PHILIPPINE BIODIVERSITY: Ecological Roles, Uses, and Conservation StatusNo to mining in Palawan
PHILIPPINE BIODIVERSITY:
Ecological Roles, Uses, and Conservation Status
A.C. Alcala, E.L. Alcala, I.E. Buot Jr.,
A. Diesmos, M.L. Dolar
E.S. Fernando, J.C. Gonzalez and
B. Tabaranza
The State of the Philippine Environment Mights Rasing
State of the Philippine Environment presented by Rev. Pepz Cunanan at the Young Leaders Summit 2014, organized by Young People's Ministries
http://pinoyyouth.org
Ecosystem and The Flow of Energy in an EcosytemAmos Watentena
An ecosystem is a community made up of living organisms and nonliving components such as air, water, and mineral soil. It is the complex of living organisms, their physical environment, and all their interrelationships in a particular unit of space. This presentation therefore describes an ecosystem in details, the nutrient cycles and the energy pathways in a much scientifically proven manner.
Biological diversity' means the variability among living organisms from all sources including, inter alia, terrestrial, marine and other aquatic ecosystems and the ecological complexes of which they are a part; this includes diversity within species, between species and of ecosystems.”
Convention on Biological Diversity 1992
TYPES OF BIODIVERSITY
Genetic diversity
Species Diversity
Ecosystem Diversity
Possible Alternative Uses Of Underutilized Fish And Marine Genetic Resources ...apaari
Possible Alternative Uses Of Underutilized Fish And Marine Genetic Resources (FMGR) by Chamari Dissanayake (PhD), University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Sri Lanka, Presented during the Regional Workshop on Underutilized Fish and Marine Genetic Resources and their Amelioration, 10-12 July 2019, Location: Colombo, Sri Lanka
PHILIPPINE BIODIVERSITY: Ecological Roles, Uses, and Conservation StatusNo to mining in Palawan
PHILIPPINE BIODIVERSITY:
Ecological Roles, Uses, and Conservation Status
A.C. Alcala, E.L. Alcala, I.E. Buot Jr.,
A. Diesmos, M.L. Dolar
E.S. Fernando, J.C. Gonzalez and
B. Tabaranza
The State of the Philippine Environment Mights Rasing
State of the Philippine Environment presented by Rev. Pepz Cunanan at the Young Leaders Summit 2014, organized by Young People's Ministries
http://pinoyyouth.org
Ecosystem and The Flow of Energy in an EcosytemAmos Watentena
An ecosystem is a community made up of living organisms and nonliving components such as air, water, and mineral soil. It is the complex of living organisms, their physical environment, and all their interrelationships in a particular unit of space. This presentation therefore describes an ecosystem in details, the nutrient cycles and the energy pathways in a much scientifically proven manner.
Biological diversity' means the variability among living organisms from all sources including, inter alia, terrestrial, marine and other aquatic ecosystems and the ecological complexes of which they are a part; this includes diversity within species, between species and of ecosystems.”
Convention on Biological Diversity 1992
TYPES OF BIODIVERSITY
Genetic diversity
Species Diversity
Ecosystem Diversity
Possible Alternative Uses Of Underutilized Fish And Marine Genetic Resources ...apaari
Possible Alternative Uses Of Underutilized Fish And Marine Genetic Resources (FMGR) by Chamari Dissanayake (PhD), University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Sri Lanka, Presented during the Regional Workshop on Underutilized Fish and Marine Genetic Resources and their Amelioration, 10-12 July 2019, Location: Colombo, Sri Lanka
Managing mangroves and sustainable aquacultureCIFOR-ICRAF
Presented by Virni Budi Arifanti of the Indonesian Ministry of Environment and Forestry at the 3rd Asia-Pacific Rainforest Summit, on 23–25 April 2018 in Yogyakarta, Indonesia
This presentation is done by Export Agriculture students of Uva Wellassa University of Sri Lanka as a requirement for the subject which is “Agricultura Resource Management”.
This presentation help you to get the information about the integrated multi trophic aquaculture system. IMTA is best technology for environment sustainability, economic sustainability and social sustainability.
Economics of sustainable catch issues, various regulatory measures to enhance fishery productivity.
