Ankyloglossia, also known as tongue-tie, is a rare congenital tongue anomaly that decreases tongue mobility and can cause speech and feeding problems in infants. It is caused by an unusually short, thick lingual frenulum. Black hairy tongue is a temporary condition caused by a buildup of dead cells on the tongue's papillae. It does not typically require treatment. Geographic tongue appears as smooth, red patches on the tongue where papillae are missing. It is not associated with infection or cancer.

1. Presented by Anastasiya Smirnova
DEN 1114/Section 8216
 Ankyloglossia
 Black Hairy Tongue
 Geographic tongue

2. DEFINITION
 Ankyloglossia also known as tongue-tied, is
rare congenital tongue anomaly, that
decrease mobility of the tongue tip and
affect speech and feeding problems in
infants.

3. CAUSES
 Ankyloglossia caused by an unusually short
thick attachment of lingual frenulum that
extends to the tongue apex.
 Lingual Frenulum is a membrane that
connects the underside(base) of tongue to
the floor of the
mouth.

4. PROGNOSIS
 Lingual frenulum usually stretches with time.
 Orofacial myofunctional therapy (OMT) may be
needed before surgery is considered.
 In many cases surgery is the best option.

5. DEFINITION
 Black hairy tongue is the lengthening of papillae
on the dorsal tongue surface. Normal shedding of
epithelium of filiform papillae does not occur which
result in thick layer of dead
cells and keratin build up on
tongue surface.
 The build up of cells that is
left can become
extrinsically stained by
tobacco, medications, food,
bacteria, fungal overgrowth
or radiation and become
yellow, brown or black.

6. PROGNOSIS
 Black hairy tongue is temporary, painless
condition which usually resolves without medical
treatment.
 Brushing of tongue twice a day is recommended
to promote shedding of epithelium and remove
debris.

7. DEFINITION
 Geographic tongue is a lesion of dorsal surface of
tongue resulting in white patches of tongue. These
lesions are missing tongue papillae that appear as
smooth, red islands.
 Geographic tongue doesn't cause health problems
and isn't associated with infection or cancer.

8. PROGNOSIS
 The condition is usually asymptomatic and
insignificant. If pain and discomfort present
patients may be given antihistamines. Tobacco and
alcohol should be avoided until lesions healed.
 Changing to toothpaste made for
sensitive teeth has also shown
to be helpful in decreasing
symptoms.
 The lesions often heal in
one area and then migrate
to a different part of tongue.

9.  Rule out if any lesions you find are
not associated with more serious
tongue diseases.
 Educate patients about
their tongue conditions.
 Refer patients with
ankyloglossia to specialist.
 Encourage patients to maintain better oral health
by brushing teeth and tongue twice a day.
 Work in team with patient after surgery
(ankyloglossia) as more oral health required and
must be obtained.

10.  Illustrated Dental Embryology, Histology, and Anatomy, Third
Edition. Mary Bath-Balogh and Margaret J. Fehrenbach. 2010
 http://www.webmd.com/skin-problems-and-treatments/picture-
of-geographic-tongue
 http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/