer and
wine, process food, allow diagnostic
laboratories to tell you what is wrong with
you, and many other tasks that seem to
happen automatically every day.
Dr. SATISH S. KOLA

40. Dr. SATISH S. KOLA

41. Reaction and Inhibition
Dr. SATISH S. KOLA

42. Biocatalysis
• The most obvious uses have been in the food and drink businesses where the
production of wine, beer, cheese etc. is dependent on the effects of the
microorganisms.
• Enzymes display three major types of selectivities:
• Chemoselectivity: Since the purpose of an enzyme is to act on a single type of
functional group, other sensitive functionalities, which would normally react
to a certain extent under chemical catalysis, survive. As a result, biocatalytic
reactions tend to be "cleaner" and laborious purification of product(s) from
impurities emerging through side-reactions can largely be omitted.
• Regioselectivity and diastereoselectivity: Due to their complex three-
dimensional structure, enzymes may distinguish between functional groups
which are chemically situated in different regions of the substrate molecule.
• Enantioselectivity: Since almost all enzymes are made from L-amino acids,
enzymes are chiral catalysts. As a consequence, any type of chirality present
in the substrate molecule is "recognized" upon the formation of the enzyme-
substrate complex. Dr. SATISH S. KOLA

43. Examples
• Conversion of glucose to ethanol by Zymase
• Hydrolysis of urea, by urase
• Hydrolysis of sugar into glucose and fructose by
inverase
• Conversion of maltose into glucose by maltase
Dr. SATISH S. KOLA

44. Metalloenzymes are known to catalyze
some of the most important reactions in
nature, such as photosynthesis and the
oxygen-consuming respiration of cells.
describing exactly how the reaction of one
compound to another occurs. The
understanding how these processes occur
can provide uses in many areas, from the
fundamental understanding of nature, to
understanding and curing diseases. Also, a
fundamental understanding of enzyme
catalysis may be used in the future to
design completely new catalysts,
biochemical or others, which will allow the
creation of new chemicals, materials and
processes.
Dr. SATISH S. KOLA

45. The burning of fossil fuels is a major source of
greenhouse gas emissions, especially for power,
cement, steel, textile, fertilizer and many other
industries which rely on fossil fuels (coal, electricity
derived from coal, natural gas and oil). The major
greenhouse gases emitted by these industries are
carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide,
hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), etc., all of which
increase the atmosphere's ability to trap infrared
energy and thus affect the climate.
Accordingly, United Nations Framework Convention
on Climate Change (UNFCCC) was established in
1992 in which the participating countries signed an
agreement in a meeting in KYOTO. This would help
reducing the greenhouse gas emission by atleast 5
% per year during 2008-12.
Dr. SATISH S. KOLA
Greenhouse Effect

46. Greenhouse Effect
Dr. SATISH S. KOLA

47. A carbon credit is a generic term for any tradable certificate or permit representing the right
to emit one tonne of carbon dioxide or the mass of another greenhouse gas with a carbon
dioxide equivalent to one tonne of carbon dioxide.
Dr. SATISH S. KOLA

48. What Carbon Credit exactly is?
Carbon credits are reductions of emissions of greenhouse gases caused by a
project or a Product utilized by anybody which directly or indirectly reduces or
eliminates green house gases. Currently this reduction is measured in terms of
Carbon-di-oxide reduced.
1 Carbon Credit = 1 Ton of Carbon Dioxide Reduction
The concept of carbon credits came into existence as a result of increasing
awareness of the need for pollution control.
Credits can be exchanged between businesses or bought and sold in international
markets at the prevailing market price.
Credits can be used to finance carbon reduction schemes between trading
partners and around the world.
Dr. SATISH S. KOLA

49. Dr. SATISH S. KOLA

50. Present emissions of a industry = X
Tons
Emission Quota for a industry = Y
Tons
If X > Y,
Industry have two choices :
1. Install new machinery that will
reduce the emissions from X to Y
Tons
2. Purchase Carbon credits worth
(X -Y) Tons of emissions. Dr. SATISH S. KOLA

51. Facts Regarding Carbon Credits:-
Benefits:-
• Contribution towards the fight
against Global warming.
• Improve the return on
investments in Projects.
• Boost the economic feasibility
of projects.
• Accelerate project
implementation.
• Provide an additional source
of revenue.
Criticism:-
• As several countries responsible
for a large proportion of global
emissions (notably USA, Australia,
China and India) have avoided
mandatory caps.
• Governments of capped countries
may seek to unilaterally weaken
their commitments.
• The grandfathering of allowances.
• Establishing a meaningful offset
project is complex
• The validation of the
effectiveness of some projects.
Dr. SATISH S. KOLA

52. Dr. SATISH S. KOLA

53. Dr. SATISH S. KOLA

54. Dry Cleaning
– Ancient Rome
– Modern
developments
• Petroleum-based
solvents
• Alternative solvents
– Discovery of
tetrachloroethylene
• Solvent processing
• Dry-cleaning waste
– Cooked muck
– Sludge
- Toxicity and
environmental
effects
• Home dry cleaning
Dr. SATISH S. KOLA

55. Caffeine
•Caffeine is a bitter, white
crystalline xanthine alkaloid that
acts as a stimulant drug.
•In humans, caffeine acts as a
central nervous system stimulant,
temporarily warding off drowsiness
and restoring alertness.
•Caffeine is toxic at sufficiently high
doses. Ordinary consumption can
have low health risks, even when
carried on for years – there may be
a modest protective effect against
some diseases, including certain
types of cancer.
Dr. SATISH S. KOLA

56. Dr. SATISH S. KOLA