Retrosynthes analysis and disconnection approach ProttayDutta1
Retrosynthetic analysis is a technique used to plan organic syntheses by working backwards from the target molecule. It involves mentally deconstructing the target molecule through sequential disconnections and functional group transformations until commercially available starting materials are reached. Each disconnection produces synthons, which are idealized fragments that represent possible reaction precursors. Common types of disconnections include C-X, C-C, and carbonyl bonds. The goal of retrosynthesis is to simplify the target structure and design multiple possible synthesis routes leading from simple starting materials to the target. It helps chemists discover efficient syntheses by considering the reactivity, selectivity, and availability of materials at each step.
1) The document discusses the synthon approach, which involves breaking down a target molecule into simpler starting materials through imaginary bond breaking (disconnection) or functional group interconversion.
2) Key terms are defined, including disconnection, synthon, and functional group interconversion. Basic rules of disconnection are outlined.
3) An example of using the synthon approach to synthesize the drug benzocaine from toluene is provided, outlining the multi-step reaction pathway and identifying specific synthons.
Retrosynthetic analysis, definition, importance, disconnection approach, one group two group disconnection logical and illogical disconnection approach compounds containing two nitrogen atom retrosynthetic analysis of camphor, cartisone, reserpine
The document discusses functional group interconversions (FGIs) in organic synthesis. It defines FGIs as writing one functional group for another to help with retrosynthetic planning. FGIs are important for identifying suitable disconnections in retrosynthesis when a molecule contains multiple functional groups. The document categorizes common functional groups containing heteroatoms, such as carboxylic acids, aldehydes/ketones, and alcohols/amines. It also discusses methods for oxidizing and reducing functional groups, as well as removing functional groups altogether.
Synthon or Disconnection or Retrosynthesis Approach in Organic Synthesis. This document discusses the key concepts and approaches of retrosynthesis including: 1) Disconnecting a target molecule into logical fragments through breaking bonds to obtain starting materials, 2) It is the reverse of chemical synthesis, 3) Terminologies such as disconnection, synthon, and reagents, 4) Basic rules for preferred disconnections.
Protecting groups and deprotection- -OH, -COOH, C=O, -NH2 groups.SANTOSH KUMAR SAHOO
This document discusses various protecting groups used in organic synthesis. It begins by defining a protecting group as a molecular framework that is introduced onto a functional group to block its reactivity under reaction conditions needed for modifications elsewhere in the molecule. The document then summarizes several common protecting groups for hydroxyl, amine, and carboxylic acid functional groups including methyl, benzyl, and silyl ethers for alcohols as well as Boc, Fmoc, Cbz, and other carbamates for amines. It provides details on the formation and cleavage of each protecting group.
Protection and deprotection of functional groups and it application in organi...ScifySolution
Protection of amine, acid, alcohol, ketone, aldehyde important for organic synthesis here we are providing complete study notes on it.
visit scifysolution.com for more notes
This document discusses retrosynthetic analysis and disconnection strategies for planning the synthesis of drug molecules. It defines key terms like retrosynthesis, synthons, and functional group interconversions. It provides guidelines for disconnecting different types of bonds and functional groups in a molecule, including C-X, C-C, and multiple bonds/groups. The goal is to break down the target molecule into stable and readily available starting materials by applying principles of retrosynthetic analysis.
Retrosynthes analysis and disconnection approach ProttayDutta1
Retrosynthetic analysis is a technique used to plan organic syntheses by working backwards from the target molecule. It involves mentally deconstructing the target molecule through sequential disconnections and functional group transformations until commercially available starting materials are reached. Each disconnection produces synthons, which are idealized fragments that represent possible reaction precursors. Common types of disconnections include C-X, C-C, and carbonyl bonds. The goal of retrosynthesis is to simplify the target structure and design multiple possible synthesis routes leading from simple starting materials to the target. It helps chemists discover efficient syntheses by considering the reactivity, selectivity, and availability of materials at each step.
1) The document discusses the synthon approach, which involves breaking down a target molecule into simpler starting materials through imaginary bond breaking (disconnection) or functional group interconversion.
2) Key terms are defined, including disconnection, synthon, and functional group interconversion. Basic rules of disconnection are outlined.
3) An example of using the synthon approach to synthesize the drug benzocaine from toluene is provided, outlining the multi-step reaction pathway and identifying specific synthons.
Retrosynthetic analysis, definition, importance, disconnection approach, one group two group disconnection logical and illogical disconnection approach compounds containing two nitrogen atom retrosynthetic analysis of camphor, cartisone, reserpine
The document discusses functional group interconversions (FGIs) in organic synthesis. It defines FGIs as writing one functional group for another to help with retrosynthetic planning. FGIs are important for identifying suitable disconnections in retrosynthesis when a molecule contains multiple functional groups. The document categorizes common functional groups containing heteroatoms, such as carboxylic acids, aldehydes/ketones, and alcohols/amines. It also discusses methods for oxidizing and reducing functional groups, as well as removing functional groups altogether.
Synthon or Disconnection or Retrosynthesis Approach in Organic Synthesis. This document discusses the key concepts and approaches of retrosynthesis including: 1) Disconnecting a target molecule into logical fragments through breaking bonds to obtain starting materials, 2) It is the reverse of chemical synthesis, 3) Terminologies such as disconnection, synthon, and reagents, 4) Basic rules for preferred disconnections.
