Tongue,softpalate,floor of the mouth/cosmetic dentistry courses

SeminarSeminar
onon
Osteology Of Maxilla And MandibleOsteology Of Maxilla And Mandible
&&
Anatomy Of Tongue, Soft Palate AndAnatomy Of Tongue, Soft Palate And
Floor Of The MouthFloor Of The Mouth
INDIAN DENTAL ACADEMYINDIAN DENTAL ACADEMY
Leader in continuing Dental EducationLeader in continuing Dental Education
www.indiandentalacademy.comwww.indiandentalacademy.com

OSTEOLOGY OF MAXILLA ANDOSTEOLOGY OF MAXILLA AND
MANDIBLEMANDIBLE
The osseous structures not only support the
dentures but have a direct bearing on the
impression making procedures ,position of
teeth and contours of the finished denture
bases.
The maxillary denture base is supported by 2
pairs of bones - MaxillaeMaxillae and PalatinePalatine
bones.
The mandibular denture is supported by one
bone- Mandible.Mandible.www.indiandentalacademy.comwww.indiandentalacademy.com

MAXILLAEMAXILLAE
The maxillae are paired bones and 2nd
largest of
the facial bones. Each maxilla consists of-
BODY- (central mass)
4 PROCESSES –
a) Frontal b) Zygomatic c) Palatine d) Alveolar

The maxillae jointly form
the
 Upper jaw
 Buccal roof
 Floor and lateral wall of
nasal cavity
 Orbital floor
 Part of infratemporal
and pterygopalatine
fossa
 Part of inferior orbital
and pterygomaxillary
fissure www.indiandentalacademy.comwww.indiandentalacademy.com

BODY OF MAXILLABODY OF MAXILLA
 Pyramidal in shape
 Has anterior,
posterior
(infratemporal),
orbital, nasal surfaces
enclosing the
maxillary sinus

Anterior surfaceAnterior surface
Is anterolateral
Features-
 incisive fossa
 canine fossa
 canine eminence
 infraorbital foramen
 anterior nasal spine
 premaxillary-
maxillary suture

Infra temporal surfaceInfra temporal surface
 Is convex
 Forms anterior wall
of infra temporal
fossa
 Separated from
anterior surface by
Zygomatic process
of maxilla
 Features
1.1. Alveolar canalsAlveolar canals
2.2. Maxillary tuberosityMaxillary tuberosity

Orbital surfaceOrbital surface
 triangular and
smooth
 Forms most of orbital
floor
 Features
1. Lacrimal notch
2. Infraorbital groove
3. infraorbital canal
4. Orbital margin

Nasal surfaceNasal surface
1. Displays maxillary
hiatus posteriorly
leading into the
maxillary sinus
2. Inferior meatus
below the hiatus
3. Nasolacrimal canal
anterior to hiatus
4. Oblique conchal
crest

MAXILLARY SINUSMAXILLARY SINUS
 Large pyramidal cavity
 Walls correspond to
orbital,alveolar,facial and
infratemporal aspects of
maxilla
 Average size-25mm
transversely,30 mm
anteroposteriorly and 30
mm vertically
 Extent –
1. Apex- truncated and
extends into zygomatic
process and sometimes
zygomatic bone. www.indiandentalacademy.comwww.indiandentalacademy.com

2. Base - is medial and
is lateral wall of
nasal cavity with the
maxillary hiatus
3. Roof - floor or orbit
4. Floor – alveolar
process of maxilla ,
1cm below level of
floor of nose and
corresponds to level
of ala of nose
5. Posterior wall –
contains alveolar
canals www.indiandentalacademy.comwww.indiandentalacademy.com

ZYGOMATIC PROCESSZYGOMATIC PROCESS
 Pyramidal projection
 Anterior ,infra
temporal and orbital
surfaces converge
Features-
1. In front - merges with
anterior surface of
maxilla.
2. Behind - concave
continuous with
infratemporal
surface.
3. Above - serrated for
articulation with
Zygomatic bone.

4. Below - arched border separates anterior
and infra temporal surfaces.
5. Forms Zygomatic arch with the
Zygomatic bone and Zygomatic process
of frontal bone.

FRONTAL PROCESSFRONTAL PROCESS
 It is a strong plate which
projects upwards
posterosuperiorly
between nasal and
lacrimal bone
 Features-
1. Ethmoidal crest-
articulate with middle
nasal concha
2. Anterior lacrimal crest-
on lateral surface
3. Medial surface- part of
lateral nasal wall

 Articulations
1. Apical – Nasal part of frontal bone
2. Anterior border- Nasal bone
3. Posterior- Lacrimal bone

PALATINE PROCESSPALATINE PROCESS
 Is thick, strong and
horizontal
 Projects medially from
lowest part of medial
maxillary aspect
 Forms large part of nasal
floor
 Inferior surface forms
anterior 2/3 rd of hard
palate
 Medial border raised as
nasal crest and forms
anterior nasal spinewww.indiandentalacademy.comwww.indiandentalacademy.com

 Posterior border
serrated to join with
horizontal plate of
palatine bone
 Features-
1. Midpalatine suture
2. Incisive foramen
3. Incisive canals

Alveolar processAlveolar process
 Arises from lower
surface of maxilla
 Is thick and arched and
wide behind with sockets
fro teeth
 In articualted maxilla it
forms the alveolar arch
 Maxillary tori may be
present on plalatal
aspect of molar.

