Tissue culture is the growth of plant tissues or cells separately from the organism, usually using a liquid, semi-solid, or solid growth medium. Tissue culture has applications in commercial plant production, conserving endangered species, plant breeding to develop desirable traits like herbicide resistance, producing valuable compounds through growing plant cells in bioreactors, and creating hybrids between distantly related species. The advantages of tissue culture include producing many copies of plants with beneficial properties, allowing plant growth anytime regardless of climate conditions, and generating disease-free plants. However, the disadvantages are high costs for large-scale production, variability requiring experimentation, need for close monitoring, potential for identity errors, and decreased genetic diversity.

2. Tissue culture
Tissue culture is the growth of tissues or cells separate
from the organism. This is typically facilitated via use
of a liquid, semi-solid, or solid growth medium, such
as broth or agar.
or
Tissue culture is a device that helps us to produce new
saplings from the cells of plants

3. Applications
Plant tissue culture is used widely in the plant sciences, forestry,
and in horticulture. Applications include:
 The commercial production of plants used as potting,
landscape, and florist subjects, which uses meristem and shoot
culture to produce large numbers of identical individuals.
 To conserve rare or endangered plant species.
 A plant breeder may use tissue culture to screen cells rather
than plants for advantageous characters, e.g. herbicide
resistance/tolerance.
 Large-scale growth of plant cells in liquid culture in bioreactors
for production of valuable compounds, like plant-derived
secondary metabolites and recombinant proteins used as
biopharmaceuticals.
 To cross distantly related species by protoplast fusion and
regeneration of the novel hybrid.

4.  To cross-pollinate distantly related species and then
tissue culture the resulting embryo which would
otherwise normally die.
 Certain techniques such as meristem tip culture can be
used to produce clean plant material from virused
stock, such as potatoes and many species of soft fruit.
 Production of identical sterile hybrid species can be
obtained.

5. Advantages
1.To produce many copies of the same plants then which
may be used to produce plants with better flowers,
odors, fruits or any other properties of the plants that
are beneficial to the human beings.
2.To produce plants anytime we want although the
climates are not appropriate to produce a plant.
Moreover, if seed is not available, it is possible to
produce a plant with this method.
3.If there is plant with partially infected tissue, it is
possible to produce a new plant without infection.

6. 4.Very helpful in the genetically modified organism
studies.
5.Very useful solution for the prevention of starvation
in third world countries since the process id highly
efficient, by using only one plant, it is possible to
produce more than one thousand of the same plant
with higher productive if its genome changed.

7. Disadvantages
1.If large scale production is being thinking, the costs of
the equipments are very expensive.
2.The procedure is very variable and it depends on the
type of the species so sometimes it needs trial-and-error
type of experiments if there is not any review about that
species. 3.The procedure needs special attention and
diligently done observation.
4.There may be error in the identity of the organisms
after culture.
5.Infection may continue thorough generations easily if
possible precautions are not taken
6.Decrease genetic variability.