John A. Dixon
from materials prepared by
J. Vincent, T. Sterner, J.E. Padilla, and
Marian delos Angeles
johnkailua@aol.com
World Bank Institute
Top 7 Things That Scare You About Outsourcing to the Philippines but Shouldn'tEastvantage
We list down the top 7 reasons foreign investors are weary of when contemplating on investing in the Philippines—and why they shouldn't be worried at all.
Managing mangroves and sustainable aquacultureCIFOR-ICRAF
Presented by Virni Budi Arifanti of the Indonesian Ministry of Environment and Forestry at the 3rd Asia-Pacific Rainforest Summit, on 23–25 April 2018 in Yogyakarta, Indonesia
This presentation is done by Export Agriculture students of Uva Wellassa University of Sri Lanka as a requirement for the subject which is “Agricultura Resource Management”.
This presentation help you to get the information about the integrated multi trophic aquaculture system. IMTA is best technology for environment sustainability, economic sustainability and social sustainability.
Economics of sustainable catch issues, various regulatory measures to enhance fishery productivity.
John A. Dixon
from materials prepared by
J. Vincent, T. Sterner, J.E. Padilla, and
Marian delos Angeles
johnkailua@aol.com
World Bank Institute
Top 7 Things That Scare You About Outsourcing to the Philippines but Shouldn'tEastvantage
We list down the top 7 reasons foreign investors are weary of when contemplating on investing in the Philippines—and why they shouldn't be worried at all.
BUDGET PROCESS OF THE PHILIPPINE NATIONAL GOVERNMENT, Report for PA1-Introduction to Public Administration, College of Public Administration - Tarlac State University
Credits of the presentation are to the Philippine Department of Environment and Natural Resources.
This presentation was included in the event kit of Green Bloggers Forum, held 7 June 2016 at the Cocoon Boutique Hotel, QC, Philippines. The DENR authorized all bloggers and participants to promote the information and materials during the event.
Hello. I am Kripa Thapa Magar, Public Health Professional. This slide was prepared when I was in BPH 4th semester, National Open College as an assignment of environmental health subject by compiling information from different sources.
Biodiversity and its Conservation methodsNishat Fatima
Biodiversity describes the richness and variety of life on earth. It is the most complex and important feature of our planet. Without biodiversity, life would not sustain.
Biodiversity holds ecological and economic significance. It provides us with nourishment, housing, fuel, clothing and several other resources. It also extracts monetary benefits through tourism. Therefore, it is very important to have a good knowledge of biodiversity for a sustainable livelihood.
Freshwater Pearl Mussel (Margaritifera margaritifera): An iconic specie at th...Riffat Naz
This presentation contains everything about freshwater pearl mussel or Margaritifera margaritifera, from its taxonomic hierarchy to iucn status and conservation strategies. It also includes causes which eventually led to its endangerment and role of Conservation genetics to save this specie.
PHILIPPINE DIVERSITY
Introduction
Classification of Biodiversity
Classification of Organisms
Why Study Biodiversity
3 Kingdom of Classification
Reports on the Number of Species in the World and in the Philippines
Number of Species of Plants and Fungi in the Philippines
Number of Species per Animal Group in the Philippines
Endangered and Threatened Species
Ecosystem Diversity
Threats to Biodiversity
Characterization and the Kinetics of drying at the drying oven and with micro...Open Access Research Paper
The objective of this work is to contribute to valorization de Nephelium lappaceum by the characterization of kinetics of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum. The seeds were dehydrated until a constant mass respectively in a drying oven and a microwawe oven. The temperatures and the powers of drying are respectively: 50, 60 and 70°C and 140, 280 and 420 W. The results show that the curves of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum do not present a phase of constant kinetics. The coefficients of diffusion vary between 2.09.10-8 to 2.98. 10-8m-2/s in the interval of 50°C at 70°C and between 4.83×10-07 at 9.04×10-07 m-8/s for the powers going of 140 W with 420 W the relation between Arrhenius and a value of energy of activation of 16.49 kJ. mol-1 expressed the effect of the temperature on effective diffusivity.
"Understanding the Carbon Cycle: Processes, Human Impacts, and Strategies for...MMariSelvam4
The carbon cycle is a critical component of Earth's environmental system, governing the movement and transformation of carbon through various reservoirs, including the atmosphere, oceans, soil, and living organisms. This complex cycle involves several key processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and carbon sequestration, each contributing to the regulation of carbon levels on the planet.
Human activities, particularly fossil fuel combustion and deforestation, have significantly altered the natural carbon cycle, leading to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and driving climate change. Understanding the intricacies of the carbon cycle is essential for assessing the impacts of these changes and developing effective mitigation strategies.