 It consists of 2 parallel plates of cortical bone
which unite behind to form the tuberosity
behind the last molar
 When teeth are present the cortical plates are
connected by interdental septa
 The socket is made of 2 types of bone-
1. Lamina dura(alveolar bone proper)-lining wall
of socket
2. Supporting bone-
 Inner and outer cortical plates ( form alveolar
eminences over roots of teeth)
 Trabecular bone spongy bone)

Palatine bonesPalatine bones
 Form posterior 1/3 of
hard palate
 L shaped with horizontal
and perpendicular
plates
 The horizontal plates
articulate with the
posterior serrated
border of palatine
process of maxilla
 The horizontal plates
unite to form posterior
nasal spine

Attachments and relationsAttachments and relations
1. incisive fossa-
depressor septi
2. Canine fossa-levator
anguli oris
3. Infra orbital margin-
levator labi superioris
4. Tuberosity-fibres of
medial pterygoid
5. Lateral lacrimal
groove-inferior oblique
muscle
6. Anterior lacrimal crest-
medial palpebral
ligament www.indiandentalacademy.comwww.indiandentalacademy.com

7. Frontal process-
orbicularis
oculi,levator labi
superioris aleque
nasi,
8. Zygomatic process-
origin to masseter
9. Alveolar process-
buccinator.

Associated nerves and vesselsAssociated nerves and vessels
1. Infra orbital foramen-infra orbital nerve and
vessels
2. Canalis sinosus -anterior superior alveolar
nerve and vessels
3. Tuberosity -groove for maxillary nerve
4. Incisive canal-nasoplalatine nerve and greater
palatine artery
5. Greater palatine foramen –greater palatine
nerve and vessels
6. Alveolar canals on posterior wall of sinus-
posterior superior alveolar nerve and vessels

ArticulationsArticulations
11. Frontal
2. Ethmoid
3. Nasal
4. Zygomatic
5. Lacrimal
6. Inferior Nasal Choncha
7. Palatine
8. Vomer
9. Opposite Maxilla
 Variations
1.1. Premaxillary Suture
2. Multiple Infraorbital
Foramen
3. Cleft Palate

OssificationOssification
 Intramemebranous ossification
 centre of ossification at bifurcation of trigeminal nerve
infraorbital/anterior superior dental division of CV.
 Has 2 centres-
1. main maxillary mass above canine fossa at 6 week of
intra uterine life
2. pre-maxillary centres ‘ os incisivum ‘
 Above incisor tooth germs
 Prevomerine
• Frontal process is developed from both centers.
 The maxillary sinus appears as a shallow groove on the
nasal surface of the bone about the fourth month of fetal
life, but does not reach its full size until after the second
dentition.
 Lateral alveolar plate forms first then medial alveolar
plate where palatal process becomes hard palate. The
two plates form a trough for the developing deciduous
teeth. Remodelling and growth at sutures allows
growth. ..

Age changesAge changes
1. At birth-
 transverse and sagittal dimensions greater than
vertical
 Prominent frontal process
 Body equal or less than alveolar process with alveoli
reaching to orbital floor
 Maxillary sinus a mere furrow on lateral nasal wall
2. Adults
 Vertical dimension is greatest
3. Old age/loss of teeth-bone rivets to infantile shape
4. Resorption pattern-the maxillae resorb upward and
inward becoming progressively smaller, makes the
person look prognathic

Clinical ConsiderationsClinical Considerations
 Zygomatico alveolar crest-similar to buccal shelf area of
mandible as stress bearing area, but the mucosal
covering is thin and hence not considered for the same .
In some cases may be prominent and requires relief,
failure to provide relief leads to poor retention of the
denture
 Alveolar tubercle -provides resistance against the
horizontal movements of the denture. To take advantage
of this resistance to movement the denture base should
cover the tubercles and fill the hammular notches.
 Alveolar process- following tooth extraction it tends to
resorb which compromises the retention of the dentures.
the maxillae resorb upwards and inwards making it
smaller with reduction in ridge height .

