This document discusses various types of paints and their properties. The main types discussed are aluminum paint, anti-corrosive paint, asbestos paint, cement paint, emulsion paint, enamel paint, oil paint, plastic paint, and silicate paint. Each type is described in 1-2 sentences highlighting their key properties and uses. For example, aluminum paint protects iron and steel from corrosion, possesses good weather resistance, and has a brilliant silvery shine. The document also briefly discusses some potential health effects of VOCs in paint fumes, such as both short-term and long-term negative health impacts depending on exposure time and levels.
The document discusses the key components of building construction including the foundation, substructure, superstructure, and various elements within each. It notes that the foundation transmits loads to the soil, the substructure is below ground level and includes the foundation, and the superstructure above ground includes elements like walls, columns, beams, floors, roofs, doors, windows, and stairs. Each component is described in one to two sentences explaining its purpose and role within the overall building structure.
This document provides information about slip form construction. It begins by defining slip forming as a construction method where concrete is poured into a continuously moving form. It is used for tall structures like bridges, towers, and dams. The document then describes vertical and horizontal slip forming. Vertical slip forming uses a working platform and hydraulic jacks to raise the formwork. Horizontal slip forming is used for pavement and traffic barriers. The structural units and structure of slip formwork are explained, involving steel panels, jacks, and other connecting elements. Key advantages are high construction speed, reduced labor costs, and uniformity of structures.
This document discusses the characteristics of good timber and defects in timber. Characteristics of good timber include having a sweet smell and shiny surface, darkness indicating durability, hardness, strength, elasticity, and durability. It should be free from defects and have straight fibers and regular annual rings. Defects in timber include knots, shakes that separate fibers, twisted fibers, and stains or rot from fungi, insects or moisture. Common defects are described such as pin knots, dead knots, and heart shakes.
This document discusses distempers and adhesives. It defines distempers as water-based paints used for masonry walls made by mixing whiting and glue boiled in water. It provides tips for applying distempers, such as ensuring a dry, smooth surface. Adhesives are defined as substances that bind surfaces together and can be used as substitutes for welding. Various types of adhesives are described, including glues derived from animals or plants as well as synthetic resins that are either thermosetting or thermoplastic.
This document discusses the key components and characteristics of paints used for building construction. It describes how paints are composed of pigments, binders, and other constituents that form a protective coating on surfaces. The document outlines the ideal characteristics of a paint, such as forming a hard, durable surface while being inexpensive and easy to apply. It also examines the different types of bases, vehicles, driers, pigments, solvents, and paints used for various construction applications.
1. Paint is a solution or suspension of pigment, binder, and solvent that forms an adhering film when dried. There are various types of paints classified by their composition, properties, or intended use for interiors or exteriors.
2. Distempers are a low-cost decorative coating made of chalk or whiting powder, water, glue or casein as a binder, and pigments. They are applied to brickwork, cement, or plastered surfaces and are more decorative than whitewash.
3. Varnishes are clear protective coatings made of a resin dissolved in an oil, turpentine, or alcohol solvent that dries to a hard, gloss
The document discusses different types of flooring materials and construction methods. It describes the purposes of floors and factors to consider when selecting materials, such as cost, appearance, durability, moisture resistance, sound insulation and fire resistance. Various flooring materials are then outlined, including brick, flagstone, concrete, terrazzo, mosaic, tile and marble flooring. Construction techniques are provided for each type of flooring.
The document discusses the key components of building construction including the foundation, substructure, superstructure, and various elements within each. It notes that the foundation transmits loads to the soil, the substructure is below ground level and includes the foundation, and the superstructure above ground includes elements like walls, columns, beams, floors, roofs, doors, windows, and stairs. Each component is described in one to two sentences explaining its purpose and role within the overall building structure.
This document provides information about slip form construction. It begins by defining slip forming as a construction method where concrete is poured into a continuously moving form. It is used for tall structures like bridges, towers, and dams. The document then describes vertical and horizontal slip forming. Vertical slip forming uses a working platform and hydraulic jacks to raise the formwork. Horizontal slip forming is used for pavement and traffic barriers. The structural units and structure of slip formwork are explained, involving steel panels, jacks, and other connecting elements. Key advantages are high construction speed, reduced labor costs, and uniformity of structures.
This document discusses the characteristics of good timber and defects in timber. Characteristics of good timber include having a sweet smell and shiny surface, darkness indicating durability, hardness, strength, elasticity, and durability. It should be free from defects and have straight fibers and regular annual rings. Defects in timber include knots, shakes that separate fibers, twisted fibers, and stains or rot from fungi, insects or moisture. Common defects are described such as pin knots, dead knots, and heart shakes.
This document discusses distempers and adhesives. It defines distempers as water-based paints used for masonry walls made by mixing whiting and glue boiled in water. It provides tips for applying distempers, such as ensuring a dry, smooth surface. Adhesives are defined as substances that bind surfaces together and can be used as substitutes for welding. Various types of adhesives are described, including glues derived from animals or plants as well as synthetic resins that are either thermosetting or thermoplastic.
This document discusses the key components and characteristics of paints used for building construction. It describes how paints are composed of pigments, binders, and other constituents that form a protective coating on surfaces. The document outlines the ideal characteristics of a paint, such as forming a hard, durable surface while being inexpensive and easy to apply. It also examines the different types of bases, vehicles, driers, pigments, solvents, and paints used for various construction applications.
1. Paint is a solution or suspension of pigment, binder, and solvent that forms an adhering film when dried. There are various types of paints classified by their composition, properties, or intended use for interiors or exteriors.
2. Distempers are a low-cost decorative coating made of chalk or whiting powder, water, glue or casein as a binder, and pigments. They are applied to brickwork, cement, or plastered surfaces and are more decorative than whitewash.
3. Varnishes are clear protective coatings made of a resin dissolved in an oil, turpentine, or alcohol solvent that dries to a hard, gloss
The document discusses different types of flooring materials and construction methods. It describes the purposes of floors and factors to consider when selecting materials, such as cost, appearance, durability, moisture resistance, sound insulation and fire resistance. Various flooring materials are then outlined, including brick, flagstone, concrete, terrazzo, mosaic, tile and marble flooring. Construction techniques are provided for each type of flooring.