Protecting groups and deprotection- -OH, -COOH, C=O, -NH2 groups.SANTOSH KUMAR SAHOO
This document discusses various protecting groups used in organic synthesis. It begins by defining a protecting group as a molecular framework that is introduced onto a functional group to block its reactivity under reaction conditions needed for modifications elsewhere in the molecule. The document then summarizes several common protecting groups for hydroxyl, amine, and carboxylic acid functional groups including methyl, benzyl, and silyl ethers for alcohols as well as Boc, Fmoc, Cbz, and other carbamates for amines. It provides details on the formation and cleavage of each protecting group.
Protection and deprotection of functional groups and it application in organi...ScifySolution
Protection of amine, acid, alcohol, ketone, aldehyde important for organic synthesis here we are providing complete study notes on it.
visit scifysolution.com for more notes
This document discusses retrosynthetic analysis and disconnection strategies for planning the synthesis of drug molecules. It defines key terms like retrosynthesis, synthons, and functional group interconversions. It provides guidelines for disconnecting different types of bonds and functional groups in a molecule, including C-X, C-C, and multiple bonds/groups. The goal is to break down the target molecule into stable and readily available starting materials by applying principles of retrosynthetic analysis.
For B Pharmacy and M Pharmacy Students
Subscribe to the YouTube Channel
#Professor_Beubenz
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The document discusses methodology in organic synthesis, including examples of natural products. It describes convergent and divergent synthesis strategies. Convergent synthesis involves coupling molecular fragments through independent synthesis to improve reaction yields compared to linear synthesis. Divergent synthesis starts from a central core and generates a library of compounds through successive additions. Functional group interconversion and addition techniques are discussed to allow for disconnection of target molecules during retrosynthetic analysis.
1. Reaction mechanisms can be determined through various methods like identifying products, detecting intermediates through isolation, trapping or labeling studies, studying the effects of catalysts and acids, and performing kinetic studies.
2. Isotope labeling and crossover experiments involve using isotopically labeled reactants to determine whether reaction pathways are intra- or intermolecular. Kinetic isotope effects also provide information about which bonds are broken or formed in the rate-determining step.
3. Acid and base catalysis can indicate whether proton transfer is involved in the rate-determining step. General acid catalysis means proton transfer is rate-determining while specific catalysis means it is not.
The document discusses retrosynthesis, which is the process of working backward from a target organic compound to develop a synthetic route. It involves imagining the cleavage of bonds to form synthons, which are idealized fragments represented as ions. Key steps in retrosynthesis are disconnection, which breaks bonds, and functional group interconversion, which changes one functional group to another. The goal is to develop the most efficient synthesis using readily available starting materials and reagents.
more chemistry contents are available
1. pdf file on Termmate: https://www.termmate.com/rabia.aziz
2. YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCKxWnNdskGHnZFS0h1QRTEA
3. Facebook: https://web.facebook.com/Chemist.Rabia.Aziz/
4. Blogger: https://chemistry-academy.blogspot.com/
Organic Synthesis:
The Disconnection Approach
One Group C-C Disconnection of Alcohol and Alkene
Protecting and Deprotecting groups in Organic ChemistryAshwani Dalal
It gives the concise and complete protecting and deprotecting groups. A protecting group or protective group is introduced into a molecule by chemical modification of a functional group to obtain chemoselectivity in a subsequent chemical reaction. It plays an important role in multistep organic synthesis
Pericyclic reactions involve the formation and breaking of bonds in a concerted cyclic transition state. They can be classified as cycloadditions, electrocyclic reactions, sigmatropic rearrangements, cheletropic reactions, or group transfers. Examples of important pericyclic reactions discussed include the Diels-Alder reaction, 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions, Claisen rearrangement, and electrocyclic ring openings and closings. These reactions are useful in synthesis and occur in biological systems.
An approach for designing organic synthesis which involves breaking down of target molecule into available starting material by imaginary breaking of bonds (disconnection) and/or by functional group interconversion is known as disconnection approach or retrosynthesis or synthesis backward.
The C-X disconnection approach is mainly applicable to a carbon chain attached to any of the heteroatoms like O, N, or S. Here, a bond joins the heteroatom (X) to the rest of the molecule like a C-O, C-N, or C-S group. This point is good point to initiate a disconnection. This is called a ‘One-group’ C-X disconnection as one would need to identify only one functional group like ester, ether, amide etc. to make the disconnection.
How to choose a disconnection?
These are the few general strategy which are important points introduced which apply to the whole of synthetic design rather than one particular area. The main choice is between the various disconnection, even such a simple disconnection as the following alcohol can be disconnected.
We want to get back to simple starting materials and we shall do if we disconnect the bond which are:
Towards the middle of the molecule thereby breaking into two reasonably equal halves rather than chopping off one or two carbon atoms from the end and,
At a branch as this is more likely to give straight chain fragments and these are more likely to be available.
Disconnections very often take place immediately adjacent to, or very close to functional groups in the target molecule. This is pretty much inevitable, given that functionality almost invariably arises from the forward reaction.
A simple example is the weedkiller propanil used on rice fields. Amide disconnection gives amine obviously made from o-dichlorobenzene by nitration and reduction. All positions around the ring in o-dichlorobenzene are about the same electronically but steric hindrance will lead to dichloronitrobenzene being the major product
This compound was needed for some research into the mechanisms of rearrangements. We can disconnect on either side of the ether oxygen atom, but (b) is much better because (a) does not correspond to a reliable reaction: it might be hard to control selective alkylation of the primary hydroxyl group in the presence of the secondary one.