 The palatine process of maxilla and horizontal plates of
palatine bone resist resorption and are the stress
bearing areas in maxillary denture.
 Mid palatal suture – needs to be relieved since the
mucosal covering in thin
 incisive foramen – carries nasopalatne nerve and
vessels and exit perpendicular to the palate and need to
be relieved
 The posterior palatal seal of the maxillary denture should
follow the contour of the posterior border of the hard
palate – extending from hamular notch to hamular notch
but not in a straight line, as it would pass over the
posterior nasal spine resulting in resorption of bone and
seal would be lost.

MandibleMandible
 It is the largest,
strongest and lowest
bone in the face.
 Only movable bone
in the skull.
 Parts –
1. Body- horse shoe
shaped
2. Pair of vertical Rami
ascending
posteriorly

BodyBody
 U-shaped
 Has EXTERNAL and INTERNAL surfaces
separated by upper and lower borders.

External surface
1. Symphysis menti
2. Mental protuberance
3. Mental foramen
4. External oblique line
5. Base / lower border
6. Diagastric fossa
7. Incisive fossa
8. Upper border
/alveolar part

Internal surface
1. Mylohyoid line
2. Submandibular
fossa
3. Sublingual fossa
4. Genial tubercles
5. Mylohyoid groove
6. Upper alveolar
border
7. Lower border /base
8. Mandibular tori
maybe present www.indiandentalacademy.comwww.indiandentalacademy.com

RamusRamus
 Is quadrilateral
 2 surfaces2 surfaces
1. Lateral
2. Medial
 4 borders4 borders
1. Upper
2. Lower
3. Anterior
4. Posterior
 2 processes2 processes
1. Coronoid
2. Condylar www.indiandentalacademy.comwww.indiandentalacademy.com

 Lateral surfaceLateral surface – flat
with oblique ridges
 Medial surfaceMedial surface –
Features-
1. Mandibular foramen
2. Lingula
3. Mylohyoid groove
4. Upper border-forms
mandibular notch
5. Lower border- forms
angle( junction of the
body and ramus ) www.indiandentalacademy.comwww.indiandentalacademy.com

 AnteriorAnterior border-
continuous with
coronoid process
 PosteriorPosterior border-
extends from
condyle to angle

Coronoid processCoronoid process
 Flat ,triangular
 Upward and
forward projection
from anterolateral
part of ramus
 Anterior border
continuous with
anterior border of
ramus
 Posterior border
bounds the
mandibular notch

Condylar processCondylar process
 Upward projection from
posterosuperior part of
ramus
 Apically enlarged as head
of condyle
 Articulates with temporal
bone’s mandibular fossa to
form temperomandibular
joint
 Lateral aspect palpable in
front of tragus
 Pterygoid fovea anterior to
neck

Attachments and relationsAttachments and relations
1. External oblique- origin to
buccinator,depressor
inferioris, depressor anguli
oris
2. Incisive fossa -origin of
mentalis, mental slips of
orbicularis oris
3. Mylohyoid line – origin to
mylohyoid muscle ,
attachment to superior
constrictor of pharynx,
pterygomandibular raphae
4. Upper genial tubercles
-genioglossus

5. Lower genial tubercles
–origin to geniohyoid
6. Diagastric fossa-
anterior belly of
diagastric
7. Lower border -deep
cervical fascia and
platysma
8. Lateral surface of
ramus - insertion for
masseter
9. Posterosuperior lateral
surface of ramus-
parotid gland

10. Lingula-sphenomandibular
ligament
11. Medial surface of ramus-
medial pterygoid muscle
attachment
12. Apex of coronoid process -
temporalis attachment
13. Pterygoid fovea - lateral
pterygoid muscle
14. Lateral surface of neck -
attachment to lateral ligament
of temperomandibular joint ,
parotid gland

Foramina and other relations
1. Mental foramina -
mental nerve and
vessels
2. Mandibular notch -
massetric nerve and
vessels
3. Medial side of neck -
auriculo temporal nerve
4. Mylohyoid groove -
mylohyoid nerve and
vessels
5. Mylohyoid groove in front
of ramus - lingual nervewww.indiandentalacademy.comwww.indiandentalacademy.com

 Mandibular canal and
foramina - inferior
alveolar nerve and
vessels
 Parotid gland
ArticulationArticulation
 Temporals – 2Temporals – 2
(Temperomandibular(Temperomandibular
joint)joint)
 VariationsVariations
multiple mental foramenmultiple mental foramen
mylohyoid archmylohyoid arch www.indiandentalacademy.comwww.indiandentalacademy.com

OssificationOssification
Second bone to ossify in the body].
intramembranous ossification
Only small part of meckel’s cartilage some
distance from midline is site of
endochondral ossification
Each half ossifies from one centre which
appears in 6th
week of intra uterine life,
near future mental foramen.
In fetal life it is a paired bone
Bony union takes place during first year of
life at symphysis menti.

