The respiratory system consists of all the organs involved in breathing. These include the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi and lungs. The respiratory system does two very important things: it brings oxygen into our bodies, which we need for our cells to live and function properly; and it helps us get rid of carbon dioxide, which is a waste product of cellular function. The nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea and bronchi all work like a system of pipes through which the air is funnelled down into our lungs. There, in very small air sacs called alveoli, oxygen is brought into the bloodstream and carbon dioxide is pushed from the blood out into the air. When something goes wrong with part of the respiratory system, such as an infection like pneumonia, it makes it harder for us to get the oxygen we need and to get rid of the waste product carbon dioxide. Common respiratory symptoms include breathlessness, cough, and chest pain.
1 GNM - Anatomy Unit - 6 Respiratory System.pptxthiru murugan
By:M. Thiru murugan
Unit – 6:
The structure and functions of respiratory organs
The physiology of respiration
Characteristics of normal respiration and deviation
Respiratory system
The respiratory system is the one of vital organs that involve in respiration
Play important role in the intake and exchange of O2 and CO2 .
The respiratory system performs two major tasks:
Exchanging air between the body and the outside environment known as external respiration.
Bringing O2 to the cells and removing CO2 from them referred to as internal respiration.
Parts of respiratory system
Upper respiratory tract: (outside thorax)
Nose
Nasal Cavity
Pharynx
Larynx
Nose:
Also called external nares.
Divided into two halves by the nasal septum.
Contains the paranasal sinuses where air is warmed.
Contains cilia which is responsible for filtering out foreign bodies.
Pharynx:
Common space used by both the respiratory and digestive systems. Commonly called the throat.
Start from the nasal and oral cavities and extends inferiorly near the level of the bifurcation of the larynx and esophagus.
There are 3 types:
Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx
Larynx:
Voice box is a short, cylindrical airway - ends in the trachea.
Prevents swallowed materials entering into the lower respiratory tract.
It Passes air into the lower respiratory tract.
Produces sounds.
Supported by cartilage help to held in place by ligaments and muscles.
Voice is produced by vibration of the vocal folds or vocal cords. The vocal folds are a pair of pliable shelves of tissue that stretch across the top of the trachea (windpipe). They are enclosed within the thyroid cartilage. The vocal folds, together with the muscles and cartilages that support them, are known as the larynx.
Biologically, the larynx evolved as a valve to protect the airway and lungs. Thus, it is positioned where the airway and the esophagus separate. The vocal folds open to allow breathing and close during swallowing to prevent food from entering into the lungs and during voicing.
Trachea:
A flexible tube also called windpipe.
Extends through the mediastinum and lies anterior to the esophagus and inferior to the larynx.
Cartilage rings help the trachea to remains open at all times.
Bronchus:
The two large tubes that carry air from your windpipe to your lungs.
Left and right main bronchus in each lung.
Each bronchus divided into bronchioles
Lung:
Each lung has a conical shape. Its wide, concave base rests upon the muscular diaphragm.
Its superior part called the apex
Both lungs are supported anteriorly by thoracic wall, laterally, and posteriorly by the rib cage.
Mediastinum
Left lung: divided into 2 lobes by, smaller than the right lung & cardiac notch accommodates the heart
Right lung: divided into 3 lobes by, located more superiorly in the body due to liver on right side
Pleura:
The outer surface of each lung covered by a layer called pleura.
The outer - parietal pleura & the internal - visceral pleura.
Biology For Engineers Module 3 / HUMAN ORGAN SYSTEMS AND BIO-DESIGNS - 2 Dr. Pavan Kundur
An organ system is a group of organs that work together in the body to perform a complex function, such as pumping blood or processing and utilizing nutrients.
Process which involves taking in oxygen into the cells, using it for releasing energy by burning food and then eliminating the waste products like carbon dioxide and water from the bodyBREATHINGMechanism by which organisms obtain oxygen from the air and release carbon dioxideIt is a physical processIt involves lungs of the organism
It is a catabolic process as the food is broken down into simpler form. In short, respiration is a biochemical activity taking place with in the protoplasm of the cell and results in the liberation of energy
( The anaerobic respiration in human muscle tissue produces lactic acid as an end product during vigorous physical exercise)
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Tips to Crack 11th - Biology - Respiration
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Respiration
∙
Why do all living beings need energy?
∙
From where does this energy comes?
∙
What is respiration?
Definition of Respiration
A biochemical process by which Organic Compounds
(foods) are oxidized to liberate chemical energy.
∙
It is a stepwise process leading to the formation
of ATP
∙
What is ATP?
2
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Animals show various methods of respiration.