By studying the carbon cycle, scientists can identify carbon sources and sinks, measure carbon fluxes, and predict future trends. This knowledge is crucial for crafting policies aimed at reducing carbon emissions, enhancing carbon storage, and promoting sustainable practices. The carbon cycle's interplay with climate systems, ecosystems, and human activities underscores its importance in maintaining a stable and healthy planet.
In-depth exploration of the carbon cycle reveals the delicate balance required to sustain life and the urgent need to address anthropogenic influences. Through research, education, and policy, we can work towards restoring equilibrium in the carbon cycle and ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come.
Artificial Reefs by Kuddle Life Foundation - May 2024punit537210
Situated in Pondicherry, India, Kuddle Life Foundation is a charitable, non-profit and non-governmental organization (NGO) dedicated to improving the living standards of coastal communities and simultaneously placing a strong emphasis on the protection of marine ecosystems.
One of the key areas we work in is Artificial Reefs. This presentation captures our journey so far and our learnings. We hope you get as excited about marine conservation and artificial reefs as we are.
Please visit our website: https://kuddlelife.org
Our Instagram channel:
@kuddlelifefoundation
Our Linkedin Page:
https://www.linkedin.com/company/kuddlelifefoundation/
and write to us if you have any questions:
info@kuddlelife.org
WRI’s brand new “Food Service Playbook for Promoting Sustainable Food Choices” gives food service operators the very latest strategies for creating dining environments that empower consumers to choose sustainable, plant-rich dishes. This research builds off our first guide for food service, now with industry experience and insights from nearly 350 academic trials.
Altered Terrain: Colonial Encroachment and Environmental Changes in Cachar, A...PriyankaKilaniya
The beginning of colonial policy in the area was signaled by the British annexation of the Cachar district in southern Assam in 1832. The region became an alluring investment opportunity for Europeans after British rule over Cachar, especially after the accidental discovery of wild tea in 1855. Within this historical context, this study explores three major stages that characterize the evolution of nature. First, it examines the distribution and growth of tea plantations, examining their size and rate of expansion. The second aspect of the study examines the consequences of land concessions, which led to the initial loss of native forests. Finally, the study investigates the increased strain on forests caused by migrant workers' demands. It also highlights the crucial role that the Forest Department plays in protecting these natural habitats from the invasion of tea planters. This study aims to analyze the intricate relationship between colonialism and the altered landscape of Cachar, Assam, by means of a thorough investigation, shedding light on the environmental, economic, and societal aspects of this historical transformation.
UNDERSTANDING WHAT GREEN WASHING IS!.pdfJulietMogola
Many companies today use green washing to lure the public into thinking they are conserving the environment but in real sense they are doing more harm. There have been such several cases from very big companies here in Kenya and also globally. This ranges from various sectors from manufacturing and goes to consumer products. Educating people on greenwashing will enable people to make better choices based on their analysis and not on what they see on marketing sites.
Willie Nelson Net Worth: A Journey Through Music, Movies, and Business Venturesgreendigital
Willie Nelson is a name that resonates within the world of music and entertainment. Known for his unique voice, and masterful guitar skills. and an extraordinary career spanning several decades. Nelson has become a legend in the country music scene. But, his influence extends far beyond the realm of music. with ventures in acting, writing, activism, and business. This comprehensive article delves into Willie Nelson net worth. exploring the various facets of his career that have contributed to his large fortune.
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Introduction
Willie Nelson net worth is a testament to his enduring influence and success in many fields. Born on April 29, 1933, in Abbott, Texas. Nelson's journey from a humble beginning to becoming one of the most iconic figures in American music is nothing short of inspirational. His net worth, which estimated to be around $25 million as of 2024. reflects a career that is as diverse as it is prolific.
Early Life and Musical Beginnings
Humble Origins
Willie Hugh Nelson was born during the Great Depression. a time of significant economic hardship in the United States. Raised by his grandparents. Nelson found solace and inspiration in music from an early age. His grandmother taught him to play the guitar. setting the stage for what would become an illustrious career.
First Steps in Music
Nelson's initial foray into the music industry was fraught with challenges. He moved to Nashville, Tennessee, to pursue his dreams, but success did not come . Working as a songwriter, Nelson penned hits for other artists. which helped him gain a foothold in the competitive music scene. His songwriting skills contributed to his early earnings. laying the foundation for his net worth.