Age changesAge changes
1. Infants and children
 The 2 halves fuse
during 1st
year of life
 Mental foramen
opens near sockets
for deciduous molars
 Mandibular canal
near lower border
 Angle is obtuse-140

2.Adults
 Mental foramen opens
midway between upper
and lower border
 Mandibular canal parallel
to mylohyoid line
 Angle is 110-120
3. Old age-
 Due to loss of teeth
reverts to infantile stage
 Angle becomes obtuse
 2
 3

PROSTHETIC CONSIDERATIONSPROSTHETIC CONSIDERATIONS
 Disto buccal flange of maxillary denture should not
overfill the vestibule ,since when mandible is
protruded the anterior border of ramus extends
towards the tuberosity and causes discomfort and
dislodgement
 External oblique line- guide for Lateral termination of
buccal flange of mandibular denture
 Buccal shelf area – is the primary stress bearing area,
because its density, mucosal covering,realtion to
vertical closure of jaws is best suited to resist forces
generated. www.indiandentalacademy.comwww.indiandentalacademy.com

 When the ridge resorption is extensive mental
foramen is in a more superior position and hence
must be relieved
 Due to irregularity of mylohyoid line the lingual flange
should extend inferior and not lateral to it
 When loss of residual ridge is extensive the mental
spines are superior in position than crest of ridge and
need surgical correction.
 Resorption pattern- makes the mandible wider and
larger ,and inclines outward

AnatomyAnatomy
OfOf
Soft Palate , TongueSoft Palate , Tongue
&&
Floor Of MouthFloor Of Mouthwww.indiandentalacademy.comwww.indiandentalacademy.com

SOFT PALATESOFT PALATE
 The palate or
oral roof is
divided into 2
regions
1. Hard palate
2. Soft palate
Hard palate is
formed by the
palatine process
of maxilla and
horizontal plate
of palatine
bone. www.indiandentalacademy.comwww.indiandentalacademy.com

SOFT PALATESOFT PALATE

 Mobile muscular flap
 Suspended from posterior border of hard palate
 Separates oropharynx and nasopharynx
Enclosing
1.1. Palatine aponeurosisPalatine aponeurosis
2.2. Muscular tissueMuscular tissue
Tensor veli palatini
Levator veli palatini
Musculus uvulae
Palatoglossus
Palatopharyngeus

3. Vessels
4. Nerves
5. Lymphoid tissue
6. Mucous glands

2 surfaces
1. Anterior (oral)-
concave , marked by
median raphe
2. Posterior – convex,
continuous with nasal
floor
2 borders
1. Superior- attached to
posterior hard palate
2. Inferior - free and
hanging between
mouth and pharynx

FEATURESFEATURES
UvulaUvula- median conical
process projecting
from inferior border
Palatal arches-
PalatoglossalPalatoglossal arch
(anterior pillar of
fauces)
PalatopharyngealPalatopharyngeal arch
(posterior pillar of
fauces)
Palatine fovea
Palatine mucosal
glands www.indiandentalacademy.comwww.indiandentalacademy.com

Palatine AponeurosisPalatine Aponeurosis
 Thin and fibrous
 Forms fibrous base
 Supports the muscles
and strengthens the
soft palate
 Attached to posterior
border of hard palate
behind palatine crest
 Composed of
expanded tendons of
tensor palati
 Encloses Musculus
uvulae near midlinewww.indiandentalacademy.comwww.indiandentalacademy.com

 All other palatine muscles are attached to it.
 The juxta-osseus part of soft palate contains
mucous glands inferior to the aponeurosis
 Less mobile and more horizontal than rest of
soft palate
 Main action is by tensor palatini.

PALATINE MUSCULATUREPALATINE MUSCULATURE
 Levator veli palatini
 Tensor veli palatini
 Palatoglossus
 Palatopharyngeus
 Musculus uvulae

Levator Veli PalatiniLevator Veli Palatini
 Cylindrical muscle
 Lateral to posterior
nasal aperture
 Origin
1. Inferior aspect of
auditory tube
2. Adjoining part of
inferior surface of
petrous temporal
bone

 Insertion
1. Passes over upper margin pf superior
constrictor and enters pharynx and spreds in
the soft palate between the palatopharyngeus
2. Fibres inserted into upper surface of
aponeurosis upto midline and blends with its
fellow

Actions
 Elevates soft palate
 Closes pharyngeal isthmus
 Opens auditory tube

Tensor Veli PalatiniTensor Veli Palatini
 Thin triangular
muscle
 Lateral to medial
pterygoid plate,
auditory tube and
Levator palati
Origin
1. Lateral side of
auditory tube
2. Greater wing of
sphenoid
3. Scaphoid fossa of
sphenoid

Insertion
Fibres form delicate tendon, winds over the
pterygoid hammulus,passes through origin of
buccinator and flattens to form palatine
aponeurosis
Actions
1. Alone-pulls soft palate to one side
2. With fellow-tightens soft palate anterior)
3. Opens auditory tube

Musculus UvulaeMusculus Uvulae
 Bilateral
Origin
1. Posterior nasal
spine
2. Palatine
aponeurosis
Insertion
1. Uvular mucosa
Action
Elevation and
retarction of uvula.