Paint is made up of pigments, binders, solvents, and additives. The pigment provides color, the binder allows the paint to form a film, and the solvent controls the flow and application of the paint. Common pigments are used to color paints, inks, plastics, fabrics, and other materials. Binders suspend the pigment in a vehicle and give the paint its adhesion. Solvents are used to dissolve compounds in paint and allow it to dry rapidly after application. The three main types of paint are watercolor, oils, and acrylics, which differ in terms of pigment suspension, drying time, and characteristics.
Pointing - the technique of repairing mortar joints between bricks or other masonry elements.
Finishing - a fine job in building construction process
where it forms the beauty of a building.
Purpose of brick bonds
Types of bonds in Brick Masonry in Civil Engineering
Types of bonds in brick masonry with Application
Advantages and Disadvantages of each type
1. Plastering is done for protection, smooth surfaces, decoration, and to conceal defects. Requirements include adhesion, affordability, hardness, and workability.
2. Common plaster types include sand faced, rough cast, pebbled dash, and smooth cast.
3. Defects can include blistering, cracking, efflorescence, flaking, peeling, and popping. Cracking is caused by structural issues or drying movements.
The document discusses different types of doors. It describes 18 types of doors including battened and ledged doors, which are the simplest type using vertical battens and horizontal ledges. Braced and ledged doors add diagonal braces for increased strength. Framed and ledged doors improve on this with vertical styles. Panel doors consist of a frame with vertical styles and horizontal rails containing wood or other panels. Other door types discussed include glazed doors, louvered doors, revolving doors, sliding doors, and flush doors.
Scaffolding, underepinning and shoringlaxman singh
i have made all the slide according to poly diploma and BTech
this chennal is gold for poly diploma and BTech students.
follow me for all updates and i will help u in make a quality of notes
if u have any doubt fell free to ask on comment section i will reply as fast as a cheeta
I love to interact with you all.
This document provides an overview of different types of paints and their characteristics. It discusses 14 common types of paints including aluminum paint, anti-corrosive paint, asbestos paint, bituminous paint, and others. It also outlines guidance for the painting process, defects that can occur, and introduces varnishing, distempering, and white-washing.
The document discusses flooring materials and their properties. It provides information on various types of flooring materials including ceramic tiles, marble, terrazzo tiles, and vitrified tiles. For each material, it describes the manufacturing process, characteristics, advantages, disadvantages, common uses, and costs. Ceramic tiles are made from clay, sand and other natural materials that are fired at high temperatures. Marble is a natural stone that comes in various colors and grades. Terrazzo involves pouring a composite material that is ground and polished smooth. Vitrified tiles are made through a process that makes them non-porous and highly durable.
ROOF COVERINGS FOR PITCHED ROOFS • Roof covering is an essential component of pitched roof, to be placed over the roof frame work to protect it from rain, snow, sun, wind and other atmospheric agency. Various types of roofing materials are available, and their selection depends upon 1)..
Roof and roof coverings ppt
This document discusses structural analysis of frames and trusses. It defines frames and trusses, and explains that trusses are structures composed of triangular units that distribute loads efficiently. The document then covers various types of trusses including Warren trusses, Howe trusses, and Pratt trusses. It also discusses truss analysis methods and compares trusses to frames. Finally, the document provides examples of roof truss design and types of truss connections.
There are several types of deep foundations that can be used depending on the soil conditions and load requirements. These include basement foundations, buoyancy raft or hollow box foundations, well/caisson foundations, pier foundations, drilled shaft foundations, and pile foundations. Each type has advantages and disadvantages related to cost, construction difficulty, and suitability for different soil and loading conditions. Common examples of deep foundations used include caissons for bridge piers, drilled shafts for structures with large axial and lateral loads, and piles beneath structures with high groundwater or compressible soils. The type of deep foundation selected depends on the project needs and subsurface environment.
paint and its types (for architectural study)SIDDHI DOSI
This document provides an overview of paint, including its definition, composition, properties, techniques, types, and manufacturing process. Paint consists of pigments suspended in a liquid called a vehicle. Key properties include ease of application, opacity, durability, and flexibility. Common painting techniques include using brushes, rollers, and spray equipment. Main types are oil-based, water-based, enamel, and anti-corrosive paints. The manufacturing process involves mixing pigments, binders, solvents, and additives. Varnishes are clear or translucent coatings used to protect or enhance surfaces and are either natural resin or synthetic resin based.
This document discusses masonry and provides definitions of various masonry terms. It defines masonry as the construction of building units bonded together with mortar. It then discusses different types of masonry including stone masonry, brick masonry, and composite masonry. It also defines important terms used in masonry such as headers, stretchers, courses, bonds, and various types of closers. Finally, it discusses materials used for stone masonry including granite, sandstone, limestone and marble.
paints, types of paint, classification of paints, uses of paints, composition of paints, manufacturing procedure of paints, advantages and disadvantages of different types of paint
The document provides information on the basics of civil engineering foundations. It discusses the objectives and types of foundations, including shallow foundations like isolated and combined footings, and deep foundations such as pile and pier foundations. Pile foundations can be friction piles or load bearing piles. Factors that determine the size and bearing capacity of foundations are also covered. The document contains diagrams to illustrate foundation components and construction methods.
This document discusses various causes and effects of dampness in buildings and methods of damp proofing. It covers:
1. The main causes of dampness are moisture rising up from the ground, rain penetrating wall tops and external walls, and condensation.
2. Effects of dampness include unhealthy conditions, damage to structures and decorations, and deterioration of electrical fittings.
3. Methods of damp proofing include using a damp proof course (DPC), integral damp proofing of concrete, surface treatments, cavity wall construction, guniting, and pressure grouting.
4. Suitable materials for DPC include bitumen, mastic asphalt, metal sheets, cement concrete, and
A foundation is the lowest part of the building structure. It is the engineering field of study devoted to the design of those structures which support other structures, most typically buildings, bridges or transportation infrastructure. It is at the periphery of Civil, Structural and Geo-technical Engineering disciplines and has distinct focus on soil-structure interaction.
Wood preservation involves protecting wood from insects, fungi, weathering and wear and tear. It prolongs the life of wood and prevents natural decay. The main types of wood preservatives are tar oil, water-borne and solvent-based preservatives. Tar oils are dark liquids made from coal tar that are toxic to fungi and insects. Water-borne preservatives use toxic salts and water that leave the salts in the wood after treatment. Solvent-based preservatives use toxic chemicals dissolved in solvents left in the wood after treatment. Pressure treatment is the most effective application method, forcing the preservative deep into the wood using pressure and vacuum.
