Three Types of Irony
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There are 3 kinds of irony: verbal irony occurs when a character says something but means the opposite, like sarcasm; dramatic irony arises when the audience understands more about a situation than a character; and situational irony is when what actually happens is unexpected or opposite of what was expected. Verbal irony involves sarcasm, dramatic irony provides more information to the audience than characters, and situational irony creates an unexpected situation.
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The document defines and provides examples of different types of irony: verbal irony uses sarcasm to express the opposite meaning of what is said, dramatic irony occurs when the reader knows something a character does not, and situational irony involves unexpected situations that are opposite of what was expected. Examples are given for each type of irony to illustrate these concepts.
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There are three main types of irony: verbal, situational, and dramatic. Verbal irony uses words to express something different than their literal meaning. Situational irony occurs when the actual outcome is opposite of what was expected. Dramatic irony is used in storytelling where the audience knows something characters do not, such as a character relying on deceitful people unknowingly. It creates curiosity in how the character will eventually discover the truth.
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This document discusses three types of irony: verbal, dramatic, and situational. Verbal irony involves saying something that means the opposite. Dramatic irony occurs when the audience knows something a character does not. Situational irony involves an unexpected situation that contradicts what was expected. Examples of each type are provided.
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This document defines and provides examples of foreshadowing and flashback. It explains that foreshadowing is when an author hints at something that will happen later, while flashback is when an author refers back to something that already occurred. As an example, it analyzes portions of Little Red Riding Hood that use foreshadowing when the mother warns of the wolf, and flashback when Little Red Riding Hood remembers her mother's warning. The document concludes by reviewing the definitions of foreshadowing and flashback.
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This short story uses flashbacks and foreshadowing to tell a story that begins in the middle, after the main events have already occurred. It employs flashbacks to fill in details from before and foreshadowing to hint at events still to come. The unconventional structure presents the narrative out of chronological order.
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The document describes a society that has regressed from a previously advanced technological state to a more primitive one, relying on superstition, magic, and tribal clans rather than logic and science. Technology is no longer used and medicine is now considered magic. The people have developed myths explaining the remnants of the old civilization as the work of "gods." The setting has been divided into territories belonging to different clans, with some areas forbidden due to association with the old ruins.
By the waters of babylon
The document describes a society that has regressed from a previously advanced technological state to a more primitive one, relying on superstition, magic, and tribal clans rather than logic and science. Technology is no longer used and medicine is now considered magic. The people have developed myths explaining the remnants of the old civilization as the work of "gods." The setting has been divided into territories belonging to different clans, with some areas forbidden due to association with the former advanced society.
Paradox
A paradox is a statement that seems absurd or self-contradictory but may turn out to be true, such as saying a restaurant is crowded so no one goes there. At its core, a paradox contains two statements that are both true but cannot be true at the same time. One example is someone claiming to be a compulsive liar, which is paradoxical because it contradicts itself.
Drama and Death of a Salesman
This document discusses different types of characters that may appear in stories including protagonists who are the main characters, antagonists who oppose the protagonists, characters who change and develop over the course of the story or remain the same, and characters who are realistic or symbolic representations. It also mentions supporting characters that help develop other characters or provide commentary.
Drama and Death of a Salesman
This document provides an overview of key concepts in drama and tragedy. It discusses how drama focuses on major characters facing challenges and interacting with other characters. It defines different types of characters such as protagonists and antagonists. While drama does not show characters' full life stories, it brings out intense conflicts. Tragedy is a type of drama where the main character suffers a loss but gains insight. Tragedies often involve a character flaw called hubris that leads to destructive actions, and feature catharsis, or a purging of emotions. They depict a reversal of fortune, a moment of recognition, and suffering through events like peripeteia, anagnorisis and pathos.
Cause and-effect-powerpoint
This document discusses cause and effect relationships. It defines cause as why something happened and effect as the result of what happened. Causes always lead to effects, and effects always have causes. The cause answers the question "why?" and occurs first, while the effect answers the questions "what happened?" and "what was the result?". Sometimes the cause and effect relationship is not directly stated and must be inferred from clues. Effects can also lead to further effects in a chain reaction. The plot of the story "A Sound of Thunder" is based on a theoretical cause-effect chain where a time traveler stepping on a butterfly in the past ultimately alters modern civilization.
The theory and practice of oligarchical collectivism in 1984
The book Winston is reading, titled "The Theory and Practice of Oligarchical Collectivism" was supposedly written by Emmanuel Goldstein, a former high-ranking party member who betrayed the party. The book explains key aspects of the party's rule over Oceania, including its use of perpetual war to control the population, maintain power, and destroy resources that could otherwise raise living standards. It asserts that the three superstates of Oceania, Eurasia and Eastasia are essentially the same totalitarian society and engage in limited warfare to prevent any from gaining control while also keeping their own populations controlled. The party relies on "doublethink" and contradictions to retain power indefinitely through fear and ignorance.