Rise to Stardom
Breakthrough Albums
The 1970s marked a turning point in Willie Nelson's career. His albums "Shotgun Willie" (1973), "Red Headed Stranger" (1975). and "Stardust" (1978) received critical acclaim and commercial success. These albums not only solidified his position in the country music genre. but also introduced his music to a broader audience. The success of these albums played a crucial role in boosting Willie Nelson net worth.
Iconic Songs
Willie Nelson net worth is also attributed to his extensive catalog of hit songs. Tracks like "Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain," "On the Road Again," and "Always on My Mind" have become timeless classics. These songs have not only earned Nelson large royalties but have also ensured his continued relevance in the music industry.
Acting and Film Career
Hollywood Ventures
In addition to his music career, Willie Nelson has also made a mark in Hollywood. His distinctive personality and on-screen presence have landed him roles in several films and television shows. Notable appearances include roles in "The Electric Horseman" (1979), "Honeysuckle Rose" (1980), and "Barbarosa" (1982). These acting gigs have added a significant amount to Willie Nelson net worth.
Television Appearances
Nelson's char
4. Molecular Diversity
• Molecular Diversity presents refereed
papers describing the development,
application and theory of molecular
diversity, and combinatorial chemistry in
basic and applied research and drug
discovery.
5. Genetic Diversity
• refers to the total number of
genetic characteristics in
the genetic makeup of a species. It is
distinguished from genetic variability,
which describes the tendency of
genetic characteristics to vary
9. IMPORTANCE OF BIODIVERSITY
Food
FISH comprises 10% of protein
intake globally and 50-60% that of
Filipinos.
Food for all living organisms
not just for man!
> 90% calorie intake globally
comes from 80 PLANT SPECIES
10. IMPORTANCE OF BIODIVERSITY
Medicines
•80% of the world’s population
use plants as 1° source of
medicine
•30% of all pharma medicines
are developed from plants and
animals
11. Fuel, timber, fiber and other resources
Most houses, furniture and even
many clothes are made from natural
products, including wood, oils, resins,
waxes, gums and fibers.
The cocoons of silk worms are the
basis of the valuable, centuries-old
Asian silk-making industry.
IMPORTANCE OF BIODIVERSITY
17. 82 species are FOUND ONLY82 species are FOUND ONLY
in the Philippinesin the Philippines
105 species of AMPHIBIANS105 species of AMPHIBIANS
18. More than 254More than 254
species ofspecies of
ReptilesReptiles
…with 208
species
endemic to
the
Philippines
19. BIRDS
A total of 576 species of birdsA total of 576 species of birds
196 of these occur only in the196 of these occur only in the
PhilippinesPhilippines
20. Of the 179 species of land mammals,Of the 179 species of land mammals,
111 species are found only in the
Philippines
24. 211 Lakes, 18 major
rivers,
22 marshes, swamps and
reservoir
INLAND WATERSINLAND WATERS
PHILIPPINE WETLANDS
1616 species of aquatic plants
3675 species of fauna
25. MANGROVES
Around 60 mangrove plant
species in the world
54 mangroves and related
species occur in the
Philippines
26. Corals
462 coral species
recorded Highest
in the world !!!