This document provides an overview and details of the Capitol Building and Stamford House in Singapore. It contains 41 photos documenting the conditions of the buildings in 2011 and after restoration work in 2015. The photos show improvements like cleaned granite, restored timber elements, and repaired ceilings, doors and ironwork. Reference documents on the conservation survey and structural evaluation of the buildings are also listed.
Paint is made up of pigments, binders, solvents, and additives. The pigment provides color, the binder allows the paint to form a film, and the solvent controls the flow and application of the paint. Common pigments are used to color paints, inks, plastics, fabrics, and other materials. Binders suspend the pigment in a vehicle and give the paint its adhesion. Solvents are used to dissolve compounds in paint and allow it to dry rapidly after application. The three main types of paint are watercolor, oils, and acrylics, which differ in terms of pigment suspension, drying time, and characteristics.
Pointing - the technique of repairing mortar joints between bricks or other masonry elements.
Finishing - a fine job in building construction process
where it forms the beauty of a building.
Purpose of brick bonds
Types of bonds in Brick Masonry in Civil Engineering
Types of bonds in brick masonry with Application
Advantages and Disadvantages of each type
1. Plastering is done for protection, smooth surfaces, decoration, and to conceal defects. Requirements include adhesion, affordability, hardness, and workability.
2. Common plaster types include sand faced, rough cast, pebbled dash, and smooth cast.
3. Defects can include blistering, cracking, efflorescence, flaking, peeling, and popping. Cracking is caused by structural issues or drying movements.
The document discusses different types of doors. It describes 18 types of doors including battened and ledged doors, which are the simplest type using vertical battens and horizontal ledges. Braced and ledged doors add diagonal braces for increased strength. Framed and ledged doors improve on this with vertical styles. Panel doors consist of a frame with vertical styles and horizontal rails containing wood or other panels. Other door types discussed include glazed doors, louvered doors, revolving doors, sliding doors, and flush doors.
Scaffolding, underepinning and shoringlaxman singh
i have made all the slide according to poly diploma and BTech
this chennal is gold for poly diploma and BTech students.
follow me for all updates and i will help u in make a quality of notes
if u have any doubt fell free to ask on comment section i will reply as fast as a cheeta
I love to interact with you all.
This document provides an overview of different types of paints and their characteristics. It discusses 14 common types of paints including aluminum paint, anti-corrosive paint, asbestos paint, bituminous paint, and others. It also outlines guidance for the painting process, defects that can occur, and introduces varnishing, distempering, and white-washing.
The document discusses flooring materials and their properties. It provides information on various types of flooring materials including ceramic tiles, marble, terrazzo tiles, and vitrified tiles. For each material, it describes the manufacturing process, characteristics, advantages, disadvantages, common uses, and costs. Ceramic tiles are made from clay, sand and other natural materials that are fired at high temperatures. Marble is a natural stone that comes in various colors and grades. Terrazzo involves pouring a composite material that is ground and polished smooth. Vitrified tiles are made through a process that makes them non-porous and highly durable.
ROOF COVERINGS FOR PITCHED ROOFS • Roof covering is an essential component of pitched roof, to be placed over the roof frame work to protect it from rain, snow, sun, wind and other atmospheric agency. Various types of roofing materials are available, and their selection depends upon 1)..
Roof and roof coverings ppt
This document discusses structural analysis of frames and trusses. It defines frames and trusses, and explains that trusses are structures composed of triangular units that distribute loads efficiently. The document then covers various types of trusses including Warren trusses, Howe trusses, and Pratt trusses. It also discusses truss analysis methods and compares trusses to frames. Finally, the document provides examples of roof truss design and types of truss connections.
There are several types of deep foundations that can be used depending on the soil conditions and load requirements. These include basement foundations, buoyancy raft or hollow box foundations, well/caisson foundations, pier foundations, drilled shaft foundations, and pile foundations. Each type has advantages and disadvantages related to cost, construction difficulty, and suitability for different soil and loading conditions. Common examples of deep foundations used include caissons for bridge piers, drilled shafts for structures with large axial and lateral loads, and piles beneath structures with high groundwater or compressible soils. The type of deep foundation selected depends on the project needs and subsurface environment.
paint and its types (for architectural study)SIDDHI DOSI
This document provides an overview of paint, including its definition, composition, properties, techniques, types, and manufacturing process. Paint consists of pigments suspended in a liquid called a vehicle. Key properties include ease of application, opacity, durability, and flexibility. Common painting techniques include using brushes, rollers, and spray equipment. Main types are oil-based, water-based, enamel, and anti-corrosive paints. The manufacturing process involves mixing pigments, binders, solvents, and additives. Varnishes are clear or translucent coatings used to protect or enhance surfaces and are either natural resin or synthetic resin based.
This document discusses masonry and provides definitions of various masonry terms. It defines masonry as the construction of building units bonded together with mortar. It then discusses different types of masonry including stone masonry, brick masonry, and composite masonry. It also defines important terms used in masonry such as headers, stretchers, courses, bonds, and various types of closers. Finally, it discusses materials used for stone masonry including granite, sandstone, limestone and marble.
paints, types of paint, classification of paints, uses of paints, composition of paints, manufacturing procedure of paints, advantages and disadvantages of different types of paint
The document provides information on the basics of civil engineering foundations. It discusses the objectives and types of foundations, including shallow foundations like isolated and combined footings, and deep foundations such as pile and pier foundations. Pile foundations can be friction piles or load bearing piles. Factors that determine the size and bearing capacity of foundations are also covered. The document contains diagrams to illustrate foundation components and construction methods.
This document discusses various causes and effects of dampness in buildings and methods of damp proofing. It covers:
1. The main causes of dampness are moisture rising up from the ground, rain penetrating wall tops and external walls, and condensation.
2. Effects of dampness include unhealthy conditions, damage to structures and decorations, and deterioration of electrical fittings.
3. Methods of damp proofing include using a damp proof course (DPC), integral damp proofing of concrete, surface treatments, cavity wall construction, guniting, and pressure grouting.
4. Suitable materials for DPC include bitumen, mastic asphalt, metal sheets, cement concrete, and
A foundation is the lowest part of the building structure. It is the engineering field of study devoted to the design of those structures which support other structures, most typically buildings, bridges or transportation infrastructure. It is at the periphery of Civil, Structural and Geo-technical Engineering disciplines and has distinct focus on soil-structure interaction.