The disconnections we have made so far have all been of C–O, C–N, or C–S bonds, but, of course, the most important reactions in organic synthesis are those that form C–C bonds. We can analyze C–C disconnections in much the same way as we’ve analyzed C–X disconnections.
The Zeneca drug propranolol is a beta-blocker that reduces blood pressure and is one of the top drugs worldwide. It has two 1,2-relationships in its structure but it is best to disconnect the more reactive amine group first.
Arildone is a drug that prevents polio and herpes simplex viruses from ‘unwrapping’ their DNA, and renders them harmless.
The document discusses two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (2D NMR). 2D NMR provides more structural information about molecules than 1D NMR. There are several types of 2D NMR experiments that provide different information, including COSY, TOCSY, HSQC, and NOESY. These experiments establish correlations between nuclei that are directly bonded or spatially close. 2D NMR is useful for determining molecular structures, especially of complex biomolecules like proteins.
This document provides an overview of 2D NMR spectroscopy techniques, specifically HETCOR. It discusses the principles behind 2D NMR, describing how it plots data in two frequency axes rather than one, providing more information about a molecule's structure. It then explains the four periods that occur in a 2D NMR experiment: preparation, evolution, mixing, and detection. The document focuses on HETCOR, describing it as a heteronuclear experiment that provides correlations between different nuclei like protons and carbons. Examples of HETCOR spectra are provided to show how they indicate couplings between protons and the carbons they are attached to. Related techniques like HSQC and HMBC are also briefly described.
This document discusses classical and nonclassical carbocations. Nonclassical carbocations have charge delocalization from neighboring bonds like C=C pi bonds. The main difference is that classical carbocations have charge localized on one carbon, while nonclassical carbocations have charge delocalized by double or single bonds not in the allylic position. Examples like the norbornyl carbocation are given to show how neighboring double bonds can stabilize and delocalize charge through 3-center bonds. Reaction rates and product stereochemistry provide evidence for nonclassical intermediates. While some challenged this view, most chemists accept nonclassical interpretations of carbocation reactions.
The document summarizes the Tiffeneau–Demjanov rearrangement reaction. It was discovered in the early 1900s by French chemist Marc Émile Pierre Adolphe Tiffeneau and Russian chemist Nikolay Yakovlevich Demyanov. The reaction involves treating 1-aminomethyl-cycloalkanol with nitrous acid to form an enlarged cycloketone through a 1,2-carbon migration. This ring expansion reaction is useful for increasing the size of amino-substituted cyclic compounds from four to eight-membered rings. The mechanism involves diazotization of the amine to form a diazonium ion that undergoes 1,2-alkyl shift accompanied by nitrogen loss to form
The document summarizes various reagents used in organic synthesis, including their properties and reactions. It discusses sodium amide/ammonia for Birch reduction and benzyne formation. It also covers 1,3-propanedithiol for umpolung reactions to form cyclic ketones. Various oxidizing agents are described for baeyer-villiger oxidation and epoxidation reactions, including peracids, osmium tetroxide, and potassium permanganate. The effects of solvent and migratory aptitude in these reactions are also highlighted. Further reagents discussed include diisobutylaluminum hydride, Simmons-Smith reagent for cyclopropanation, and organoboranes.
The document discusses pericyclic reactions and the Woodward-Hoffmann rules for predicting their stereochemistry. It begins by defining pericyclic reactions as concerted reactions where bonds are formed or broken in a cyclic transition state. It then provides examples of different types of pericyclic reactions, including electrocyclizations, cycloadditions, and sigmatropic rearrangements. The Woodward-Hoffmann theory is explained, showing how it can be used to predict whether a reaction will proceed with antarafacial conrotation or suprafacial disrotation based on whether the reaction is thermally or photochemically induced. Specific examples like cyclobutene formation and the Diels-Alder reaction are analyzed in
Sir Cyril Hinshelwood and Nikolaevich received the 1956 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for their research on chemical reaction mechanisms. Hinshelwood modified Lindemann's explanation for unimolecular reactions by proposing that energized molecules (A*) may store energy in various molecular bonds and vibrational degrees of freedom, rather than immediately reacting. This statistical distribution of energy among s degrees of freedom leads to a modified rate constant expression containing an additional term of 1/(s-1) that can account for much higher observed reaction rates. However, Hinshelwood's theory does not fully explain some experimental observations such as the temperature dependence of rate constants and nonlinear plots of 1/k1 versus concentration.
The document discusses the Wagner-Meerwein rearrangement, a reaction first observed in 1899 where a carbocation is generated followed by a [1,2]-shift of an adjacent carbon-carbon bond to form a new carbocation. This reaction was not fully understood until 1922 when its ionic nature was revealed. The rearrangement involves the migration of hydrogen, alkyl, or aryl groups between carbocations and can involve multiple consecutive shifts. It can be initiated through various means to generate the initial carbocation and the migrating group retains its stereochemistry.
Synthon or Disconnection or Retrosynthesis approach in Organic Synthesis of D...Aditi Kaushik
The document discusses retrosynthetic analysis or disconnection approach in organic synthesis of drugs. It defines retrosynthesis as working backward from a target molecule to devise a suitable synthetic route. This is done through either disconnection, which involves imagined cleavage of a bond to form synthons or functional group interconversion. Basic rules for disconnection are that it forms stable fragment ions, with C-heteroatom bonds preferably cleaved and new functional groups introduced to produce stable fragments. Examples of several drug molecules and their potential retrosynthesis based on identified synthons are provided, including diphenhydramine, promethazine, triprolidine, nitroglycerine, isosorbide dinitrate, acetazol
Prochirality refers to a molecule that can be converted from achiral to chiral. Specifically, an achiral molecule containing a prochiral center can form two chiral isomers upon substitution. Prochiral molecules use the R/S notation to label identical substituents around the prochiral center. For example, the two hydrogens on a prochiral carbon in ethanol are labeled R and S. These hydrogens can be classified as enantiotopic, diastereotopic, or homotopic depending on whether substitution would lead to enantiomers, diastereomers, or no new stereocenter.