PalatoglossusPalatoglossus
 Small fasciculus
that
ends in
palatoglossal
arch
Origin
Oral surface of
aponeurosis

Insertion
Continues at origin with fellow to side of
tongue ,fibres spread over lingual dorsum
and some mingle with transverse linguae
Actions
1. Elevates root of tongue
2. Approximates palatoglossal arch

PalatopharyngeusPalatopharyngeus
 Forms
Palatopharyngeal
arch
 2 fasciculi separated
by Levator palatini -
anterior and posterior
Origin
1. Anterior fasciculus –
posterior border of
hard palate
2. Posterior- palatine
aponeurosis www.indiandentalacademy.comwww.indiandentalacademy.com

3. The 2 unite at posterolateral border of soft
palate
Insertion
1. Posterior border of thyroid cartilage
2. Wall of pharynx and its median raphe
3. Crosses midline and forms incomplete
longitudinal muscular layer
Actions
1. Pull pharynx up forward and medial and
shorten it during swallowing
2. Approximate palatopharyngeal arches

Passavants RidgePassavants Ridge
 Few fibres of Palatopharyngeus pass circularly
deep to mucous membrane of pharynx and form a
sphincter internal to superior constrictor
 The passavant’s muscle on contraction raises
the ridge on posterior wall of pharynx
 Soft palate when elevated comes in contact with
this ridge and closes the pharyngeal isthmus..

Movements And FunctionsMovements And Functions
 Controls pharyngeal and oropharyngeal
isthmus ( can close them completely or
partially)
 Plays important role in
1. Swallowing
2. Chewing
3. Quality of voice
4. Sneezing
5. Coughing

Applied AnatomyApplied Anatomy
 ParalysisParalysis (V nerve lesion)
1. nasal regurgitation of liquids
2. Nasal twang in voice
3. Flattening pf palatal arch
 Cleft palateCleft palate

 Cleft palate
Severe with hare lip
When least severe
confined to soft palate

 The anatomy of soft palate determines the
location of the distal border of maxillary denture
base and posterior palatal seal
 The posterior extension of maxillary denture base
lies in soft palate i.e. the palatine aponeurosis and
overlying mucosa
 Palatine muscles and contour of soft palate
determine the extent and contour of posterior
palatal seal
 The seal should follow the contour of palatine
bones and extend from hammular notch to
hammular notch

Classification Of Soft PalateClassification Of Soft Palate
Class IClass I
 Soft palate is horizontal
as it extends posteriorly
with minimal muscular
activity
 Considerable amount
of mm separates the
anterior and posterior
vibrating line
 Will give a wide
posterior palatal seal
which is not deepwww.indiandentalacademy.comwww.indiandentalacademy.com

Class IIClass II
 Soft palate make a
45 degree angle with
hard palate
 Tissue coverage is
less for posterior
palatal seal than
class I

Class IIIClass III
 Most acute contour
about 70 degrees
 Requires marked
elevation of
musculature to
create the
velopharyngeal
closure
 Seen with V shaped
palatal vault

House Classification Of Palatal Throat FormsHouse Classification Of Palatal Throat Forms
 found on a line
drawn between the
two hamular
notches:
 Class IClass I:
5-12mm distal
(more than 5mm of
movable tissue
available for post-
damming---ideal for
retention).

Class IIClass II
 3-5mm distal (1-
5mm of movable
tissue available for
post damming.
 Good retention is
usually possible.

Class III:Class III:
 3-5mm anterior
(less than 1mm of
movable tissue
available for post
damming.
 Retention is usually
poor

 The slender tendon of tensor palatini could
influence the denture contour when taut in
hammular notch area
 Vibrating line is determined by elevation of soft
palate during contraction of Levator palatini
 When the 2 palatoglossi contract they draw tongue
and soft palate together and close the isthmus of
fauces and bring lateral pressure to the lingual
extension of mandibular denture base

THE TONGUETHE TONGUE ((LINGUALINGUA))
 The tongue is the principal organ of the
sense of taste, and an important organ of
speech
 it assists in the mastication and deglutition
of the food
 It is situated in the floor of the mouth,

External FeaturesExternal Features
 Root
 Apex
 Body
1. Curved dorsum
2. Inferior surface

ROOTROOT
 Attached to hyoid
bone below and
mandible above
 Dorsum convex-
1. Oral (anterior 2/3)
2. Pharyngeal (posterior
1/3)
Features
 Sulcus terminalis –
V shaped groove
divides into anterior 2/3
and posterior 1/3

 Foramen caecum pit in middle of sulcus‑
terminalis marks site of invagination of
thyroid diverticulum.
 Referred to as pre sulcal and post sulcal
parts
Apex (apex linguae tip),
 Thin and narrow
 Directed forward against the lingual
surfaces of the lower incisor teeth.