Wood preservation involves protecting wood from insects, fungi, weathering and wear and tear. It prolongs the life of wood and prevents natural decay. The main types of wood preservatives are tar oil, water-borne and solvent-based preservatives. Tar oils are dark liquids made from coal tar that are toxic to fungi and insects. Water-borne preservatives use toxic salts and water that leave the salts in the wood after treatment. Solvent-based preservatives use toxic chemicals dissolved in solvents left in the wood after treatment. Pressure treatment is the most effective application method, forcing the preservative deep into the wood using pressure and vacuum.
This document provides an overview and details of the Capitol Building and Stamford House in Singapore. It contains 41 photos documenting the conditions of the buildings in 2011 and after restoration work in 2015. The photos show improvements like cleaned granite, restored timber elements, and repaired ceilings, doors and ironwork. Reference documents on the conservation survey and structural evaluation of the buildings are also listed.
Kajuraho is a group of Hindu and Jain temples in Madhya Pradesh, India built between 950-1150 AD. There are over 20 temples divided into three regional divisions, made of sandstone and featuring intricate stone carvings. The temples are notable for their well-preserved sculptural works that depict everyday life, deities, and erotic imagery. Scholars have various theories on the purpose and meaning behind the erotic sculptures at Kajuraho.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
The document discusses the architecture of Hindu temples at Khajuraho, India. It describes key elements of temple design like the amalka, entrance porch, halls, vestibule, towers, and inner sanctum. The Lakshmana Temple from 954 AD and the Kandariya Mahadev Temple from 1025 AD are highlighted as examples. Sculptures at Khajuraho temples typically include gods, celestial beings, couples, and animals. The architecture reflects the Chandela Dynasty's rule from 831 to 1315 AD and demonstrates the Nagara style.
The document provides details about the Khajuraho temples located in Madhya Pradesh, India. The temples were built between the 9th and 12th centuries by the Chandela dynasty and are known for their erotic sculptures. 25 temples remain today belonging to Hinduism and Jainism. The temples showcase the perfect fusion of architecture and sculpture in the Nagara style and are adorned with sculptures of deities, celestial beings, and secular scenes.
This document outlines the process and requirements for pre-construction anti-termite treatment for buildings according to Indian Standard 6313. It discusses health and safety measures when using chemicals, codes and standards to follow, general requirements for site preparation and treatment, and the specific treatment procedures for foundations, plinth filling, junctions of walls and floors, and other areas. The treatment aims to create a continuous chemical barrier around the building to protect it from termite infestation for 10 years.
Formwork is a temporary mold into which concrete is poured and shaped. It must be strong enough to support the weight of wet concrete and construction loads. Common materials for formwork include timber, steel, plastic, and aluminum. Proper construction and removal of formwork is important for quality, safety, and economy of concrete structures. Failure to properly brace, support, or remove formwork can lead to collapse during construction.
The document discusses the architectural features and styles of North Indian temples, specifically the Nagara style. It describes elements like the shikhara tower, amalaka disc, and urushringa subsidiary towers that characterize this style. It provides examples of specific temples demonstrating Nagara architecture, including those at Khajuraho, West Bengal, Gujarat in the Solanki style, Konark, and the Hoysala empire in Karnataka.
The document discusses the temples of Khajuraho, which were built by the Chandela kings from the 10th to 12th century and showcase erotic Indian art. It mentions several temples dedicated to Hindu gods like Ganesh, Vishnu, Shiva, and Jain Tirthankaras. Khajuraho was once the religious center of the Chandela kingdom and the temples there mark the highest development of Indian architectural design blending Hindu and Jain religions.
1. The document discusses various stages of construction for anti-termite measures, including laying earth, brick masonry, concrete subfloors, and termite shields.
2. It also covers classification of termites and chemical treatment of soil to form barriers against termites beneath and around buildings.
3. Proper installation of termite shields, caps, and treatment of soil foundations is important for effective anti-termite protection of buildings.
Varnish is a protective clear finish made from plant resins and solvents that is applied to wood and other surfaces. It enhances the natural grain and protects from environmental damage like water, abrasion, and UV rays. There are different types of varnishes classified by their resin and solvent composition, including oil, spirit, turpentine and water varnishes. A good varnish dries quickly to a hard, durable and weather-resistant film without cracking or hiding the wood grain. Common ingredients are resins like copal and shellac, solvents like linseed oil, turpentine and alcohol, and metallic driers that accelerate the drying process.
The document discusses curtain wall systems. It begins with an introduction defining a curtain wall system as a non-structural outer covering that keeps weather and occupants in/out. The history notes that curtain walls emerged as exterior walls became non-load bearing. It describes the components of curtain walls including mullions, transoms, glass, and other materials. Functions are listed as protecting interiors from the environment while providing lighting and occupant comfort. The document also covers installation systems, loads, maintenance, and provides case studies of curtain wall implementations.
This document discusses various causes and types of dampness that can occur in buildings. It describes rising damp, which occurs when water rises up walls through capillary action from the soil. To prevent this, damp-proof courses (DPCs) made of impervious materials like slate or bitumen felt are installed. Deterioration or bridging of the DPC can lead to dampness. Hygroscopic salts in rising damp water can also cause issues by continuing to attract moisture after repairs. The document also discusses penetrating dampness from external water entering walls, condensation dampness caused by high humidity and ventilation issues, and bridging of cavity walls. Treatments include replacing or injecting new DPCs, drainage improvements,
The document discusses various types of wall and wood finishing materials and methods. It provides details on different types of paint, their composition and uses. It also describes various wood finishing options like transparent coatings, penetrating finishes and opaque finishes. Specific finishing products from companies like Asian Paints, DuPont and Setco Chemicals are outlined. Application techniques for wood finishes including stripping, sanding, staining and sealing are explained.
This document summarizes different types of pointing used in masonry, including flush, keyed or grooved, recessed, weathered, V-pointing, beaded, tuck, and struck pointing. It also discusses common paints used for protection and appearance, including their composition, properties, defects, and application process. Key components of paints listed are the body, vehicle, pigment, thinner, and dryers. The document concludes with describing characteristics of good varnishes and the steps for painting woodwork and applying enamel paint.