•Eastern Papua New
Guinea with 380
species;
•Ryukyu / Yaeyama
Islands with 370
•Great Barrier Reef,
Australia with 350
27. FISH
Philippine Total = 2,459/4,000 species in the
Indo-Pacific region
82 (possibly 98) species
are Philippine Endemics
2,241 marine species (2/3
coral reef-associated)
209 freshwater species
28. MolluscsMolluscs
22,000 freshwater, land and marine species22,000 freshwater, land and marine species
Seven occur
in
Philippine
waters
Nine species
of
Giant Clams
worldwide
30. Some Notable Flora and Fauna Species in
Philippines
•Philippine Eagle-
world’s largest eagle
•King cobra largest -
terrestrial venomous
snake
•Reticulated python -
largest / longest snake
•Phil. Iron
Wood/magkuno -
hardest wood
31. Some Notable Flora and Fauna Species in
Philippines
One of the smallest
deer
Mouse deer
1 of the Smallest primitive
primates
Slow loris & Tarsier
One of the Largest flowers
Rafflesia speciousa
World’s 2 largest bats
Golden-crowned Flying
Fox & Large Flying Fox
World’s largest rat
Cloud rat
Heaney and Regalado
32. Some Notable Flora and Fauna Species in
Philippines
Giant Clam – world’s largest giant clam species
Boring Clam – smallest giant clam species
Porcelain Clam – rarest giant clam species
Sperm whale – largest toothed cetacean
Killer whale – largest dolphin species
Minke Whale – smallest of all baleen whales
Dugong – only herbivorous marine mammal in
the Philippines
33. •Whale Shark – world’s largest fish
•Giant Manta Ray –
world’s largest ray
•Saltwater crocodile –
world’s largest living
reptile
•Leatherback turtle – largest of
all sea turtles
Photo by Evette Lee
•Dwarf Pygmy Goby - smallest
freshwater fish
•Sinarapan / Bia / Tabios -
smallest food fish
Some Notable Flora and Fauna Species in
Philippines
34. One of the World’s Richest in
Mineral Resources
• 2nd to Indonesia in geological
prospectivity in SouthEast Asia
• 2nd to South Africa in Gold production
• 3rd in copper production
• 3rd in Gold, 4th in Copper deposits
• 5th in Nickel deposits
• 6th in Chromite in nickel deposits
86. Composition and current characteristics of
biodiversity in the Philippine Marine environment
Taxon Number
Economically
Important
Threatened
Marine Fungi 7
Sea Grasses 16 3
Algae 1,062 531 60
Corals1
381
Other
Invertebrates
1,616 152 47
Fish2
1,831 672
Mammals3
18 18 18
Reptiles 20 20 20
Total*Total* 4,9514,951 1,3961,396 1451451
Total number of corals found in the Phil. now stands at 462 (Werner and Allen,
2000)
2
Total number of fish now is estimated to be over 2,000 species.
3
Total number of marine mammals in Philippine waters is now at 23.
* Estimated number of species in the Philippine marine environment is over 5,000
87. Status of Philippine Mangroves
! loss is largely due to fishpond conversion of mangroves
! reclamation for residential, commercial & industrial
purposes and excessive harvesting of trees for fuel
1918 450,000 hectares
19971997 only 112,400 hectares (24.97%) remains!!!only 112,400 hectares (24.97%) remains!!!
88. Total number of wildlife species in the
Philippines
Major Taxa No. of
Species
Endemic
Species
Threatened
Species
Amphibians 101+ 82+ (78%) 24
Reptiles 258+ 170+ (66%) 8
Birds 576+* 195+ (34%) 74
Mammals 204+** 111+ (54%) 51
Total 1139+ 558+ 50%) 157
92. 0
50,000
100,000
150,000
200,000
250,000
300,000
1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 1990
YEAR
Extent of Original Forest Cover in the
Philippines
Km2
FOREST
COVER
Spanish colonization (270,000
km2
)
American colonization (210,000
km2
)
Philippine Independence 1950’s (150,000
km2
)
Post EDSA Revolution (8,000
km2
)
Land area (300,000 km2
)
(400
years)
(100 years)
(50 years)
(40 years)
95. • These areas
become
increasingly
degraded and
pushed beyond
their capacity to
produce
• Cause: Rapid forest
loss has eliminated
habitat for unique and
threatened plant and
animal species; it has
also left large tracts of
land in the Philippines
vulnerable to soil
erosion
96. • *The loss of
nutrient rich soil
reduces crop yields
and contributes to
the expanded use
of chemical
fertilizers - a
practice that can,
in turn, pollute
water sources.
97. • Rivers and streams
also carry eroded
soil to the coasts,
where it interferes
with fish nursery
areas.
• * Soil runoff into
fish breeding and
nursery areas is
one of several
factors leading to
the overall decline
in productivity of
fisheries in the
Philippines
98. Consequences
Food insecurity. The lack of a stable and reliable
food supply contributes to poor nutritional status for
many Filipinos, especially for children:
Approximately 28 percent of children under 5 are
underweight (DOH Report, 2006)
Food insecurity also contributes to increases in
environmentally destructive practices such as
slash-and-burn agriculture ("kaingin" farming)
or the use of dynamite to increase short-term fish
catches.
99. . * In 1970, 32 percent
of the country's
population lived in
urban areas.
* Today, 48 percent is
crowded into cities,
where housing and
infrastructure struggle
to keep pace with the
growing numbers.