Predicting Novel Metabolic Pathways through Subgraph MiningKarthik Raman
Karthik Raman presents an approach for predicting novel metabolic pathways through subgraph mining of reaction networks. The approach represents molecules as graphs and identifies reaction signatures by quantifying structural changes between reactants and products. Reaction rules are extracted and assembled into a reaction rule network to enable pathway prediction through graph searches. The method effectively recovers known pathways and can predict pathways for previously unseen molecules, outperforming other tools. Pathways can be ranked based on biological plausibility using a heuristic that minimizes structural changes between steps.
Science is a challenging domain for data science. Scientists collect large amounts of data through observations and experiments, but the main challenge of data analysis in science is not big data. First, scientific discovery is not solely about data or models learned from data but about finding relations between them. Moreover, discovered models should make accurate predictions and, more importantly, provide a deeper understanding consistent with existing scientific theories. Finally, science is about models that are interpretable and stated in established scientific formalisms. The field of computational scientific discovery aims at understanding the processes of scientific discovery and implementing tools that can assist scientists. The talk will provide an overview of recent advances in computational scientific discovery, focusing on methods for discovering mathematical equations from observational data.
For B Pharmacy and M Pharmacy Students
Subscribe to the YouTube Channel
#Professor_Beubenz
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC84jGf2iRN5VjwnQqi6qmXg?view_as=subscriber
The document discusses methodology in organic synthesis, including examples of natural products. It describes convergent and divergent synthesis strategies. Convergent synthesis involves coupling molecular fragments through independent synthesis to improve reaction yields compared to linear synthesis. Divergent synthesis starts from a central core and generates a library of compounds through successive additions. Functional group interconversion and addition techniques are discussed to allow for disconnection of target molecules during retrosynthetic analysis.
1. Reaction mechanisms can be determined through various methods like identifying products, detecting intermediates through isolation, trapping or labeling studies, studying the effects of catalysts and acids, and performing kinetic studies.
2. Isotope labeling and crossover experiments involve using isotopically labeled reactants to determine whether reaction pathways are intra- or intermolecular. Kinetic isotope effects also provide information about which bonds are broken or formed in the rate-determining step.
3. Acid and base catalysis can indicate whether proton transfer is involved in the rate-determining step. General acid catalysis means proton transfer is rate-determining while specific catalysis means it is not.
The document discusses retrosynthesis, which is the process of working backward from a target organic compound to develop a synthetic route. It involves imagining the cleavage of bonds to form synthons, which are idealized fragments represented as ions. Key steps in retrosynthesis are disconnection, which breaks bonds, and functional group interconversion, which changes one functional group to another. The goal is to develop the most efficient synthesis using readily available starting materials and reagents.
more chemistry contents are available
1. pdf file on Termmate: https://www.termmate.com/rabia.aziz
2. YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCKxWnNdskGHnZFS0h1QRTEA
3. Facebook: https://web.facebook.com/Chemist.Rabia.Aziz/
4. Blogger: https://chemistry-academy.blogspot.com/
Organic Synthesis:
The Disconnection Approach
One Group C-C Disconnection of Alcohol and Alkene
Protecting and Deprotecting groups in Organic ChemistryAshwani Dalal
It gives the concise and complete protecting and deprotecting groups. A protecting group or protective group is introduced into a molecule by chemical modification of a functional group to obtain chemoselectivity in a subsequent chemical reaction. It plays an important role in multistep organic synthesis
Pericyclic reactions involve the formation and breaking of bonds in a concerted cyclic transition state. They can be classified as cycloadditions, electrocyclic reactions, sigmatropic rearrangements, cheletropic reactions, or group transfers. Examples of important pericyclic reactions discussed include the Diels-Alder reaction, 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions, Claisen rearrangement, and electrocyclic ring openings and closings. These reactions are useful in synthesis and occur in biological systems.
An approach for designing organic synthesis which involves breaking down of target molecule into available starting material by imaginary breaking of bonds (disconnection) and/or by functional group interconversion is known as disconnection approach or retrosynthesis or synthesis backward.
The C-X disconnection approach is mainly applicable to a carbon chain attached to any of the heteroatoms like O, N, or S. Here, a bond joins the heteroatom (X) to the rest of the molecule like a C-O, C-N, or C-S group. This point is good point to initiate a disconnection. This is called a ‘One-group’ C-X disconnection as one would need to identify only one functional group like ester, ether, amide etc. to make the disconnection.
How to choose a disconnection?
These are the few general strategy which are important points introduced which apply to the whole of synthetic design rather than one particular area. The main choice is between the various disconnection, even such a simple disconnection as the following alcohol can be disconnected.
We want to get back to simple starting materials and we shall do if we disconnect the bond which are:
Towards the middle of the molecule thereby breaking into two reasonably equal halves rather than chopping off one or two carbon atoms from the end and,
At a branch as this is more likely to give straight chain fragments and these are more likely to be available.