Paint is a solution or suspension of pigment in a binder that is applied as a thin layer to surfaces. It is used to protect, decorate, or add functionality to objects. Paint composition includes pigments for color, a binder that forms the film, solvents to control viscosity, and additives. There are various types of paints based on their application, such as enamel, lacquer, stain, and powder coating paints that are applied by methods like brushing, rolling, and spraying. Paint can fail if not applied or treated properly, and historical use of volatile organic compounds in paint was harmful, leading to the development of more environmentally friendly low- and zero-VOC paints.
This document provides information about various types of timber and timber products. It begins by listing various types of trees and their characteristics, locations found, and common uses. It then describes different timber products including plywood, laminates, veneers, blockboards, particle boards, and fiber boards. For each product, it discusses the manufacturing process, types, properties, advantages, disadvantages, and market rates. The document provides a detailed overview of different timber sources and products used in interior design and construction.
The document discusses various types of defects in timber, including knots, shakes, and dry rot. It then covers different methods of seasoning timber, including air seasoning, water seasoning, boiling, steaming, kiln seasoning, and others. Various types of paints used for timber are also outlined, such as distemper paints, their composition and properties. Potential health effects of VOCs from paint fumes are briefly mentioned. Common methods of preserving timber from insects and decay are also listed.
This document discusses various types of wood, timber seasoning processes, defects in timber, preservation and uses of timber. It defines timber, wood, and lumber. It describes the structure of trees and different types of trees. It explains natural, kiln, chemical, electric and water seasoning methods. It outlines common timber defects and deterioration factors. It discusses timber preservatives, application methods, and special paints to protect timber from fire. Finally, it lists common uses of timber.
This document discusses different types of trees and timber. It covers the classification of trees as endogenous or exogenous, with exogenous trees further divided into conifers and deciduous. It describes the structure of trees and the process of seasoning timber to reduce moisture content. Both natural and artificial seasoning methods are outlined. Artificial methods include boiling, kiln drying, chemical and electrical seasoning. The uses, defects, deterioration factors, and methods of preserving timber are also summarized.
Seasoning is the process of reducing moisture content in freshly cut trees to increase durability. The objectives of seasoning are to decrease weight and transportation costs, maintain shape and size when used, and improve resistance to decay, fungi, insects, cracking, shrinkage and warping. Natural seasoning uses air drying which is slow but effective, while artificial seasoning uses techniques like boiling, water seasoning, and kiln drying to reduce moisture faster and more uniformly. Proper seasoning is important to protect timber from defects caused by fungi, insects, and processing. Common defects include knots, shakes, twisted fibers, and staining. Preservatives help prevent attacks from fungi and insects and are applied using various methods like brushing, spraying, and pressure injection
The document provides information on wood as a building material, including its structure, properties, seasoning, defects, and grading. It discusses the following key points in 3 sentences:
Wood comes from two types of trees - endogenous trees which grow inwards and exogenous trees which grow outwards. Exogenous trees are further divided into conifers like pine and fir, and deciduous trees like oak and teak that are most commonly used for engineering purposes. The document outlines various methods for seasoning wood including natural air drying, kiln drying, and chemical treatments to reduce moisture content and prevent defects before use in construction.
This document discusses various topics related to timber, including:
1. It defines terms like timber, wood, and lumber and describes the structure of trees.
2. It explains the two main types of trees - endogenous and exogenous - and notes that only exogenous trees are suitable for engineering construction.
3. Seasoning of timber is described as an important process to remove sap and moisture from fresh timber. Various seasoning methods like natural, kiln, chemical and electric are outlined.
4. Common uses of timber, defects in timber, agents that can cause timber decay, methods to preserve timber, and techniques to apply preservatives are summarized.
This document discusses various topics related to timber and wood. It defines timber, wood, and lumber. It describes the structure of trees including bark, cambium, sapwood, and heartwood. It classifies trees as endogenous or exogenous and discusses different types of wood including conifers, deciduous trees, and examples. It also covers seasoning of timber, types of seasoning including natural, artificial, and water seasoning. Further, it discusses uses, defects, deterioration, preservation, and methods of applying preservatives to timber.
This document provides information about timber used in civil engineering. It defines timber, wood, and lumber. It classifies trees as endogenous or exogenous and describes types of wood. It discusses seasoning of timber, including natural, kiln, chemical, and electric methods. It also describes defects in timber like shakes and cracks. Methods to preserve timber include applying coal tar oils or zinc chloride. Preservatives can be applied by painting, pressure treatment, or empty cell processes.
This document discusses various topics related to timber, including:
- Definitions of timber, wood, and lumber
- Classification of trees as endogenous or exogenous
- Seasoning of timber through natural, kiln, chemical, or electric methods
- Common uses of timber in construction and manufacturing
- Defects in timber like heart shakes, star shakes, and knots
- Deterioration of timber through decay, insects, and fire
- Methods of preserving timber through oily and water-soluble preservatives applied by painting, dipping, or pressure processes
This document discusses different types of wood used in construction. It defines timber, wood, and lumber. It describes the structure of trees and classifies them as endogenous and exogenous. Exogenous trees are further divided into conifers/evergreen and deciduous trees. The document also discusses seasoning of timber to remove moisture, including natural, kiln, chemical, and electric seasoning. It outlines the advantages of seasoned timber and describes common timber defects such as shakes, cracks, knots, and decay. Finally, it discusses preserving timber through applying preservatives like coal tar oil or zinc chloride using various methods such as painting, dipping, and pressure processes.
Timber comes from wood obtained from trees and is suitable for construction and other purposes. There are two main types of trees - exogenous and endogenous - with exogenous trees like conifers and deciduous trees most suitable for engineering. Timber has a macro structure visible to the eye like the pith, heartwood, and sapwood, as well as a micro structure only visible at high magnifications. Seasoning removes sap from fresh timber to make it stronger, lighter, and more durable. Common seasoning methods include natural, kiln, chemical and water seasoning. Timber is used widely in construction and manufacturing and can be preserved from damage using treatments like tar, paints, and chemical salts.
The document compares clamp burning and kiln burning for brick production. Clamp burning has a higher capacity but lower quality bricks than kiln burning. It has a temporary structure and very low initial cost compared to the permanent structures and higher initial cost of kiln burning. Common defects in bricks include over or under burning, blisters, bloating, and efflorescence.
