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Antimicrobial Resistance
- 1. 6/2/2021 1
- 2. 6/2/2021 2
- 3. • Understand antimicrobial resistance • Understand MRSA and prevention of MRSA infection 6/2/2021 3
- 4. Throughout history there has been a continual battle between human beings and multitude of microorganisms that cause an infection and disease 6/2/2021 4 Introduced antimicrobials Produced antimicrobial resistance
- 5. WHO has declared AMR (Anti Microbial Resistance) as one of the top 10 global public health threats facing humanity 6/2/2021 5
- 6. Antimicrobials are medicines used to prevent and treat infections in humans, animals and plants. (WHO) Drugs / Chemicals/ Other substances 6/2/2021 6
- 7. Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) occurs when bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites change over time and no longer respond to medicines making infections harder to treat and increasing the risk of disease spread, severe illness and death (WHO) 6/2/2021 7
- 8. There are lots of germs and a few are resistant to antibiotics When antibiotics kill bacteria they also kill the good bacteria that protect the body The antibiotic resistant bacteria grow and take over Some bacteria give their resistance to other bacteria causing more problem 1 3 2 4 6/2/2021 8
- 9. • Poor infection prevention and control in Health-care facilities and Animal Farms • Lack of awareness • Ineffective enforcement of legislation • Lack of quality medicines 6/2/2021 9
- 10. • Misuse and overuse of antimicrobials • Lack of access to clean water • Poor Hygiene standards - Humans as well as animals 6/2/2021 10
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- 14. Antimicrobial Resistance Available drugs becomes less effective Threatens our ability to treat common infections Drug-resistant pathogens acquire new resistance mechanisms 6/2/2021 14
- 15. Alarming is the rapid global spread of multi- and pan-resistant Microorganisms sometimes referred to as “superbugs” 6/2/2021 15
- 16. Tripartite Executive Committee WAAW was previously called the World Antibiotic Awareness Week since 2015. From 2020, it will be called the World Antimicrobial Awareness Week The overarching slogan used for the last 5 years was “Antibiotics: Handle with Care.” This has been changed to “Antimicrobials: Handle with Care” in 2020 18 to 24 Nov starting with WAAW 2020 6/2/2021 16
- 17. 1. To improve awareness and understanding of antimicrobial resistance 2. To strengthen knowledge through surveillance and research 5. Develop economic case for sustainable investment that takes account of the needs of all countries, increase investment in new medicines, diagnostic tools, vaccines and other interventions 3. To reduce the incidence of infection 4. To optimize the use of antimicrobial agents 6/2/2021 17
- 18. 6/2/2021 18
- 19. WHEN IPC AND HAND HYGIENE are implemented in combination with ANTIBIOTIC STEWARDSHIP PROGRAMS 6/2/2021 20
- 20. 6/2/2021 21
- 21. “Strong IPC is vital for protecting health, stopping the spread of drug resistance bacteria and preparing for and responding to outbreaks.” 6/2/2021 22
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- 24. HA- MRSA •Health associated MRSA CA-MRSA •Community associated MRSA 6/2/2021 25
- 25. MRSA skin infections are showing up more frequently in healthy people with none of usual risk factors YES MRSA (CA) is reported among athletes prisoners and military recruits 6/2/2021 26
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- 31. • Direct contact with infected host • Human to human contact • Contaminated intermediate surfaces – Hand towels – Tub/shower – Door handles etc • Airborne fluid droplets 6/2/2021 32
- 32. MRSA is diagnosed by examining a swab or a culture 6/2/2021 33
- 33. Can survive many extreme environmental conditions Can be cultured from dried clinical material Heat resistant Tolerate high salt media So, what Do we Do? YOU Can not get rid off MRSA --- YOU CAN ONLY CONTROL IT…… 6/2/2021 34
- 35. • WASH HANDS regularly • Keep all skin lesions covered with clean bandages • Avoid sharing personal items such as towels , razors , clothes or uniforms • Standard precautions for all patients; – Hand Hygiene before and after contact – PPE ; Gloves, gowns etc as appropriate for contact with wound drainage and other body fluids 6/2/2021 36
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Editor's Notes
- Antimicrobial agent is a general term used for drugs, chemicals or other substances that kill or slow down the growth of micro-organisms. Antimicrobial agents include antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal, antiparisitic drugs, disinfectants and antiseptic solutions An antimicrobial is a substance that kills or slows down the growth of pathogenic micro-organisms.
- Antimicrobial resistance is the ability of micro-organisms to grow in the presence of a chemical or drug that would normally kill them or slow their growth. Antimicrobial resistance is the ability of pathogens to grow in the presence of a drug or chemical that would normally kill them or slow their growth.