Disconnections very often take place immediately adjacent to, or very close to functional groups in the target molecule. This is pretty much inevitable, given that functionality almost invariably arises from the forward reaction.
A simple example is the weedkiller propanil used on rice fields. Amide disconnection gives amine obviously made from o-dichlorobenzene by nitration and reduction. All positions around the ring in o-dichlorobenzene are about the same electronically but steric hindrance will lead to dichloronitrobenzene being the major product
This compound was needed for some research into the mechanisms of rearrangements. We can disconnect on either side of the ether oxygen atom, but (b) is much better because (a) does not correspond to a reliable reaction: it might be hard to control selective alkylation of the primary hydroxyl group in the presence of the secondary one.
The disconnections we have made so far have all been of C–O, C–N, or C–S bonds, but, of course, the most important reactions in organic synthesis are those that form C–C bonds. We can analyze C–C disconnections in much the same way as we’ve analyzed C–X disconnections.
The Zeneca drug propranolol is a beta-blocker that reduces blood pressure and is one of the top drugs worldwide. It has two 1,2-relationships in its structure but it is best to disconnect the more reactive amine group first.
Arildone is a drug that prevents polio and herpes simplex viruses from ‘unwrapping’ their DNA, and renders them harmless.
The document discusses two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (2D NMR). 2D NMR provides more structural information about molecules than 1D NMR. There are several types of 2D NMR experiments that provide different information, including COSY, TOCSY, HSQC, and NOESY. These experiments establish correlations between nuclei that are directly bonded or spatially close. 2D NMR is useful for determining molecular structures, especially of complex biomolecules like proteins.
This document provides an overview of 2D NMR spectroscopy techniques, specifically HETCOR. It discusses the principles behind 2D NMR, describing how it plots data in two frequency axes rather than one, providing more information about a molecule's structure. It then explains the four periods that occur in a 2D NMR experiment: preparation, evolution, mixing, and detection. The document focuses on HETCOR, describing it as a heteronuclear experiment that provides correlations between different nuclei like protons and carbons. Examples of HETCOR spectra are provided to show how they indicate couplings between protons and the carbons they are attached to. Related techniques like HSQC and HMBC are also briefly described.
This document discusses classical and nonclassical carbocations. Nonclassical carbocations have charge delocalization from neighboring bonds like C=C pi bonds. The main difference is that classical carbocations have charge localized on one carbon, while nonclassical carbocations have charge delocalized by double or single bonds not in the allylic position. Examples like the norbornyl carbocation are given to show how neighboring double bonds can stabilize and delocalize charge through 3-center bonds. Reaction rates and product stereochemistry provide evidence for nonclassical intermediates. While some challenged this view, most chemists accept nonclassical interpretations of carbocation reactions.
The document summarizes the Tiffeneau–Demjanov rearrangement reaction. It was discovered in the early 1900s by French chemist Marc Émile Pierre Adolphe Tiffeneau and Russian chemist Nikolay Yakovlevich Demyanov. The reaction involves treating 1-aminomethyl-cycloalkanol with nitrous acid to form an enlarged cycloketone through a 1,2-carbon migration. This ring expansion reaction is useful for increasing the size of amino-substituted cyclic compounds from four to eight-membered rings. The mechanism involves diazotization of the amine to form a diazonium ion that undergoes 1,2-alkyl shift accompanied by nitrogen loss to form
The document summarizes various reagents used in organic synthesis, including their properties and reactions. It discusses sodium amide/ammonia for Birch reduction and benzyne formation. It also covers 1,3-propanedithiol for umpolung reactions to form cyclic ketones. Various oxidizing agents are described for baeyer-villiger oxidation and epoxidation reactions, including peracids, osmium tetroxide, and potassium permanganate. The effects of solvent and migratory aptitude in these reactions are also highlighted. Further reagents discussed include diisobutylaluminum hydride, Simmons-Smith reagent for cyclopropanation, and organoboranes.
The document discusses pericyclic reactions and the Woodward-Hoffmann rules for predicting their stereochemistry. It begins by defining pericyclic reactions as concerted reactions where bonds are formed or broken in a cyclic transition state. It then provides examples of different types of pericyclic reactions, including electrocyclizations, cycloadditions, and sigmatropic rearrangements. The Woodward-Hoffmann theory is explained, showing how it can be used to predict whether a reaction will proceed with antarafacial conrotation or suprafacial disrotation based on whether the reaction is thermally or photochemically induced. Specific examples like cyclobutene formation and the Diels-Alder reaction are analyzed in
Sir Cyril Hinshelwood and Nikolaevich received the 1956 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for their research on chemical reaction mechanisms. Hinshelwood modified Lindemann's explanation for unimolecular reactions by proposing that energized molecules (A*) may store energy in various molecular bonds and vibrational degrees of freedom, rather than immediately reacting. This statistical distribution of energy among s degrees of freedom leads to a modified rate constant expression containing an additional term of 1/(s-1) that can account for much higher observed reaction rates. However, Hinshelwood's theory does not fully explain some experimental observations such as the temperature dependence of rate constants and nonlinear plots of 1/k1 versus concentration.
The document discusses the Wagner-Meerwein rearrangement, a reaction first observed in 1899 where a carbocation is generated followed by a [1,2]-shift of an adjacent carbon-carbon bond to form a new carbocation. This reaction was not fully understood until 1922 when its ionic nature was revealed. The rearrangement involves the migration of hydrogen, alkyl, or aryl groups between carbocations and can involve multiple consecutive shifts. It can be initiated through various means to generate the initial carbocation and the migrating group retains its stereochemistry.