Organism
Organs
/
Method
of
respiration
1. Single celled organisms
Cell membrane
2. Sponges and Jellyfish
Through water
3. Annelids
Outer body surfaces Gills
4. Fish / arthropods
Internal lungs
5. Terrestrial vertebrates
Skin
6. Eel / Frogs
∙
Respiratory surfaces are covered with thin, moist
epithelial
cells
that
Carbondioxide.
Human Respiratory System
4
allow
Oxygen
and
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∙
It consists of
→ Nostrils – Exterior openings
→ Nasal Chambers –-Seperated
into right & left halves called "nasal
septum"
-Septum
-Air
-Nasal
is
enters
hairs
made
nasal
in
of
cavities
through
nostrils
filter
-Contains receptor cells for the sense of smell
5
bone
two
large
&
openings
particles
cartilage
called
"nostrils"
of
dust
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→ Pharynx –-Located behind the oral cavity & between the nasal cavities & the
larynx
-Includes 3 parts:
1) Nasopharynx- upper section
2) Oropharynx- middle section
3) Laryngopharynx- lower section
-Pharynx conducts food toward esophagus & air to the larynx as it moves toward the lungs
-Contains 2 other structures:
1. the openings from Eustachian tubes (auditory tubes); connects the nasopharynx w/middle ear
2. tonsils
→ Larynx – -Located between pharynx & trachea
-Functions:
1. Passageway for air during breathing
2. Produces sound (your voice); voicebox
3. Prevents food & other foreign objects from entering the breathing structures (trachea)
→ Trachea – the tube connecting the throat to the bronchi.
→ Bronchi and Bronchioles –
the trachea divides into two bronchi (tubes). One
leads to the left lung, the other to the right lung. Inside the lungs each of the bronchi divides into smaller bronchi. the bronchi branches
off into smaller tubes called broncheoli which end in the pulmonary alveolus.
→ Lungs – a pair of organs found in all vertebrates.
The structure of the lungs includes the bronchial tree – air tubes branching off from the bronchi into smaller and smaller air
tubes, each one ending in a pulmonary alveolus. Pulmonary alveoli – tiny sacs (air sacs) delineated by a single-layer
membrane with blood capillaries at the other end.
The exchange of gases takes place through the membrane of the pulmonary alveolus, which always contains air: oxygen (O2)
is absorbed from the air into the blood capillaries and the action of the heart circulates it through all the tissues in the body. At
the same time, carbon dioxide (CO2) is transmitted from the blood capillaries into the alveoli and then expelled through the
bronchi and the upper respiratory tract.
The inner surface of the lungs where the exchange of gases takes place is very large, due to the structure of the air sacs of the
alveoli.
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→ Diaphragm –
a sheet of internal skeletal muscle that extends across the bottom of
the rib cage. The diaphragm separates the thoracic cavity (heart, lungs & ribs) from the abdominal cavity and performs
an important function in respiration: as the diaphragm contracts, the volume of the thoracic cavity increases and air is
drawn into the lungs.
→ Inter costal muscles –
Intercostal muscles are groups of muscles found
in the chest area. Intercostal muscles run along the ribs and are responsible for movement of the chest and
breathing. When a person breathes, intercostal muscles help the chest cavity expand and shrink.
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Mechanism of Respiration
It comprises of following steps:1. Breathing –
It is a process by which air rich in Oxygen is taken
in by the lungs (Inspiration) and air containing
more CO2 and water vapour is forced out of the
lungs ( Expiration).
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∙
Alternate Inspiration and Expiration together form
the respiratory cycle. It occurs 16-20 times per
minute in man.
∙
It is controlled by medulla oblongata.
2. Transport of gases
It takes place in 3 steps
a. External respiration :
∙
Exchange of CO2 and O2 takes place through
lungs depending upon internal and external
concentrations of these gases.
∙
Haemoglobin combines with O2 to form instable
Oxy-haemoglobin.
∙
CO2 is brought from the tissues in the form of
Sodium and potassium bicarbonates and also
Carbomino - haemoglobin.
∙
These forms are then broken down to release CO2.
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∙
It is the formation of ATP molecules by Oxidation
of food in the mitochondria
∙
Energy is released when ATP molecules are
broken down.
How
does
medulla
Oblongata
regulates
the
process of respiration?
Respiratory Volumes
∙
Tidal Volume (TV) –
It is the volume of air breathed in and out during
effortless breathing. In an adult it is about 500 ml.
∙
Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV) –
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Volume of air during forced inspiration is called
inspiratory reserve volume. It is about 2500 ml to
3000 ml.
∙
Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV) –
Volume of air during forced expiration is called
expiratory reserve volume. It is about 1000 ml.
∙
Residual Volume (RV) –
The volume of air left behind in the lungs and
respiratory passage after forced expiration is called
residual volume. It is about 1000 ml.
∙
Vital Capacity (VC) –
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It is the total volume of air expired after a maximum
inspiration. This includes ERV, TV and IRV.
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