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antibiotics resistance
- 1. Antibiotic resistance Presented by: Noor Abu-zuhair Shahzenan Al-azzawi Objective: public health intervention Method: group approach Education method: lecture Audiance: first year medical students
- 2. Contents • First part: Intro to antibiotic resistance • Second part: How to avoid a global pandemic
- 3. Part 1 Introduction to antibiotic resistance
- 5. The rise of antibiotic resistant bacteria
- 6. The spread of “super” bacteria • Bacteria can spread immunity by: Exchanging plasmids Harvesting dead bacteria genetic material
- 7. antibiotic use in meat production
- 8. Part 2 How to avoid a global pandemic
- 10. Individuals To prevent and control the spread of antibiotic resistance, individuals can: • Only use antibiotics when prescribed by a certified health professional. • Never demand antibiotics if your health worker says you don’t need them. • Always follow your health worker’s advice when using antibiotics. • Never share or use leftover antibiotics. • Prevent infections by regularly washing hands, preparing food hygienically, avoiding close contact with sick people, practising safer sex, and keeping vaccinations up to date. • Prepare food hygienically, following the WHO Five Keys to Safer Food (keep clean, separate raw and cooked, cook thoroughly, keep food at safe temperatures, use safe water and raw materials) and choose foods that have been produced without the use of antibiotics for growth promotion or disease prevention in healthy animals.
- 11. Policy makers To prevent and control the spread of antibiotic resistance, policy makers can: • Ensure a robust national action plan to tackle antibiotic resistance is in place. • Improve surveillance of antibiotic-resistant infections. • Strengthen policies, programmes, and implementation of infection prevention and control measures. • Regulate and promote the appropriate use and disposal of quality medicines. • Make information available on the impact of antibiotic resistance.
- 12. Health professionals To prevent and control the spread of antibiotic resistance, health professionals can: • Prevent infections by ensuring your hands, instruments, and environment are clean. • Only prescribe and dispense antibiotics when they are needed, according to current guidelines. • Report antibiotic-resistant infections to surveillance teams. • Talk to your patients about how to take antibiotics correctly, antibiotic resistance and the dangers of misuse. • Talk to your patients about preventing infections.
- 13. Healthcare industry To prevent and control the spread of antibiotic resistance, the health industry can: • Invest in research and development of new antibiotics, vaccines, diagnostics and other tools.
- 14. Agriculture sector To prevent and control the spread of antibiotic resistance, the agriculture sector can: • Only give antibiotics to animals under veterinary supervision. • Not use antibiotics for growth promotion or to prevent diseases in healthy animals. • Vaccinate animals to reduce the need for antibiotics and use alternatives to antibiotics when available. • Promote and apply good practices at all steps of production and processing of foods from animal and plant sources. • Improve biosecurity on farms and prevent infections through improved hygiene and animal welfare.
- 15. WHO response A global action plan on antimicrobial resistance, including antibiotic resistance, was endorsed at the World Health Assembly in May 2015. The global action plan aims to ensure prevention and treatment of infectious diseases with safe and effective medicines. The “Global action plan on antimicrobial resistance” has 5 strategic objectives: • To improve awareness and understanding of antimicrobial resistance. • To strengthen surveillance and research. • To reduce the incidence of infection. • To optimize the use of antimicrobial medicines. • To ensure sustainable investment in countering antimicrobial resistance.
- 16. WHO response WHO has been leading multiple initiatives to address antimicrobial resistance: •World Antibiotic Awareness Week •The Global Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance System (GLASS) •Global Antibiotic Research and Development Partnership (GARDP) •Interagency Coordination Group on Antimicrobial Resistance (IACG)
- 18. Recommended What causes antibiotic resistance? - Kevin Wu
Editor's Notes
- bacteria are among the oldest living things on this planet, the smallest thing we still consider life. they are masters of survival and can be found everywhere—————— most bacteria are harmless to us, your body hosts trillions of them and they help you to survive but others can invade your body spread quickly and kill you ——————- millions of people used to die as a result of bacterial infections until we developed a super weapon called the antibiotics——————- together with vaccinations antibiotics revolutionized medicine and saved millions of lives————— antibiotics kill the vast majority of susceptible bacteria fairly quickly leaving only a small group of survivors that our immune system then deals with easily
- how do antibiotics do this? Antibiotic kill bacteria by interfering their metabolism or attacking the Genetic material of the bacteria. All without bothering body cells. The rise of antibiotic resistant bacteria occur according to the Motto “What doesn’t kill you make you stronger” As a minority of bacteria manages to “evolve” into rather more powerful bacteria These super bacteria have an ability to resist the antibiotic and thereby can’t be killed by it anymore. a few immune bacteria are not that big a deal because the immune system can take care of them but if they escape they might spread their immunity and the problem Arise
- How can bacteria spread immunity? first of all bacteria have two kinds of DNA, the chromosome and small free-floating parts called plasmids, the bacteria hug each other and exchange those plasmids to exchange useful abilities. this way immunity can be spread quickly through a population or in a process called transformation The super bacteria can harvest other bacteria species genetic material and become immune to multiple antibiotics.
- another serious problem is antibiotic use in meat production at any particular point in time humanity holds between 20 and 30 billion animals as livestock to make meat cheaper many animals are held in horrible conditions in very tight spaces and in unhygienic conditions the perfect breeding ground for a disease,, so many animals are given antibiotics to kill as many bacteria as possible and prevent them from getting sick because a cheeseburger has to cost a dollar unsurprisingly as a result of this system we have created more and more bacteria that are resistant to antibiotics
- With increased flights numbers connecting the world, we built the infrastructure for a dangerous pandemic. We need to take some steps to avoid the antibiotic resistance from spreading.