This document discusses different types of software, including system software and application software. It focuses on system software, describing the main types as operating systems and utility programs. It provides details on the functions of operating systems, examples of different operating systems, and types of utility programs. The key points covered are:
- Software is divided into system software (which includes operating systems and utilities) and application software.
- Operating systems manage and coordinate computer hardware, run programs, provide file management and security, and perform other important functions.
- Utility programs help maintain the computer system with tasks like file compression, disk maintenance, and security programs.
What is Computer, Functionalities of a computer, Computer Components, Hardware, software, Input Devices, Output Devices, CPU (Central Processing Unit), Memory, Unit of Measurements, Classification of Computers, Computer Languages, Generation of Computers, Data, Information and Knowledge, Characteristics of Computer, Computer Viruses,
What is Computer, Functionalities of a computer, Computer Components, Hardware, software, Input Devices, Output Devices, CPU (Central Processing Unit), Memory, Unit of Measurements, Classification of Computers, Computer Languages, Generation of Computers, Data, Information and Knowledge, Characteristics of Computer, Computer Viruses,
Introduction, Developing a Program, Algorithm, Flowchart, and Pseudo code (P Code). Introduction, Evolution of Programming Languages, Classification of Programming Languages, Generations of Programming Languages, Features of a Good Programming Language, Selection of a Programming Language. Introduction Software: Definition, Relationship between Software and Hardware, Software Categories, System Software, Application Software, Software Terminology. Introduction, Operating System, Evolution of Operating System, Types of Operating System, Functions of an Operating System, Modern Operating Systems.
A computer is an electronic device, operating under the control of instructions stored in its own memory that can accept data (input), process the data according to specified rules, provide information (output), and store the information for future use
CIT NI221 Laboratory - Lesson 01
Fundamentals of Computer
Credit goes to Mrs. Elena Dumangas for the slide presentation. Updates and some additional info contibuted by me.
No copyright infringement intended. For educational purposes only.
Introduction, Developing a Program, Algorithm, Flowchart, and Pseudo code (P Code). Introduction, Evolution of Programming Languages, Classification of Programming Languages, Generations of Programming Languages, Features of a Good Programming Language, Selection of a Programming Language. Introduction Software: Definition, Relationship between Software and Hardware, Software Categories, System Software, Application Software, Software Terminology. Introduction, Operating System, Evolution of Operating System, Types of Operating System, Functions of an Operating System, Modern Operating Systems.
A computer is an electronic device, operating under the control of instructions stored in its own memory that can accept data (input), process the data according to specified rules, provide information (output), and store the information for future use
CIT NI221 Laboratory - Lesson 01
Fundamentals of Computer
Credit goes to Mrs. Elena Dumangas for the slide presentation. Updates and some additional info contibuted by me.
No copyright infringement intended. For educational purposes only.
system software
operating System
• Microsoft windows
• Disk Operating System (DOS)
• Linux
• Unix
COMMAND LINE INTERFACE
GRAPHICAL USER INTERFACE (GUI)
TASKS PERFORMED BY AN OPERATING SYSTEM
1. Managing communications between software and hardware.
2. Allocation of computer memory.
3. Allocation of CPU time.
4. Run and Manage program
5. Managing files
6. Configure Software and Devices
7. Configure Network
8. Coordinating Tasks
9. Performance Management
TYPE OF OPERATING SYSTEM
1) Single user/personal computer operating system
2) Multiuser/network operating system
3) Embedded operating system
NOVELL’s NETWARE:
Types of embedded OS are here under:
• Windows Embedded CE
• Windows mobile
• Palm operating system
• I phone OS
• Black berry Operating System
PROGRAMING LANGUAGES
TYPES OF PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES
1. Low Level Language
2. High Level Language
MACHINE LANGUAGE
ASSAMBLY LANGUAge
HIGH LEVEL LANGUGES
PROCEDURAL LANGUGES
NON PROCEDURAL LANGUGES
TYPES OF HIGH LEVEL LANGUGES
OBJECT ORIENTED LANGUGES
LANGUAGE PROCESSOr
• Compiler
• Interpreter
• Assembler
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
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The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
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Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
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This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
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Macroeconomics- Movie Location
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Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
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2. 2.6 SOFTWARE
2.6.1 System Software
2.6.1.1 Operating System
2.6.1.2 Utility
2.6.2 Application Software
3. 2.6.1 System Software
2.6.1.1 Operating System
At the end of this lesson, student should be able :-
• Explain the functions of Operating System
• Identify types of Operating System
4. 2.6 Software
Series of instructions that tells a computers what
tasks to perform and how to perform them.
Two types:
System Software
Application Software
5. 2.6.1 System Software
Program that control or maintain the operations of
the computer and its devices.