Timber comes from trees and is classified as softwood or hardwood. Softwood comes from coniferous trees and hardwood from deciduous trees. Timber has micro and macro structures and can develop defects from conversion, fungi, insects, seasoning or natural forces. There are various wood products created through processes like veneering, plywood production, and impregnation of timber with resins. Proper seasoning and preservation of timber is required to improve its properties and increase durability.
Timber refers to wood suitable for construction. It comes from trees and has a complex structure with different layers like heartwood, sapwood, and bark. Timber is becoming scarce due to increasing demand. It is used to make products like furniture, construction materials, and paper. Proper felling, seasoning, and preservation can improve timber's strength and durability by reducing moisture content and preventing decay from fungi or insects. Various treatments and artificial processes are used to season and preserve timber.
construction materials for building material and construction technologyaparup4
This document discusses various construction materials including timber, clay products, refractory materials, and their properties.
It describes the macro and micro structure of timber, including features like annual rings, heartwood, sapwood, and medullary rays. It also discusses the importance of seasoning timber to reduce moisture content. Methods of seasoning include natural air/water seasoning and artificial kiln/chemical seasoning.
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This document provides an overview of timber, including its properties, classification, processing, defects, and preservation. Some key points:
- Timber refers to wood suitable for construction, while lumber is sawn wood for building. Trees are classified as softwood or hardwood.
- Timber processing involves felling trees at the proper age and season, seasoning to remove moisture via natural or artificial drying methods, and conversion through sawing.
- Defects in timber can occur from fungi, insects, weathering or seasoning issues. Proper storage and preservation methods like tar, paints or chemicals can protect timber from degradation.
- The document outlines various Indian timber trees and discusses factors that affect timber
Wood is a porous and fibrous material found in trees and plants. It is composed of cellulose fibers and is classified as hardwood, softwood, or fiberboard. Hardwoods come from broad-leaved trees and are dark in color, slow growing, and more expensive than softwoods, which come from conifer trees. Fiberboard is a manufactured wood made by breaking fibers down and bonding them. Wood needs to be seasoned to remove moisture and prevent cracking, shrinking, and fungal growth. Seasoning can be done naturally by air drying or artificially in a kiln for faster drying. Preservatives are treated to wood to protect it from insects and fungi and increase its lifespan. Common preservative
The document provides information on various topics related to general engineering:
1. It discusses different anticorrosive treatments that can be applied to mild steel like galvanizing, dry galvanizing, metal spraying, nickel plating, chromium plating, tin plating, and electroplating.
2. It explains different heat treatment processes for steel like hardening, tempering, annealing, and normalizing and describes how each process affects the mechanical properties of steel.
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Defects in timber can be caused by natural forces during tree growth, the seasoning and conversion processes, or biological attacks. Natural defects include knots, shakes, heart shakes, star shakes, cup shakes, radial shakes, pitch pockets, rind galls, and twisted fiber, which occur as the tree grows. Defects caused by seasoning and conversion after felling include bowing, cupping, springing, twisting, waney edges, case hardening, honeycombing, and stick staining. Biological attacks by fungi like dry rot and wet rot can cause decay if wood moisture levels are too high. Preventing fungal growth requires keeping wood dry, providing good ventilation, using well-seasoned lumber, and treating
Carpentry involves constructing wood structures like roofs, floors, doors and windows using suitable wood. Timber is the main material used. It is lightweight, easy to work with tools, and suitable for both load-bearing and non-load-bearing structures. Various hand tools are used for measuring, marking, cutting, planning, boring, and assembling wood. Common joints include half laps, mortise and tenon joints, and bridle joints. Wood must be seasoned to remove moisture before use to prevent warping.
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2. 1. Classification and Structure of
a Tree:
1. Exogenous Trees: These Trees increase in bulk by growing outwards
and distinct consecutive rings are formed in the horizontal section of such a
tree. These rings are known as the annual rings because one such ring is
added every year and these rings are used in predicting the age of tree. They
are further divided into two groups:
3. 3
I. CONIFERS: THE CONIFERS ARE ALSO KNOWN AS THE EVER
GREEN TREES AND LEAVES OF THESE TREES DO NOT FALL TILL
NEW ONES ARE GROWN. THESE TREES YIELD SOFT WOODS
WHICH ARE GENERALLY LIGHT COLOURED, LIGHT IN WEIGHT AND
WEAK.
II. DECIDUOUS: THE DECIDUOUS TREES ARE ALSO KNOWN AS
THE BROAD LEAF TREES AND LEAVES OF THESE TREES FALL IN
AUTUMN AND NEW ONES APPEAR IN SPRING SEASON. THE TIMBER
FOR ENGINEERING PROPOSE IS DERIVED FROM DECIDUOUS
TREES.
III. ENDOGENOUS TREES: THESE TREES GROW INWARDS AND
FIBROUS MASS IS SEEN IN THEIR LONGITUDINAL SECTIONS. THE
TIMBER FROM THESE TREES HAS VERY LIMITED ENGINEERING
APPLICATIONS. EXAMPLES – BAMBOO, CANE, PALM ETC.
8. 1.2 KNOTS:
8
• Where a branch has grown out of a tree the grain in the trunk becomes very
twisted. When this is cut through during conversion the result is a weaker
board and one which is difficult to work. Dead knots occur in some
softwoods.
9. • These are
distinguished from
live knots because
they show a black line
round their
circumference and
they sometimes fall
out of the wood
leaving a hole.
1.3 KNOTS:
9
10. 2. SHAKES:
• These are splits along the grain of
the wood.
• Heart shakes and star shakes are
very similar; they radiate from the
centre or heart (see drawing)
10
12. • End splits are
caused by rapid
drying from the
end grain
• Shakes may occur
during the felling
or as a result of
faulty seasoning.
2.2 SHAKES:
12
14. 3.1 DRY ROT:
14
• This is caused by a fungus growth which lives on the wood and
thus destroys it. It attacks wood in damp, unventilated positions
causing it to dry up and crumble into dust.
15. 3. CLASS WORK:
15
Questions:
1.Show by means of sketches what you understand by the following: star shake,
knots, cup shake, waney edge ?
2.Write down what you know about the common furniture beetle ?
3.Name a fungus which destroys wood particular damp unventilated position ?
16.
17. The art of seasoning is to extract the
moisture under controlled condition as
nearly as possible at a uniform rate from
all part of timber and to leave the
remaining moisture that cannot be
extracted uniformly distributed trough
out the mass.