Synthon or Disconnection or Retrosynthesis approach in Organic Synthesis of D...Aditi Kaushik
The document discusses retrosynthetic analysis or disconnection approach in organic synthesis of drugs. It defines retrosynthesis as working backward from a target molecule to devise a suitable synthetic route. This is done through either disconnection, which involves imagined cleavage of a bond to form synthons or functional group interconversion. Basic rules for disconnection are that it forms stable fragment ions, with C-heteroatom bonds preferably cleaved and new functional groups introduced to produce stable fragments. Examples of several drug molecules and their potential retrosynthesis based on identified synthons are provided, including diphenhydramine, promethazine, triprolidine, nitroglycerine, isosorbide dinitrate, acetazol
Prochirality refers to a molecule that can be converted from achiral to chiral. Specifically, an achiral molecule containing a prochiral center can form two chiral isomers upon substitution. Prochiral molecules use the R/S notation to label identical substituents around the prochiral center. For example, the two hydrogens on a prochiral carbon in ethanol are labeled R and S. These hydrogens can be classified as enantiotopic, diastereotopic, or homotopic depending on whether substitution would lead to enantiomers, diastereomers, or no new stereocenter.
Predicting Novel Metabolic Pathways through Subgraph MiningKarthik Raman
Karthik Raman presents an approach for predicting novel metabolic pathways through subgraph mining of reaction networks. The approach represents molecules as graphs and identifies reaction signatures by quantifying structural changes between reactants and products. Reaction rules are extracted and assembled into a reaction rule network to enable pathway prediction through graph searches. The method effectively recovers known pathways and can predict pathways for previously unseen molecules, outperforming other tools. Pathways can be ranked based on biological plausibility using a heuristic that minimizes structural changes between steps.
Science is a challenging domain for data science. Scientists collect large amounts of data through observations and experiments, but the main challenge of data analysis in science is not big data. First, scientific discovery is not solely about data or models learned from data but about finding relations between them. Moreover, discovered models should make accurate predictions and, more importantly, provide a deeper understanding consistent with existing scientific theories. Finally, science is about models that are interpretable and stated in established scientific formalisms. The field of computational scientific discovery aims at understanding the processes of scientific discovery and implementing tools that can assist scientists. The talk will provide an overview of recent advances in computational scientific discovery, focusing on methods for discovering mathematical equations from observational data.
1. Retrosynthetic analysis is the process of working backward from a target molecule to design a synthetic route using disconnections, functional group interconversions, and synthons.
2. The document provides examples of retrosynthetic analysis for 1-phenylhexanol, disconnecting the molecule in multiple steps through C-C bond cleavage and functional group interconversions to arrive at commercially available starting materials.
3. Key concepts discussed include using the fewest number of steps, generating stable fragments, and disconnecting at positions that correspond to reliable reactions to effectively design syntheses.
The document discusses retrosynthetic analysis, a technique developed by Elias Corey for planning organic syntheses. It involves deconstructing a target molecule into simpler precursor structures by applying the reverse of known reactions. Each precursor is then further deconstructed until commercially available starting materials are reached, mapping out possible synthesis routes. This allows for more systematic planning than trial-and-error methods. Retrosynthesis generates a "tree" of intermediates and pathways that is then pruned according to availability and strategy to give practical synthesis routes. It can reveal multiple starting materials or convergent syntheses for more efficient production.
1) Radical retrosynthesis uses one-electron disconnections to simplify synthesis, avoiding protecting groups, functional group interconversions, and redox steps. This enables more direct and minimal syntheses.
2) Radical cross-coupling reactions allow forming C-C and C-X bonds through hydrogen atom transfer or coupling of radicals with redox-active esters, sulfones, or other species. This provides unique chemoselectivity advantages over polar pathways.
3) Case studies demonstrate strategic benefits of radical cross-coupling for synthesis ideality, efficiency, selectivity, and modularity by opening new retrosynthetic opportunities not accessible through two-electron analysis.
The document describes the structure and logic of a prototype expert system called the Separation Synthesis Advisor (SSAD) for synthesizing separation sequences for gas/vapor mixtures. The core of the SSAD is the Separation Synthesis Hierarchy (SSH), which represents separation knowledge through a hierarchical, task-oriented framework. The SSH emulates the approach an expert process engineer would take. It divides the overall separation problem into four phases handled by distinct managers. This document focuses on the Gas Split Manager (GSM) which is responsible for separations involving predominantly gaseous mixtures. The GSM utilizes three specialized selectors to determine feasible separation methods and generate and sequence splits within a given gas mixture. Through a structured problem
The document discusses retrosynthetic analysis, a technique used in organic synthesis planning. It involves deconstructing a target molecule into simpler precursor structures by applying the reverse of known reactions. This is done iteratively until commercially available starting materials are reached. Key points discussed include:
- Identifying functional groups and reactive sites ("retrons") that suggest disconnection points
- Applying topological and transform-based strategies to simplify the target structure
- Generating a retrosynthetic tree showing possible routes from precursors to the target
- Choosing disconnections that make the precursors easier to synthesize than the target
Tim Cheeseright, Cresset, 'Introducing Fragment Growing in FieldStere and oth...Cresset
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1. Shri Shivaji Education Society, Amravati
SHRI SHIVAJI COLLEGE OF ARTS, COMMERCE & SCIENCE, AKOLA
• Reaccredited by NAAC with "A" Grade with a CGPA of 3.24
* Awarded CPE status(College with Potential for Excellence) by UGC
2 March 2020 Retrosyntesis by Zamir Shekh 1
Designing synthesis based on Retro
synthetic analysis
Mr. Zamir Shekh
Assistant Professor
Department of Chemistry
4. Syllabus - Organic Synthesis Unit No.II
Designing the synthesis based on retrosynthetic
analysis
• A disconnection approach to the synthesis of organic
compound. Different consideration in designing target
molecule, concept of synthons, FGI, Chemoselectivity,
regioselectivity, specificity, stereoselectivity, general
strategy choosing a disconnection.