Two types:
Operating System
Utility Program
6. 2.6.1.1 Operating System
A set of programs containing
instructions that coordinate all the
activities among computer hardware
devices.
7. FUNCTIONS FUNCTION
OF S OF
OPERATING
OPERATIN
SYSTEM
G SYSTEM
8. THE FUNCTIONS OF AN
OPERATING SYSTEM
start the computer provide a user interface manage programs
administer
security
manage
memory
control a
network
provide file monitor establish an schedule jobs
management performance Internet and configure
and other connection devices
utilities
9. THE FUNCTIONS OF
OPERATING SYSTEM
1. Starting the computer
2. Provide a user interface
3. Manage programs
4. Manage memory
5. Schedule jobs and configure devices
6. Establish an Internet connection
7. Monitor performance
8. Provide file management and other utilities
9. Control a network
10. Administer security
10. THE FUNCTIONS OF AN OPERATING SYSTEM
1.Starting the computer
The process of starting or restarting a computer is
called booting.
Cold boot
Turning on
computer that
has been
powered off
Warm boot
Warm boot from Windows Warm boot from system unit
Restarting desktop
computer that
is powered on
11. THE FUNCTIONS OF AN OPERATING SYSTEM
2. Provide a user interface
A user interface controls how users enter
data and instructions and how information
is displayed on the screen.
2 types of user interface:
Command-line
Graphical user interface (GUI)
12. THE FUNCTIONS OF AN OPERATING SYSTEM
3. Manage programs
An OS manages multiple programs and
processes while you use the computer.
13. THE FUNCTIONS OF AN OPERATING SYSTEM
4. Manage memory
Purpose - to optimize the use of RAM
OS allocates data & instructions to
memory while being processed, monitors
the contents of memory, and release from
memory when the processor no longer
requires them.
14. THE FUNCTIONS OF AN OPERATING SYSTEM
5. Schedule jobs and configure devices
OS determines the order in which jobs are
processed.
A job is an operation the processor manages.
Jobs include receiving data from input device,
processing instructions, sending information to
output device and transferring items between
storage and memory
15. THE FUNCTIONS OF AN OPERATING SYSTEM
5. Schedule jobs and configure devices (cont.)
OS will configure any new device added to the
computer so that it can work with the computer.
Program that tells operating system how to
communicate with a specific device is called a
device driver.
With Plug and Play, operating system
automatically configures new devices as you
connect them.
16. THE FUNCTIONS OF AN OPERATING SYSTEM
6. Establish an Internet connection
OS provides a means to establish Internet
connection.
New Connection Wizard
Web browser
E-mail program
Built-in firewall
17. THE FUNCTIONS OF AN OPERATING SYSTEM
7. Monitor performance
OS typically contains a performance
monitor.
A program that assesses and provides
information about various computer
resources and devices such as processor,
disk, memory and network usage.
18. THE FUNCTIONS OF AN OPERATING SYSTEM
8. Provide file management and other utilities
Utility programs which included in most OS provide the
following functions :
managing files
viewing images
securing a computer from unauthorized access
Uninstalling programs
Scanning disks
Defragmenting disks
Diagnosing problems
Backing up files and disks
Setting up screen savers
19. THE FUNCTIONS OF AN OPERATING SYSTEM
9. Control a network
Organizes and coordinates how multiple
users access and share resources on a
network
Resources – hardware, software, data, and
information
Example : printer, Internet access, files and
programs.
20. THE FUNCTIONS OF AN OPERATING SYSTEM
10. Administer security
Establish permissions to resources
Define who can access certain resources
and when they can access those resources
By setting user account
21. TYPES OF OPERATING SYSTEM
Three categories:
Stand-alone
Server
Embedded
22. STAND-ALONE OPERATING SYSTEM
A complete operating system that works on a
desktop computer, notebook computer, or mobile
computing device.
Example:
Windows 7
Mac OS X
UNIX
Linux
23. Windows 7
Microsoft’s fastest, most efficient operating system
to date.
Features :
Quicker programs start up
Built – in diagnostics
Automatic recovery
Improved security
Enhanced searching and organizing capabilities
Easy-to-use interface
24. Mac OS X
Multitasking operating system available only for
computers manufactured by Apple.
Features:-
Large photo-quality icons
Built-in networking support
Enhanced speech recognition
Optical disk burning
Enhanced multimedia capabilities
25. UNIX
Multitasking operating System developed in the
early 1970s at Bell Laboratories.
Unix was implemented on many different types of
computers.
A version of UNIX is available for most categories of
computers.
Most version offer a graphical user interface.
Both a stand-alone and server operating system.
26. Linux
Popular, multitasking UNIX-type operating system.
Open-source software – source code is provided for
use, modification, and redistribution
Both a stand-alone and a server operating system.