18. • Air Seasoning or Natural Seasoning
• Artificial Seasoning
i. Water Seasoning
ii. Boiling or Steaming
iii. Kiln Seasoning
iv. Chemical Seasoning
v. Electric Seasoning
vi. Smoke Drying
19. As soon as the tree fall, it is converted by sawing
into battens and planks etc. these are then stacked
on a well drain place in shade, care is taken to
ensure free circulation of air all around each piece.
Stacking is done on masonry or concrete support a
few centimeters Above ground. These process of
seasoning timber is the best as it gives very strong
and durable timber, but its is extremely slow. It takes
more than 6 months for timber to season in moderate
climates.
20.
21. i. Water Seasoning
ii. Boiling or Steaming
iii. Kiln Seasoning
iv. Chemical Seasoning
v. Electric Seasoning
vi. Smoke Drying
28. 5. PRESERVATION OF TIMBER
28
• Timber has to be protected from the attach of insects e.g. white ants etc.
and from internal decay due to dry and wet rots.
• Perfect seasoning is the most effective means of preservation. Timber
should be well seasoned before application of preservatives as otherwise
the preservations would block the pores of timber, thereby causing this
decay due to entrapped moisture, Common method of preservation
adopted are :-
29. 29
I. Charring:- Lower ends of posts that are to be embedded
in ground area charged with a view of present dry rot
attack of worms. It is done by quenching the ends of posts
in water after they are charred on wood fire to depth o
1.5cm.
II. Tarring; It consists in coating with tar or tar mixed with
pitch. Embedded portion of timber fence posts, ends of
door and window frames, batters and beams built in wall
area usually tarred.
III. Painting: A paint with applied to timber acts not only as a
good preservative but also it enhances the appearance of
the surface so treated. For e.g. So lignum.
30. 30
(iv) Creosoting: Creosote oil is a dark brown thick oily liquid.
This is done in air tight chamber, after the air is exhausted
from chamber the creosote oil is then pumped at a pressure
of 9kg/sq cm and at a temp of 50 degree Celsius so long as
the timber is not fully saturated with oil. It is used in railway
sleepers. Piles and transmission poles, undesirable color
and smell inability to take paint well and tendency to stain
plaster limit its use.
(v) Wolman salt: This salt consist of creosote and sodium
fluoride and is soluble in water. It is odorless and leaves no
stain on wood. This renders the timber extremely fire
resistant and destroy many kind o fungi.
31. 31
(vi) ASCU Treatment : Forest Research Institute, Dehradun has
developed a new preservative know as ASCU . It is available in
form of powder and is made up of three chemicals mixed in ratio
given below :
1 Part by weight of hydrated arsenic pent oxide (As2O5.2H2O)
3 Part by weight of blue vitriol
(CuSO4.5H2O).
4 Part of weight of potassium
dichromate (K2Cr2O7.2H2O)
Six parts o this powder are mixed with 100 parts by weight of water.
ASCU solution can be applied or sprayed in two coats. This
treated timber may be painted . Varnished, polished or waxed, the
solution is odorless. This render timber immune to the attack of
white ant.
32. 32
Six parts o this powder are mixed with 100
parts by weight of water. ASCU solution can
be applied or sprayed in two coats. This
treated timber may be painted . Varnished,
polished or waxed, the solution is odorless.
This render timber immune to the attack of
white ant.
33. 33
• (vii) Fire proofing of timber :- Making timber fire proof is not
possible , but fire resistant is possible up to sufficient extent.
• Soaking timber is ammonium sulphate, ammonium chloride,
ammonia , phosphate, sodium arsenate,
Zinc chloride, etc or spraying on timber,
a solution of sodium silicate, potassium
silicate or ammonia phosphate etc. Imparts
fire resisting property.
• Abel's method of fire proofing timber is painting the surface first
with a dilute solution silicate (Na2SiO6) then with a cream like paste of
slaked fat lime and in the end with concentrated solution of silicate of
soda.
36. 1. DEFINATION:
DISTEMPERS ARE CONSIDERED TO BE WATER PAINTS CONSISTING OF
WHITING GLUE OR CASEIN AS A BINDER & SUITABLE PROPORTION OF
FAST COLOURING PIGMENTS. THESE DISTEMPER FORM A CHEAP AND
DUARABLE AND EASILY APPLIED DECORATION FOR INTERNAL USE ON
PLASTERED CEMENT CONCRETE AND VARIOUS WALL BOARD
SURFACES.
37. 2. COMPOSITIONS:
A DISTEMPER IS COMPOSED OF BASE (WHITING OR
CHALK ), GLUE(BINDER), WATER(CARRIER OR THINNER
) AND COLOURING PIGMENT. DISTEMPER ARE
AVAILBLE IN VARIOUS SHADES. THEY MAY BE EITHER
IN POWDERFORM OR PASTE FORM . THESE ARE
REQUIRED TO BE MIX WITH HOT WATER BEFORE USE .
40. 3.2 COLOUR DISTEMPER:
• PREPARED BY MIXING DESIRED
COLOUR PIGMENT TO WHITING
BEFORE MIXING IT WITH GLUE
SIZE
41. 3.3 OIL BOUND DISTEMPER (OBD):
• IT IS VARIETY OF OIL
PAINT IN WHICH THE
DRYING OIL IS SO
TREATED THAT IT MIX
WITH WATER. SUCH
DISTEMPERS ARE
DILUTED OR THINNED
WITH WATER WHEN
REQUIRD THEY FORM
ON DRYING A
DURABLE & WASHABLE
COATING.
42. 3.4 CASEIN PAINT:
• PREPARED BY MIXING
A FINELY GROUND
CASEIN (IS EXERTED
FROM MILK, CURD AND
ACT AS A BINDER)
WITH A WHITE BASE
USUALLY SLAKED
LIME. DUE TO HIGH
OPACITY, THESE PAINT
ARE USED ON THE
PLASTERED
SURFACES.
43. 4. PROPERTIES:
DISTEMPER MAY BE FORM OF OIL BOUND
WASHABLE PAINT, WASHABLE OIL FREE DISTEMPER,
NON WASHABLE.
THEY ARE CHEAPER THEN PAINT AND VARNISHES.
THEY ARE TREATED LIKE WATER PAINTS AND HENCE
ARE EASIER TO APPLY.