• Types of bond disconnection, some of the applications
of these concepts in designing the synthesis of
commonimpotant class of the compounds.
• C-X, C-C one group, C-C two FGs
2 March 2020 Retrosyntesis by Zamir Shekh 4
5. • Concepts of synthesizing organic molecules.
Definition of the terms :
• Synthetic Plan
• Retrosynthesis
• Disconnection
• Target molecule (TM)
• Synthon
• Functional group interconversion (FGI)
• Functional group addition (FGA)
• Chemoselectivity, Regioselectivity.
• Stereo selectivity and Stereospecificity
2 March 2020 Retrosyntesis by Zamir Shekh 5
Important Terms in Stratagic
Analysis
6. • The Construction of synthetic tree by working backword from
the target molecule (TM) is called retrosynthetis analysis or
antithesis.
• The symbol signifies a reverse synthetic step i.e. → and is
called transform.
• The main transforms are disconnection, cleavage of C-C bond
and Functional Group Interconversion (FGI).
• Retrosynthetic analysis involves the disassembly of TM in to
available starting materials (sms) by sequential disconnection
and function group interconversion (FGI).
2 March 2020 Retrosyntesis by Zamir Shekh 6
Basic Concepts
7. • Actual substrate used for the forward synthesis are the
synthetic equivalents (SE)
• Synthetic design involves two distincts steps
1.Retrosynthetic analysis
2. Chemical Synthesis
2 March 2020 Retrosyntesis by Zamir Shekh 7
8. 2 March 2020 Retrosyntesis by Zamir Shekh 8
Cleavages of Bonds
Chemical bonds can be cleaver heterolytically, homolytically or
through concerted transform (in to two neutral, closed-shell
fragments).
9. Heterolytic retrosynthesis disconnection of a
carbon carbon bond in a molecule breaks the TM
in to an acceptor synthons carbocations and
donor synthons a carbanions.
In the formal sense the reverse reaction is
formation of C-C bond which involves the union
of electrophilic acceptor synthon and nucleophilic
donor synthons.
2 March 2020 Retrosyntesis by Zamir Shekh 9
Donor and
Acceptor Synthons
10. Here I listed out important Donor and acceptor synthons
2 March 2020 Retrosyntesis by Zamir Shekh 10
Synthons Synthetic equivalent
11. 2 March 2020 Retrosyntesis by Zamir Shekh 11
Synthons Synthetic equivalent
Common Donor
Synthons
Synthon Derived Reagent Equivalent
12. • The question is how one can choose the appropriate
C-C bond disconnection of in molecule which is
determined by the presence of functional group in
Target molecule.
• The presence of heteroatom in molecule imparts a
pattern of electrophilicity and nucleophilicity to
atom of the molecule.
• The concept of alternating polarity (imaginary
charges) identifies the best position to make the
disconnection in complex molecule.
2 March 2020 Retrosyntesis by Zamir Shekh 12
Alternating Polarities
Disconnection
13. • E-Class:- Groups conferring Electrophilic
character to attached Carbon (+)
• G-Class :- Groups conferring Nucleophilic
character to attached Carbon (-)
• A-Class :- The Functional groups that exhibit ambivalent
character (+/-)
2 March 2020 Retrosyntesis by Zamir Shekh 13
Classification of Functional
Groups
19. 2 March 2020 Retrosyntesis by Zamir Shekh 19
Synthesis Route A
20. 2 March 2020 Retrosyntesis by Zamir Shekh 20
Synthesis Route B
21. 2 March 2020 Retrosyntesis by Zamir Shekh 21
Two FGs in 1,4 Relationship
Analysis
22. 2 March 2020 Retrosyntesis by Zamir Shekh 22
Synthesis
23. 2 March 2020 Retrosyntesis by Zamir Shekh 23
Analysis
24. 2 March 2020 Retrosyntesis by Zamir Shekh 24
Synthesis
25. 2 March 2020 Retrosyntesis by Zamir Shekh 25
Introduction
Technical terms
Why to do synthesis?
History of synthesis
Designing synthetic strategy
Retrosynthetic analysis
Practice of total synthesis (analysis and synthesis)
Linear and convergent synthesis
Examples
Synthesis: An Ever Challenging
and Exciting Science
26. • Concepts of synthesizing organic molecules.
Definition of the terms :
• Synthetic Plan
• Retrosynthesis
• Disconnection
• Target molecule (TM)
• Synthon
• Functional group interconversion (FGI)
• Functional group addition (FGA)
• Chemoselectivity, Regioselectivity.
