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The human respiratory system is a series of organs responsible for taking in oxygen and expelling carbon dioxide. The primary organs of the respiratory system are the lungs, which carry out this exchange of gases as we breathe.
In humans, the average breathing, or respiratory rate, mostly depends on age. A newborn's normal breathing rate is about 40 to 60 times each minute and may slow to 30 to 40 times per minute when the baby is sleeping. The average resting respiratory rate for adults is 12 to 16 breaths per minute, and up to 40 to 60 breaths per minute during exercise.
Untuk semua guru yang berdedikasi yang terlibat dengan Dual language Programme. Bahan pun saya share daripada blog rajan yang lain. Harap dihalalkan. Shaing is caring
The human respiratory system is a series of organs responsible for taking in oxygen and expelling carbon dioxide. The primary organs of the respiratory system are the lungs, which carry out this exchange of gases as we breathe.
In humans, the average breathing, or respiratory rate, mostly depends on age. A newborn's normal breathing rate is about 40 to 60 times each minute and may slow to 30 to 40 times per minute when the baby is sleeping. The average resting respiratory rate for adults is 12 to 16 breaths per minute, and up to 40 to 60 breaths per minute during exercise.
These slides will help to build an understanding of the respiratory system for the ordinary levels and the A levels students.
The can also be useful for science enthusiasts at any level.
so feel free to view and download these slides. enjoy.
Respiration is defined as the transport of oxygen from the outside air to the cells within tissues, and the transport of carbon dioxide in the opposite direction.
The physiological definition of respiration should not be confused with the biochemical definition of respiration, which refers to cellular respiration: the metabolic process by which an organism obtains energy by reacting oxygen with glucose to give water, carbon dioxide and ATP (energy). Although physiologic respiration is necessary to sustain cellular respiration and thus life in animals, the processes are distinct: cellular respiration takes place in individual cells of the organism, while physiologic respiration concerns the bulk flow and transport of metabolites between the organism and the external environment.
1 GNM - Anatomy Unit - 6 Respiratory System.pptxthiru murugan
By: M. Thiru murugan
Unit – 6:
The structure and functions of respiratory organs
The physiology of respiration
Characteristics of normal respiration and deviation
Respiratory system
The respiratory system is the one of vital organs that involve in respiration
Play important role in the intake and exchange of O2 and CO2 .
The respiratory system performs two major tasks:
Exchanging air between the body and the outside environment known as external respiration.
Bringing O2 to the cells and removing CO2 from them referred to as internal respiration.
Parts of respiratory system
Upper respiratory tract: (outside thorax)
Nose
Nasal Cavity
Pharynx
Larynx
Nose:
Also called external nares.
Divided into two halves by the nasal septum.
Contains the paranasal sinuses where air is warmed.
Contains cilia which is responsible for filtering out foreign bodies.
Pharynx:
Common space used by both the respiratory and digestive systems. Commonly called the throat.
Start from the nasal and oral cavities and extends inferiorly near the level of the bifurcation of the larynx and esophagus.
There are 3 types:
Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx
Larynx:
Voice box is a short, cylindrical airway - ends in the trachea.
Prevents swallowed materials entering into the lower respiratory tract.
It Passes air into the lower respiratory tract.
Produces sounds.
Supported by cartilage help to held in place by ligaments and muscles.
Voice is produced by vibration of the vocal folds or vocal cords. The vocal folds are a pair of pliable shelves of tissue that stretch across the top of the trachea (windpipe). They are enclosed within the thyroid cartilage. The vocal folds, together with the muscles and cartilages that support them, are known as the larynx.
Biologically, the larynx evolved as a valve to protect the airway and lungs. Thus, it is positioned where the airway and the esophagus separate. The vocal folds open to allow breathing and close during swallowing to prevent food from entering into the lungs and during voicing.
Trachea:
A flexible tube also called windpipe.
Extends through the mediastinum and lies anterior to the esophagus and inferior to the larynx.
Cartilage rings help the trachea to remains open at all times.
Bronchus:
The two large tubes that carry air from your windpipe to your lungs.
Left and right main bronchus in each lung.
Each bronchus divided into bronchioles
Lung:
Each lung has a conical shape. Its wide, concave base rests upon the muscular diaphragm.
Its superior part called the apex
Both lungs are supported anteriorly by thoracic wall, laterally, and posteriorly by the rib cage.
Mediastinum
Left lung: divided into 2 lobes by, smaller than the right lung & cardiac notch accommodates the heart
Right lung: divided into 3 lobes by, located more superiorly in the body due to liver on right side
Pleura:
The outer surface of each lung covered by a layer called pleura.