Some versions are command-line, others are GUI
27. SERVER OPERATING SYSTEM
Designed specifically to support a network.
Resides on a server.
Example:
Windows Server 2008
UNIX
Linux
Solaris
NetWare
28. Windows Server 2008
An upgrade to windows Server 2003.
Features:-
Improved Web server management
Enhanced server security
Protection against malicious software attaches
Share many technologies with windows.
29. Solaris
Version of UNIX developed by Sun Microsystems.
Designed specifically for e-commerce applications.
Manages high-traffic accounts and incorporates
security necessary for Web transactions.
30. NetWare
Developed by Novell, Inc.
Designed for client/server networks.
A server portion resides on the network server, client
portion resides on client computer.
Supports open source software and runs on all types
of computers from mainframes to personal
computers.
31. EMBEDDED OPERATING SYSTEM
Operating system on mobile devices and many
consumer electronics.
Resides on a ROM chip.
Examples:
Windows embedded CE
Windows Mobile
Palm OS
BlackBerry
Symbian OS
32. Windows Embedded CE
A scaled-down Windows operating system designed
for use on communications, entertainment, and
computing devices with limited functionality.
GUI that supports colors, sound, multitasking,
multimedia, e-mail, Internet access, and Web
browsing.
Used in devices such as digital cameras, point-of,
sale terminals and automated teller machine.
33. Windows Mobile
Based on Windows Embedded CE
Designed for specific types of smart phones and
PDAs.
Allows user to have access to personal information
manager such as contact lists, schedules, tasks,
calenders and notes.
34. Palm OS
A competing operating system to Windows Mobile.
Designed for smart phones and PDAs.
Users manage schedules and contacts, telephone
message, project notes, reminders, task and address
lists, and important dates and appointments.
Latest version allows biometric identification and
use of smartcards.
35. BlackBerry
Runs handheld devices supplied by RIM (Research
in motion).
Provides personal information manages such as
managing schedules, contacts and appointments,
and phone capabilities.
Allows wireless functionality
36. Symbian OS
Open source multitasking OS designed for smart
phones.
Allows users to maintain contact list, save
appointments browser the web, send/receive text
and picture message, email message and faxes.
37. 2.6.1.2 Utility Program
At the end of this lesson, student should be able :-
• Identify types of Utility programs.
• Explain the functions of Utility programs.
38. 2.6.1.2 Utility Program
Software that allows user to perform maintenance-
type tasks, related to managing a computer, its
devices or its programs.
Most OS include several utility programs for
managing disk drives, printers and other devices.
39. Five Types of Utility Program
FileCompression Tools
Antivirus Program
Spyware Remover
Disk Defragmenter
Backup and Restore
42. Spyware Remover
Function :-
Detects and deletes spyware, adware and other similar
programs.
Example :
Ad-Aware
Spyware Doctor
43. Disk Defragmenter
Function :-
Reorganizes files and unused space on a hard disk so that
Operating system access data menu quickly and program run
faster.
Examples:-
Contig
Defraggler
MyDefrag
44. Backup and Restore
Function :-
Backup – allows users to copy selected files or an entire hard
disk to another storage medium.
Restore – reverses the backup process and returns backed up
files to their original form.
Examples:-
AMANDA
BackupPC
Bacula
45. 2.6.2 Application Software
At the end of this lesson, student should be able to :-
• Identify the usage of application software.
46. 2.6.2 Application Software
Is software designed to help the user to perform
related specific tasks such as :-
To create brochures
To create personal profile
To create a presentation
To create a student database
47. Types of application software
Five types:
Word Processing
Spreadsheet Software
Presentation Software
Database Software
48. Word Processing
A software that allows user to create and manipulate
documents containing mostly text and sometimes
graphics.
Usage to create brochures, report, newletter, journal,
letter.
Examples:-
Microsoft Word
Writer
49. Spreadsheet Software
A software that allows user to organize data in rows
and columns and to perform calculations on the
data.
Usage to create personal profiles, budget summaries,
income statements or calculate students marks.
Examples :-
Microsoft Excel
Calc
50. Presentation Software
A software that allows user to create visual aids for
presentations to communicate ideas, massages, and
other information to a group.
Usage to create a presentation for teaching,
marketing or tourist information.
Examples :-
Microsoft Power Point
Impress
51. Database Software
A software that allows user to create access and
manage a database.
Database – Collection of data organized in a manner
that allows access, retrieval and use of that data.
Usage to create student database, employees
database or book database.
Examples :
Microsoft Access
Base
52. Summary of Software
System Software Application Software
Operating System Word Processing
Stand Alone Operating System Spreadsheet Software
Network Operating System Presentation Software
Embedded Operating System Database Software
Utility Programs
Compression Tools
Antivirus Program
Spyware Remover
Disk Defragmenter
Backup and Restore