ORAL ( Pre sulcal)ORAL ( Pre sulcal)
 Located on floor of
mouth
 Apex torches incisor
teeth
 Margins free
Dorsum
1. Related to hard and
soft palate
2. Foliate papillae on
each side
3. Mucosa has median
sulcus , papillated,
rough www.indiandentalacademy.comwww.indiandentalacademy.com

Inferior surface-
1. Smooth mucosa
2. Connected by
frenulum linguae
3. Laterally- deep
lingual vein , plica
fimbriata towards
apex
4. Anterior lingual
salivary glands
5. Opening of
Warton's duct

Pharyngeal (post sulcal) partPharyngeal (post sulcal) part
 Posterior to
palatoglossal arches
base of tongue)
 Forms anterior wall of
oropharynx
 Mucosa reflected on
palatine tonsil ,
epiglottic folds,
pharyngeal wall
 Devoid of papillae
 Low elevations due to
lingual tonsil www.indiandentalacademy.comwww.indiandentalacademy.com

 Connected with the epiglottis by three folds
(glossoepiglottic) of mucous membrane
 Numerous mucous glands

Lingual PapillaeLingual Papillae
 The papillae vallate
 Papillae fungiforme
 Papillae filiforme
 Foliate papillae
 Papillae simplices

Vallate PapillaeVallate Papillae
 Sometimes called
circumvallate, are the
largest papilla found
on the tongue.
 Average of 7 to 12
papilla located on the
dorsum towards the
back of the tongue.
 Arranged in a "V"
shape pointing
toward the throat.

 These papilla are involved in the perception
of taste and have taste buds located on
their tips.
 Each vallate papilla contains from 250 to
270 taste buds. Although later in life, after
age 75, the total number of vallate papilla
on the tongue's surface drops about 50%.
 These taste buds respond only to sour and
bitter qualities.

PAPILLA (FUNGI FORMPAPILLA (FUNGI FORM))
 Small, mushroom-shaped
papilla with a deep-red
color.
 Scattered irregularly over
the surface of the tongue,
but are predominantly
found at the apex and
along the sides.
 Taste buds located just
below their surface.
 Respond only to sweet
and salt tastes.

FILIFORM PAPILLAEFILIFORM PAPILLAE
 Cover the anterior two-
thirds of the dorsum.
 Minute, filiform in shape,
 Arranged in lines parallel
with the two rows of the
papillæ vallatæ,
 At the apex their direction
is transverse.
 Devoid of taste buds
 Epithelium keratinized

PAPILLA (FOLIATE)PAPILLA (FOLIATE)
 Leaf-like forms.
 Clusters roughly in the
middle of each side of the
tongue.
 Positioned just in front of
the "V" formation of the
vallate papilla.
 Taste buds located just
below the surface.
 They respond
predominantly to
sourness. www.indiandentalacademy.comwww.indiandentalacademy.com

 The papillae simplicespapillae simplices are similar to those of the
skin, and cover the whole of the mucous
membrane of the tongue, as well as the larger
papillae.

MUSCLES OF THE TONGUEMUSCLES OF THE TONGUE
 Extrinsic musclesExtrinsic muscles
 Intrinsic musclesIntrinsic muscles

INTRINSIC MUSCLES OF THE TONGUEINTRINSIC MUSCLES OF THE TONGUE
 Superior longitudinal muscle
 Inferior longitudinal muscle
 Transverse muscle
 Vertical muscle

SUPERIOR LONGITUDINAL MUSCLESUPERIOR LONGITUDINAL MUSCLE
 thin stratum of
oblique and
longitudinal fibers
under mucous
membrane on the
dorsum of the tongue
Origin
Arises from the sub
mucous fibrous layer
close to the epiglottis
and from the median
fibrous septum.

SUPERIOR LONGITUDINAL MUSCLESUPERIOR LONGITUDINAL MUSCLE
Insertion-
 Mucous membrane
 Edges of the tongue

INFERIOR LONGITUDINAL MUSCLEINFERIOR LONGITUDINAL MUSCLE
 Narrow band situated
on under surface of
the tongue between
the Genioglossus and
Hyoglossus.
 Extent-
1. Root to the apex
2. Posterior fibers are
connected with the
body of the hyoid bone
3. Anteriorly- blends with
the fibers of the
Styloglossus. www.indiandentalacademy.comwww.indiandentalacademy.com

TRANSVERSE LINGUALISTRANSVERSE LINGUALIS
 Fibers arise from the median fibrous
septum and blend with
Palatopharyngeus.