The outer - parietal pleura & the internal - visceral pleura.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
4. What is breathing?
Breathing in
is also known as inhalation.
When you inhale, you breathe in air, including
oxygen, into your lungs.
Breathing out
is also known as exhalation.
When you exhale, you breathe out the contents of
our lungs and getting rid of the waste gas carbon
dioxide.
9. 1-The nose
Function:
- Air enters through the nose.
- Hairs in the nose trap dust particles
- Lining of the nose produces a watery liquid called mucus
- The mucus makes air moist and traps bacteria
- Blood vessels beneath the nasal lining warms the air.
10. 2-The trachea (wind pipe)
- It is about 10 cm long
- Made of rings of cartilage.
- Each ring is in the shape of a ‘C’
- It is made up of mucus secreting cells
and ciliated epithelial cells.
11. Function:
- Mucus traps dust and bacteria
- Cilia move forward and backward to
move the mucus to the top of the
trachea where it enters the back of the
mouth and is swallowed.
2-The trachea (wind pipe)
12. 3- Bronchi and bronchioles
■ The windpipe divides into two smaller tubes called
Bronchi (singular: Bronchus)
■ Bronchi are made of hoops of cartilage and have the
same lining as the windpipe ( mucus secreting cells and ciliated
epithelial cells )
■ The bronchi divide up into many smaller tubes called
bronchioles.
■ The bronchioles have walls made of muscles
■ The wall muscle can be narrow or wide
13. ■ A person suffering from an asthmatic attack can use an inhaler.
■ The chemicals in the inhaler makes the muscles relax to widen
the bronchioles.
14. 4-The chest wall
- Most of the space inside the chest is
taken up by the lungs.
- The small space between the lungs and
the chest wall is called the pleural cavity.
- This cavity contains a liquid like oil.
- This helps the lung and chest wall slide
over each other during breathing.
15. 4-The chest wall
- Is made by ribs and their muscles.
- Each rib is attached to the backbone by a joint that
allows only as small amount of movement.
- The muscles between the ribs are called the internal
and external intercostal muscles.
- The action of these muscles moves the ribs.
16.
17. 5-The diaphragm- Large sheet of muscle attach to the 10th rib
and backbone.
- It separates the chest cavity which contains
the lungs and the heart from the lower body
cavity which contains the stomach, intestines,
liver and kidneys.
18.
19. Breathing movements
Breathing
movement
Inspiration Expiration
External intercostal
muscles
Contract Relax
Rib action Move up Move down
Diaphragm muscles Contract Relax
Diaphragm action Moves down and becomes
flatter
Moves up and becomes
dome shaped
Change in chest volume Increases Decreases
Air Moves in Move out
20. Gaseous exchange
- At the end of each bronchiole a very short tube
called alveolar duct.
- Alveoli which looks like bubbles open into this duct.
- Each alveolus has a moist lining, thin wall and blood
vessels called capillaries.
- Gaseous exchange take place.
- Oxygen in the inhaled air dissolves in the moist
alveolar lining and moves by diffusion to the
capillaries.
21. • The oxygen enters the red blood cells which contains haemoglobin.
• The oxygen combines with the haemoglobin to make oxyhaemoglobin
• Carbon dioxide is in the water part of the blood called plasma
• It also moves by diffusion from the capillaries to the alveolar walls
• Blood moves through the capillaries very quickly
• So, large amount of oxygen and carbon dioxide can be exchanged in a short time.
22. The energy in the sugar molecules is released in one
of two kinds of respiration
Aerobic respiration
Glucose + oxygen
carbon dioxide + water
Anaerobic respiration
■ It occurs when the body can’t get
enough oxygen for aerobic respiration
to take place
■ Example: when you sprint you cannot
breathe fast enough to get oxygen you
need to release energy for you muscles
■ The body releases energy in a process
called anaerobic respiration
23. Smoking and health
■ When people smoke, they damage their respiratory system and risk seriously
damaging their health.
■ There are thousand different chemicals in cigarette smoke and of course the highly
addictive nicotine
■ The chemicals touch the air passage lining
24. ■ In a healthy person, dust particles are trapped in mucus and moves up to the
throat by the cilia
■ In smoker’s respiratory system, the cilia stop working because of the chemical
damage
■ More mucus is produced and it is coughed up by the strong exhale of the lungs
■ The lining of the bronchi becomes inflamed
25. ■ The inflammation makes breathing more difficult and the smoker
develops a permanent cough.
■ The cough causes the walls of some alveoli to burst.
■ Smoking causes bronchitis, emphysema and cancer.