- This timeline indicates the duration between deployment and subsequent resistance to various antibiotics, interestingly we can note that it takes on the average 10-20 years for the microbes to develop resistance to a particular antibiotic except for Erythromycin and Vancomycin that have remained effective for more than 30 years … And its also noteworthy that even Linezolid and Daptomycin have developed resistance … that is really worrisome!
- The emergence and spread of drug-resistant pathogens that have acquired new resistance mechanisms, leading to antimicrobial resistance, continues to threaten our ability to treat common infections. Especially alarming is the rapid global spread of multi- and pan-resistant bacteria (also known as “superbugs”) that cause infections that are not treatable with existing antimicrobial medicines such as antibiotics. The clinical pipeline of new antimicrobials is dry. In 2019 WHO identified 32 antibiotics in clinical development that address the WHO list of priority pathogens, of which only six were classified as innovative. Furthermore, a lack of access to quality antimicrobials remains a major issue. Antibiotic shortages are affecting countries of all levels of development and especially in health- care systems. Antimicrobial resistance makes it more difficult to treat infections because the available drugs become less effective. There are many examples of old infectious diseases which have become more difficult to treat than in the past, e.g. gonorrhoea (a sexually-transmitted disease), malaria and TB (with evolving anti-TB drug resistance)
- WAAW was previously called the World Antibiotic Awareness Week. From 2020, it will be called the World Antimicrobial Awareness Week. This will reflect the broadened scope of WAAW to include all antimicrobials including antibiotics, antifungals, antiparasitics and antivirals. Held annually since 2015, WAAW is a global campaign that aims to raise awareness of antimicrobial resistance worldwide and encourage best practices among the general public, health workers and policy makers to slow the development and spread of drug-resistant infections. The Tripartite Executive Committee decided to set all future WAAW dates as 18 to 24 November, starting with WAAW 2020. The overarching slogan used for the last 5 years was “Antibiotics: Handle with Care.” This has been changed to “Antimicrobials: Handle with Care” in 2020.
- To improve awareness and understanding of antimicrobial resistance To strengthen knowledge through surveillance and research To reduce the incidence of infection To optimize the use of antimicrobial agents Develop the economic case for sustainable investment that takes account of the needs of all countries, and increase investment in new medicines, diagnostic tools, vaccines and other interventions
- Strong IPC is a the most effective approach to controlling the spread of AMR. Robust IPC measures are cost-saving because AMR can thrive in healthcare facilities. Safer hospitals mean fewer infections and every infection prevented is an antibiotic avoided Improving IPC helps achieve quality care for all and is one of the five objectives in the AMR Global Action Plan.
- Gram positive cocci 1 micro meter in diameter Arranged in grape like clustures Common cause of infection in the community Lives on skin, in nose, in soil, water, dead plant material Causes colonization or infection MRSA is term used for any strain of staphylococcus aureus that has developed resistant to beta lactame antibiotic which includes the penicillins and cephlosporins MRSA causes a variety of disseminated, lethal infections in humans Has the ability to easily transfer resistant genes to other species directly and indirectly Resistance of MRSA to Beta lactam antibiotics including penicillinase stable beta lactam is mediated by the Mec A gene This gene is expressed in bacterial cell wall and encodes for a penicillin binding protein (PBP2a) which has a low affinity for beta lactam antibiotics(Leonard and Markey, 2008)
- Unique microbiological and genetic properties compared with HA MRSA CA MRSA has only been known since 1990s, is resistant to methicillin and penicillin , Is of great concern to public health professionals CA MRSA skin infections are known to spread in crowded settings Lead to redness, swelling and pain resembling to spider bite Minor skin problems pimples, insect bites , cuts and scrapes especially in children may lead to MRSA colonization
- Gram positive cocci 1 micro meter in diameter Arranged in grape like clustures Common cause of infection in the community Lives on skin, in nose, in soil, water, dead plant material Causes colonization or infection MRSA is term used for any strain of staphylococcus aureus that has developed resistant to beta lactame antibiotic which includes the penicillins and cephlosporins MRSA causes a variety of disseminated, lethal infections in humans Has the ability to easily transfer resistant genes to other species directly and indirectly Resistance of MRSA to Beta lactam antibiotics including penicillinase stable beta lactam is mediated by the Mec A gene This gene is expressed in bacterial cell wall and encodes for a penicilline binding protein (PBP2a) which have a low affinity for beta lactam antibiotics(Leonard and Markey, 2008)
- ANYONE can get MRSA Those at more risk Spend more time in crowded places (hospitals or schools) Share sports equipment Share personal hygeine items Play cantact sports Overuse and misuse of antibioticts
- MRSA is diagnosed by examining a swab or a culture Internal infections need to have a blood culture done