The presentation covered topics including non-ionizing and ionizing radiation, disposal of radioactive wastes, and radiation safety. It defined ionizing radiation as having enough energy to remove electrons from atoms, causing ionization, and described its sources such as gamma rays. Non-ionizing radiation was defined as energy waves that do not cause ionization. The presentation also discussed biological effects of radiation including both deterministic and stochastic effects, as well as potential genetic effects.

1. Contents of presentation:
Non-ionizing and ionizing radiation
Disposal of radioactive wastes
RADIATION SAFETY

2. Non-ionizing and ionizing radiation

3. RADIATION
There are many kinds of “radiation” in our world such
as:
i) sound radiation
ii) heat radiation (electromagnetic radiation in the
infrared
iii) part of the spectrum)
iv) ultraviolet radiation
v) micro waves and radio

4. RADIATION
Radiation is a process in which energetic particles or
energetic waves travel through a medium or space.
Two types of radiation are commonly differentiated
in the way they interact with normal chemical
matter:
- ionizing
- non-ionizing radiation

5. IONIZING RADIATION
 Ionizing radiation has enough energy to remove electrons from atoms
or molecules (group of atoms) when it passes through or collides with
some material.
 The loss of electron with its negative charge causes the atom (or
molecules) to become positive charged.
 The loss (or gain) of an electron is called ionization and a charged
atom or ion is called an ion.
 Form of ionizing radiation include:
- Gamma rays
- X-rays
- Alpha particles
- Beta particles
- Neutrons

6. Ionizing radiation can be divided into two main categories:
i) Directly ionizing radiation
- this consists of charged particles such as alpha or beta
particles, which interact with the target electrons via the
Coulomb electric force.
ii) Indirectly ionizing radiation
- this include neutral particles such as neutrons and high
energy photons such as X and Gamma rays.

7. NON-IONIZING RADIATION
 Non-ionizing radiation is described as a series of energy waves composed
of oscillating electric and magnetic fields traveling at the speed of light.
 Non-ionizing radiation includes the:
- spectrum of ultraviolet (UV)
- visible light, infrared (IR)
- microwave (MW)
- radio frequency (RF)
- low frequency (ELF).
 Non-ionizing radiation is found in a wide range of occupational settings
and can pose a health risk to exposed workers if not properly controlled.

8. SOURCES OF RADIATION EXPOSURE
Radiation is a natural part of life. It has existed since
the beginning of time and is an integral part of the
universe in which we live.
Life as we know it on earth has evolved in the
presence of radiation. Radiation comes to us from
many sources both natural and man-made.
The following table gives a summary of the
contribution from these various sources of radiation.

10. BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF RADIATION
 Biological effects radiation is greater than that associated with any other
environmental hazard.
 Two types of effects are:
i) Non-stochastic effects of radiation (Deterministic effects)
- involve the malfunctioning or loss of function of tissues in organs
due mainly to cell loss.
- these effects result from high dose exposures.
ii) Stochastic effects
- express themselves long after the exposure and include increased
risk of cancer.
- appear to have no threshold and may occur after low radiation
doses.

11. GENETICS EFFECTS OF RADIATION
Three general classes of diseases which have a strong genetic component:
i) Monogenic
- include dominant, recessive and cross-linked mutations of a single
gene.
ii) Chromosomal
- due to changes in the structure of a number of chromosomes in
the germ cell.
iii) Multigenic (multifactorial)
- the disease is associated with the interaction of a considerable
number of genes and of the environment.

12. Example of genetic effects:
i) Radiation effects on the embryo and fetus
ii) Congenital abnormalities
iii)Prenatal and neonatal death
iv)Severe mental retardation
v) Reduced intelligence
vi)Cancer induction

13. Disposal of radioactive wastes