• Stereo selectivity and Stereospecificity
2 March 2020 Retrosyntesis by Zamir Shekh 26
Important Terms in Stratagic
Analysis
29. What is a synthesis?
A rational plan to construct a complex molecule from its less
complex components by interlacing a series of organic reactions
Preparation vs Synthesis
29Retrosyntesis by Zamir Shekh2 March 2020
30. For a specific target molecule – a synthetic route designed must lead to
• a pure sample of desired product in a convenient and efficient procedure
• With required carbon skeleton with all substituents and functional groups
in correct position
• with appropriate three dimensional orientation (stereochemistry)
• Ideally shortest synthetic route to get better yield
• Each step of the synthesis should give the desired product ( if the mixture
is obtained it should be separated)
• To satisfy all these concepts a logical approach of the synthesis is needed -
Retrosynthesis
2 March 2020 Retrosyntesis by Zamir Shekh 30
33. •Retro synthetic analysis (Retrosynthesis) is a technique for planning a
synthesis, especially of complex organic molecules.
• whereby the complex target molecule (TM) is reduced into a sequence of
progressively simpler structures along a pathway
• which ultimately leads to the identification of a simple or commercially
available starting material (SM) from which a chemical synthesis can then be
developed.
Retro synthetic analysis is based on known reactions (e.g the Wittig reaction,
oxidation, reduction etc). The synthetic plan generated from the retro synthetic
analysis will be the roadmap to guide the synthesis of the target molecule.
2 March 2020 Retrosyntesis by Zamir Shekh 33
Retro synthetic Analysis
Definition
36. • The molecule whose
synthesis is being planned
• Usually written as TM
Retrosyntesis by Zamir Shekh 362 March 2020
Target molecule
37. • An analytical operation, which breaks a bond and converts a
molecule into a possible starting material(s) during retro
synthetic analysis
• The reverse of a chemical reaction, and the symbol is
• A curved line is drawn thro’ the bond being broken
37Retrosyntesis by Zamir Shekh2 March 2020
Disconnection
39. CH3 CH2 OH CH3 CH2OH
SN SN
dix
2 March 2020 Retrosyntesis by Zamir Shekh 39
Synthon
40. • A compound which reacts to give an intermediate
in the planned synthesis or to give the target
molecule itself.
• It is the synthetic equivalent of a Synthon
40Retrosyntesis by Zamir Shekh
i) H LiAlH4
ii) Br NBS
iii) CH3
CH3MgBr
iv) -CH2 Ph3P-CH2-
2 March 2020
Reagent
41. • A reagent carrying out the function of a synthon
which cannot itself be used
41Retrosyntesis by Zamir Shekh
CH3 CH2 OH CH3 CH2OH
SN SN
CH3MgBr CH2O
SE SE
dix
2 March 2020
Synthon equivalent
43. Synthesis is a construction process that
involves converting simple or commercially
available molecules into complex molecules
using specific reagents associated with known
reactions in the retrosynthetic scheme
Syntheses can be grouped into two broad
categories:
(i) Linear syntheses
(ii)Convergent syntheses
2 March 2020 Retrosyntesis by Zamir Shekh 43
Synthetic Planning
Definition
50. 2 March 2020 Retrosyntesis by Zamir Shekh 50
Synthesis
Retrosynthetic
Route 1
51. 2 March 2020 Retrosyntesis by Zamir Shekh 51
Retrosynthetic
Route 2
Synthesis B
52. 2 March 2020 Retrosyntesis by Zamir Shekh 52
Question 1.
Propose a retrosynthetic analysis of the following two
compounds. Your answer should include both the
synthons, showing your thinking, and the reagents
that would be employed in the actual synthesis.
54. 2 March 2020 Retrosyntesis by Zamir Shekh 54
Compound B
55. 2 March 2020 Retrosyntesis by Zamir Shekh 55
Answer
56. • Molecular size
• Carbon skeletal complexity
• Functionality
• Stereo-chemical considerations
Retrosyntesis by Zamir Shekh 562 March 2020
Concepts that make up a
synthetic plan
57. The synthesis of a target molecule begins with
two questions
1. why was this molecule chosen as a
target?
2. where do I begin?
57Retrosyntesis by Zamir Shekh2 March 2020
Target selection
58. • Structural verification
• Important biological activity
• Analog generation and studies
• Structural or topological challenge
• Development of new reactions or reagents
58Retrosyntesis by Zamir Shekh2 March 2020
Criteria for target
selection
59. • Periplanone-B - the sex pheremone of the
American cockroach, periplanita americana –
isolated 200 ug from 75,000 virgin female
cockroaches.
OO
O
2 March 2020 Retrosyntesis by Zamir Shekh 59
Structural verification
60. • Importance in medicine, agriculture or other commercial and
humanitarian ventures
• Prostaglandins have diverse biological activity
• Widely distributed in mammals
• Total production is only 1-2 mg /24h,
• Require large amounts for evaluation of biological activity
COOH
20
1
5
6
9
11 13 15 17
Prostanoic acid
60Retrosyntesis by Zamir Shekh2 March 2020
Biological activity
61. Chlorothiazide
• Diuretic – also used to treat
hypertension
Chlorexolone
• Improved hypotensive
activity and diuretic action
N
NH
S
Cl
O O
H2NO2S 2NO2SH
Cl
N
O
61Retrosyntesis by Zamir Shekh2 March 2020
Analog studies
62. • Potential anti-tumor agent • Enhanced anti-tumor activity
O
O
HOOC
O
O
X
HOOC
62Retrosyntesis by Zamir Shekh2 March 2020
Flavone-8-acetic acid
64. • Vit-B12 synthesis –
hydrolysis of amide bonds
• New reagent
N
CO2H
NH2
O
N
O
Cl
64Retrosyntesis by Zamir Shekh2 March 2020
New reactions and new
reagents