VERTICALIS LINGUÆVERTICALIS LINGUÆ
 Found only at the
borders of the
forepart of the
tongue.
 Its fibers extend
from the upper to
the under surface of
the organ.

ACTIONSACTIONS
 The intrinsic muscles are mainly concerned in altering
the shape of the tongue,
 Becomes shortened, narrowed, or curved in different
directions.
 The Longitudinalis superior and inferior shorten the
tongue, but the former, in addition, turn the tip and
sides upward so as to render the dorsum concave,
while the latter pull the tip downward and render the
dorsum convex.
 The Transversus narrows and elongates the tongue,
 Verticalis flattens and broadens it.

EXTRINSIC MUSCLESEXTRINSIC MUSCLES
 GeniglossousGeniglossous
 HyoglossousHyoglossous
 StyloglossousStyloglossous
 PalatoglossousPalatoglossous

GENIOGLOSSOUSGENIOGLOSSOUS
 Fan shaped, triangular,
bilateral ,close and
parallel to midline
 Forms main bulk of
tongue
Origin –
Genial tubercle
Insertion
Inferior fibres-hyoid bone,
middle constrictor of
pharynx

GENIOGLOSSOUSGENIOGLOSSOUS
Median fibres-run backwards
Superior fibres – root to apex of ventral surface
 Actions
Forward traction of tongue to protrude apex from
mouth
Acts bilaterally to depress central part of tongue
making it concave side to side

HYOGLOSSOUSHYOGLOSSOUS
 Thin and
quadrilateral,
Origin-
Side of the body and
whole length of the
greater cornu of the
hyoid bone
Insertion
Lateral side of
Tongue between the
Styloglossus and
Longitudinalis
inferior.. www.indiandentalacademy.comwww.indiandentalacademy.com

HYOGLOSSUSHYOGLOSSUS
Actions
1. Depresses the tongue
2. Retracts protruded tongue

STYLOGLOSSOUSSTYLOGLOSSOUS
 the shortest and
smallest of the
three styloid
muscles
Origin-
1. Anterior and
lateral surfaces
of the styloid
process, near its
apex
2. The
stylomandibular
ligament. www.indiandentalacademy.comwww.indiandentalacademy.com

Insertion
 divides at side of tongue near its dorsal
surface,
1. Longitudinal part-
blends with the Longitudinalis inferior in front of
the Hyoglossus;
2. oblique,part
overlaps the Hyoglossus and decussates with
its fibers.
Actions
Draws tongue upwards and backwards

Nerve supply
 Motor
1. Hypoglossal nerve
2. Cranial part of accessory
nerve through pharyngeal
plexus
 Sensory
Anterior 2/3
 Lingual nerve
 Chorda tympani
Posterior 1/3
 Glossopharyngeal nerve
Posterior most
 Vagus(internal laryngeal)

 Arterial supply
1. Lingual artery
2. Tonsillar and ascending pharyngeal – to root
 Venous drainage
Deep lingual vein
 Lymphatic drainage ‑
Tip of tongue drains to submental lymph
nodes; remainder of anterior two thirds
drains to submandibular and deep cervical
lymph nodes; posterior third drains to deep
cervical lymph nodes.

GLANDS OF THE TONGUEGLANDS OF THE TONGUE
 They are mucous behind the vallate papillae, but
are also present at the apex and marginal parts.
 In this connection the anterior lingual glands
(Blandin or Nuhn they are situated on the under
surface of the apex of the tongue one on either
side of the frenulum,
 each opens by three or four ducts on the under
surface of the apex.
 The serous glands occur only at the back of the
tongue near the taste-buds,

APPLIED ANATOMYAPPLIED ANATOMY
1. Paralysis
2. Glossitis
3. Carcinoma
4. In unconscious
patients tongue falls
back
5. Jaundice
 VariationsVariations
1. Ankylogossia
2. Macroglossia
3. Black hairy tongue
4. Varicosities
5. Fissured tongue

CLINICAL CONSIDERATIONSCLINICAL CONSIDERATIONS
 Tongue is an important factor in denture success
or failure
 Size and activity are the main concerns
 It will expand into edentulous spaces and lead to
tongue biting in new dentures and will compete
with the dentures for space
 Small tongue jeopardizes the lingual seal
 Proper tongue movements are important for
border molding procedures
 The tongue is also a guide in evaluating height of
occlusal plane at time of try in, the dorsal surface
is at level of occlusal surfaces of posterior teeth
at rest www.indiandentalacademy.comwww.indiandentalacademy.com