THEY ACT AS SEALER OVER POROUS SURFACES
AND ALLOW THE WATER TO PASS THROUGH THEM.
THIS PROPERTY PERMITS THE NEW WALL TO DRY
OUT WITHOUT DAMAGING FILMS.
44. THEY ARE MORE DURABLE & PRESENT SMOOTHER.
THEY ARE PREFERRED TO COLOUR WASH AND
WHITE WASH. THEY PROVIDE A GOOD REFLECTIVE
COATING.
46. PROCESS OF DISTEMPERING
• Various steps involved in process of distemper:
1.Preparation of surface
2.Priming coat
3.Coats of distemper
47. PREPARATION OF SURFACE
(1) The new plastered surface should be kept exposed for a
period of two months or so to dry out before
distemper is applied on them. The presence of dampness on the surface results in
failure of distemper coating.
(2) The surface to receive distemper should be free from any efflorescence patches.
These are to be wiped out by clean cloth.
(3) The cracks, holes seen on wall surface should be filled with putty and to allowed
to be becomes hard before distemper is applied on the surface
(4) The old distemper should be removed by scraping and profuse watering before
applying the new distemper.
49. PRIMING COAT
• After proper preparation of surface, The next step is to apply priming coat . it is
allowed to dry .For local made distemper, the milk is used for priming coat. One
liter of milk will cover about 10 m square of the surface.
50. COATS OF DISTEMPER
• The first coat of distemper is then applied on the surface. It should be of a light and
applied with great care. The second coat of distemper is applied after the first coat
has dried and become hard. The distemper should be done in dry weather to
achieve better results.
51. 5. DISADVANTAGES:
5.1:ON DRYING DISTEMPER
FILMS LEADS TO CRACKING
AND FLAKING DUE TO
SHRINKAGE PROVIDE
THAT THE RECEIVING
SURFACE IS WEAK.
53. 5.3: Distemper give poor result in damp place as alternative
wetting and drying cause defects like peeling, flaking and
plastering. distempering should not be done in damp weather.
54. TOPIC: PAINTS
1. The main types of Paints are as following :
• Aluminium paint
• Anti corrosive paint
• Asbestos paint
• Cement paint
• Emulsion paint
• Enamel paint
• Oil paint
• Plastic paint
• Silicate paint
• Synthetic rubber paint
55. (A) ALUMINIUM PAINT
• It protects the iron & steel
from corrosion in better
way.
• Possesses good weather
resisting and water proofing
qualities.
• Due to its brilliant silvery
shining texture it is visible
even in darkness.
• High spreading or covering
power.
56. (B) ANTI CORROSIVE PAINT
• They consist oil; a strong
drier colouring pigment
mixed with very fine sand.
They are cheaper to white
land. It lasts for long period
and give back appearance
to surface
• Used for external work to
protect and preserve
structure steel work against
adverse effect of weather
fumes ,acid corrosive
chemicals etc.
57. (C) ASBESTOS PAINT
• Consists the fibrous asbestos as the
man ingredient of paint. It
possesses the qualities of retarding
the action of fire.
58. C: (A) ASBESTOS PAINT
• Used for painting structural steel
and iron works under water also
used for painting exterior brick and
plastered surface.
59. C: (B) ASBESTOS PAINT
• It is different from ordinary oil
paint and varnish. A cellulose
paint hardens by evaporation
of thinner or solvent used.
60. (D) CEMENT PAINT
• Better water proofing qualities
• Possesses good strength, hardness
density and durability
• It exhibits excellent decorative
appearance.
61. (E) EMULSION PAINT
• Used for brick and
masonry surface which
contain free alkali the
surface to be painted
should first be washed
with zinc sulphate
solution.
62. (F) ENAMEL PAINT
• T dry slowly, but on drying,
it produces a very hard,
impervious, glossy and
elastic, smooth and
durable film over the
surface being painted.
• Enamel painted surface is
not affected by hot & cold
water, steam, acid, alkalis,
fumes of gas etc.
63. (G) OIL PAINT
• This is ordinary paint consist of base
and vehicle may contain others such
as drier, thinner, an inert filler and
coloring pigments.
64. (H) PLASTIC PAINT
• Used for painting showrooms,
auditoriums, offices, cinema
halls etc. where attractive
appearance is desired.
65. (I) SILICATE PAINT
• On drying, forms a very hard
and durable surface.
• Paint has no chemical action.
• No affected by alkali's.
66. (L) SYNTHETIC RUBBER PAINT
• Excellent acid, alkali
and moisture
resistance properties.
• Dries quickly and high
covering power
• Moderate in cost and
can be applied easily
on surface.
67. HEALTH EFFECTS OF VOCS INHEALTH EFFECTS OF VOCS IN
PAINT FUMES:PAINT FUMES:
• There is a wide variety of both short-term and long-term negative health effects
associated with VOCs in paint fumes. The severity of the health effect depends
on several different factors, including both the length of time and the level of
exposure. Some examples of short-term, temporary side effects include:
68. • Irritation of the eyes, nose, throat or and/or respiratory tract
• Visual disturbances
• Headaches
• Loss of coordination
• Nausea
• Lightheadedness
• Dizziness
• Allergic skin reaction
• Fatigue
• Memory impairment
69. • Some of the conditions above can become chronic in individuals who are
consistently exposed to VOCs in paint fumes either in the home or at work on a
daily basis. Long-term health effects of VOCs can include:
• Liver damage
• Kidney damage
• Central nervous system damage
• Certain types of cancer
• Asthma
70. DO VOC’S DISAPPEAR WHENDO VOC’S DISAPPEAR WHEN
PAINT DRIES:PAINT DRIES:
• The odor that emits from paint when it is freshly applied is a result of
the ingredients within the paint that turn it to a liquid substance.
These substances are evaporated into the air while wet paint is
drying. The more wet the paint, the more substances in the air and
the stronger the odor. As the liquid part of the paint continues to
evaporate, odorous paint fumes continue to form. Along with
evaporation comes the process of dispersion.
• Dispersion occurs when the fumes mix with the air and are
dispersed into the environment. As dispersion occurs, more and
more of the fumes are carried throughout the air, which makes them
less concentrated, and the odor less strong. When the fumes are
completely dispersed, the paint is dried entirely and the odor
eventually disappears. VOCs are at their highest concentration
when paint is freshly wet.