Newspeak
The document discusses Newspeak, the official language of Oceania in George Orwell's novel 1984. Newspeak aims to restrict freedom of thought by limiting vocabulary related to ideas such as freedom and rebellion. It also introduces concepts like "doublethink" where contradictory beliefs can be held simultaneously. The goal is for Newspeak to eventually replace Oldspeak, eliminating undesirable concepts that do not conform to the totalitarian regime. Euphemistic terms are constructed to disguise the actual meaning of words and concepts. Thinking unapproved thoughts is considered "crimethink" and can result in vaporization.
Science fiction
Science fiction has been told since before writing was invented, with one of the earliest writers being Lucian of Samosata in the 1st century BC. Modern science fiction began to take shape in the 19th century. Science fiction is loosely defined as fiction dealing with the impact of science and technology on the world, sometimes using real technology and sometimes imagined. Common themes include using technology for disaster and expressing feelings about cultural changes from advances. For a story to be considered science fiction it generally needs to include at least three elements such as science, technology, other places, or catastrophes.
Sonnet
The document discusses different types of sonnets - Italian/Petrarchan, Shakespearean, and Spenserian. A sonnet is 14 lines with a specific rhyme scheme (abab cdcd efef gg). In Shakespearean sonnets, the volta or turn in the argument occurs before the final couplet which offers a summary or new perspective. Sonnets develop a sequence of ideas or metaphors and each quatrain should be read like a separate paragraph. The document provides two examples of sonnets with their rhyme schemes and lines.
Allusions in FFA
Charlie gained knowledge through experimental brain surgery, analogous to Adam and Eve eating the forbidden fruit. Like them, Charlie now understands both good and evil, and relations, though this knowledge has made him miserable and unable to return to his innocent former life. The surgery represents the modern snake that tempted Charlie to gain this knowledge through unnatural means.
What is intelligence
The document discusses IQ tests and their history. It notes that the first IQ test was called the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale, published in 1916. It used a single IQ score calculated by dividing a test-taker's mental age by their chronological age. The Stanford-Binet remains a popular assessment tool today after many revisions. IQ testing aims to assess human performance and intelligence through comparing individuals.
Why write 1984
George Orwell wrote 1984 in 1949, influenced by several events of the early 20th century. Totalitarian dictators like Stalin who ruled through terror and executed millions contributed to Orwell's dystopian vision of the future. He was concerned about privacy issues like government surveillance, corporations collecting consumer data, and employers monitoring employees. Orwell depicted extreme forms of psychological manipulation and physical control by the ruling party in 1984 to gain absolute power, including constant reminders of being watched, endless propaganda, rewriting history, and torture.
Foreshadowing
Foreshadowing is a literary device that provides hints or clues about future events in a story. It often appears at the beginning of a story or chapter to help readers develop expectations of what is to come. Any element of a story, such as events, actions, titles, or chapter names can act as foreshadowing by hinting at future plot developments and creating suspense for readers.
Allusions
This document defines an allusion as a reference within a work to something famous outside of it, such as a person, place, event, story, or work of art. It explains that allusions help readers understand new information by connecting it to something they are already familiar with. The document provides several examples of allusions in movies, books, and advertisements to famous works like The Shining, Of Mice and Men, and Greek mythology. It notes that the most commonly alluded to works are the Bible, Shakespeare, and Greek/Roman mythology.
Mood
Mood refers to the overall atmosphere created in a piece of writing through descriptive words. Identifying the mood depends on knowing words that describe how a scene or passage makes the reader feel. Mood is established by settings, characters, and their actions and describes an environment, while tone refers to a person's attitude. Examples of mood include relaxed, cozy, and romantic.
Tone and Mood
This document discusses tone and mood in writing. It defines tone as the attitude of the narrator or speaker towards the subject, which can be inferred from word choices. Mood is defined as how the reader is meant to feel. Tone belongs to the narrator while mood belongs to the reader. The document provides examples of passages with different tones - one dark and dreary, the other bright and happy - to show how tone influences mood. It concludes that tone and mood are related but distinct, with tone describing the narrator's voice and mood describing the reader's feelings.
The stranger part ii
Meursault is on trial for murder. He does not believe in religious concepts like God or an afterlife. The magistrate questions Meursault about his lack of beliefs and gets upset, shouting that everyone must believe in God or their life has no meaning. Meursault is indifferent to social structures like marriage that other people find meaningful. In prison, he is restricted by rules enforcing social hierarchies like favoring married relationships over unmarried ones. At the end, Meursault reflects that life is meaningless but death is inevitable, so one must accept life as it is rather than seeking meaning elsewhere.
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