• Tongue movements and muscle cordination are
essential in denture retention during normal
physiologic activity
• Tongue position is important for prognosis of
mandibular denture
• Since the tongue is located in floor of the mouth
it is intimately in contact with lingual flange of
mandibular denture, the denture flanges must
be contoured to allow the tongue its normal
range of functional movements.
• The tongue must be normal and tacit for it to be
a reliable guide to evaluate occlusal height of
posterior teeth

WRIGHT’S CLASSIFICATION OF TONGUEWRIGHT’S CLASSIFICATION OF TONGUE
POSITIONPOSITION
 Class I-Class I-
normal (favorable))
tongue lies in floor
of mouth tip forward
and slightly below
incisal edge of
lower incisors

 Class II-Class II-
Tongue flat and
broad ,but tip in
normal position

 Class III-Class III-
Tongue retracted
and depressed in
floor of mouth
with tip curled
upward or
downward or
assimilated into
body of tongue

HOUSE CLASSIFICATION OF TONGUE SIZESHOUSE CLASSIFICATION OF TONGUE SIZES
Class IClass I
Normal in size,
development and
function with enough
teeth present to
maintain the form
Calss II-Calss II-
Teeth absent long enough
to permit change in
from and function of
tongue www.indiandentalacademy.comwww.indiandentalacademy.com

 Class III –Class III –
 Excessively large
tongue all teeth
absent for an
extended period of
time allowing for
abnormal
development of
tongue.
 Insufficient denture
can also lead to class
3 tongue

FLOOR OF THE MOUTHFLOOR OF THE MOUTH
Structures in the floor of the mouthStructures in the floor of the mouth
 Mylohyoid muscle
Geniohyoid muscle
Sublingual salivary gland
Submandibular duct

MYLOHYOID MUSCLEMYLOHYOID MUSCLE
GENIOHYOID MUSCLEGENIOHYOID MUSCLE

MYLOHYOIDMYLOHYOID
 The two muscles
form a muscular sling
which marks the floor
of the oral cavity
 Origin: mylohyoid line
of mandible
 Insertion: Body of
hyoid bone and
median raphae ..

MYLOHYOIDMYLOHYOID
Action
 Elevate hyoid bone and base of tongue
 Elevate floor of mouth
 depress mandible
Nerve supply
Mylohyoid nerve

GENIOHYOIDGENIOHYOID
 Lies above mylohyoid
 Origin: inferior mental
spine
 Insertion: Body of hyoid.
 Action: Elevates the
tongue, depress the
mandible.
 Innervation: c1 through
hypoglossal nerve

 Sublingual salivary glandSublingual salivary gland
In floor of mouth between mandible and
genioglossus muscle; horseshoe shaped‑
glandular masses around lingual frenum.
15 ducts open from this gland directly into floor
of mouth
 Submandibular duct ( Wharton's duct)Submandibular duct ( Wharton's duct)
Opens in floor of mouth on summit of
sublingual papilla at side of lingual frenum

 If floor of the mouth is near the crest of the ridge
at rest or magnitude of movement is great
retention and stability of denture will be poor
 The floor of mouth in sublingual gland and
mylohyoid areas can be very high and close to
the ridge crest and may at times spill over and
eliminate the alveolingual sulcus
 These tissues have to be selectively placed for
good prognosis www.indiandentalacademy.comwww.indiandentalacademy.com

 The posterior part of mylohyoid in molar region
affects the lingual impression border during
swallowing and in moving the tongue
 During swallowing it contracts raising the floor of
mouth
 For denture to be successful the ,lingual flange
must be parallel to the mylohyoid when it is
contracted
 When floor of the mouth is raised the sublingual
gland comes close to the crest of the ridge and
reduces the vertical space available for extension
of the flange in anterior part of the mouthwww.indiandentalacademy.comwww.indiandentalacademy.com

 Gland maybe be pushed down by resistant
impression material
 The lingual flange of tray should be sloped
toward the tongue and make impression with low
viscosity material
 The retromylohyoid space( lateral throat form)
can be a potential space that is partially or
completely obliterated by tongue movement
 The success of the denture to a degree depends
on how much this space can be utilized as it is
critical for lingual seal and lateral stability

NEIL’S LATERAL THROAT FORMNEIL’S LATERAL THROAT FORM
Class IClass I
Large (extends well
towards tissues)
Class IIClass II:
Between I and III
Class III:Class III:
Small and unfavorable

Tongue,softpalate,floor of the mouth/cosmetic dentistry courses

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

What's hot

What's hot (20)

Similar to Tongue,softpalate,floor of the mouth/cosmetic dentistry courses

Similar to Tongue,softpalate,floor of the mouth/cosmetic dentistry courses (20)

More from Indian dental academy

More from Indian dental academy (20)

Recently uploaded

Recently uploaded (20)

Tongue,softpalate,floor of the mouth/cosmetic dentistry courses