100. • Overcrowding and
insufficient housing
can be particularly
detrimental to
children: Studies have
suggested that infant
mortality rates in
Manila's slums are
three times higher
than in non-slum
areas
101. Water crisis is not far behind: Access to clean
and adequate water is an acute seasonal
problem in Metro Manila, Central Luzon,
Southern Tagalog, and Central Visayas.
Government monitoring data showed that up
to 58 percent of the country's water ground is
contaminated with coliform bacteria, causing
such diseases as diarrhea, cholera, dysentery,
and hepatitis A.
studies show that there is a steady 30-50%
drop in the levels of the country’s water
sources for the past 20 years or an average
drop of 1 meter/year
102. While on the average, the atmosphere’s
moisture is renewed every 8 days, stream
water every 16 days, soil moisture annually,
swamp water in 5 years, lake water in 17
years, groundwater renews only after 1,400
years.
118. DIRECT
• Deforestation due to
unsustainable
logging, farming and related
practices
• Aquatic destruction due to
unsustainable fishing and
deforestation
• Conflicting and poor policies
• Poor law enforcement
• Pollution
• Natural extinction
119. INDIRECT
•Poverty
from 47% Erap regime to 65% now (2
out of 3 feel extreme hunger)
•Overpopulation
87.6 Million (August 1, 2007)
•Corruption
•Lack of knowledge/Miseducation
•Apathy (Tragedy of the Common)
Editor's Notes
Fruits, nuts, mushrooms, honey, spices and other foods that human and wildlife consume originate from natural ecosystems.
In 1989 the total world fishery catch reached an astounding 100 million metric tons (since then annual landings have dropped or at best remained the same)
Forest traps rain, watershed allowing slow release of water
More evident among Ips being more in tuned to native practices
Vs. new breed/half/modern (nawawla bec of separation from the orig dweeling chuchu (naiwan sa songs)
Palawan ecotourism, Apo Island, Palawan, diving, capture fisheries
Philippine total
and endemism
Phil total
EaglehornbillMALkOHAxfruitdovexdwarf kingfidsherXguiabero
Last is racquet-tail
Tarsier (nocturnal), calamian deer (palawan), shrewmouse and cloudrat (mossy forest)
Stick insect walking stick, Phil?
Major riverine systems dying state, endemic animals are threatened by introduced species (lanao lake, introd of bangus sp accid with gobi which killed the native of sp the lake
1 ha=3 tons of fish other uses
Highest in the world, followed by Eastern Papua New Guinea with 380 species; Ryukyu / Yaeyama Islands with 370 and Great Barrier Reef, Australia with 350 (McManus, )
I ha= 3 tons fish
* (an additional 30 species can be expected)
At least 21 undescribed species recently found in the Calamianes Islands, Palawan
12 species are endemic to the Philippines & Indonesia
1 new species of Leptoseris in the Kalayaan Is.
Center of the center of world fish diversity, highest sp richness, second is indonesia (Carpenter and Spring)
59 Threatened species
Biggest and smallest and rarest giant clams in the world (octo, cuttlefish)
Endemism, land area dir rel
Income generation vs hunting (more profitable in ecotourism)
Big 4 not endemic, 2 fish sp.
Freshwater and endemic (endangered due to overharvesting and habitat destruction)
(plate tectonics only)
Fragmentation, originated from other regions dir rel with endemism and variety of terrestrial and marine
Bohol prev part of greater Min evidence in tarsier Mindoro close to Luzon but with greater similarity of biodive with Palawan coming from S Chiana
Habitats produced in time are varied, resulting varied lifeforms coming from diff regional origin
Palawan and mindoro
Luzon risen
Rise and fall of land, land bridges transported animals
Land bridges divided the seas and gave rise to fish diversification with 4 sea systems
Very tiny percentage of marine envi is the coral reef system but the bulk of marine biodiversity
Start and present due to massive conversion
From vanishing treasures by Lawrence Heaney (2002)
Philippine endimism and relative percentage
+ Includes new species (38 sp. for amphibians, 35 sp. for reptiles)
* Includes rediscovered species
** 22 species of dolphins, whales and dugong
Estimates place forest cover in 1900 at 21 million has. (210,000 km2) or 70% of the total land area.
Many areas were already heavily damaged by this time in the Central Cordilleras and Ilocos by local action, while the Spanish were responsible for the cutting of the much valued molave of the Central Visayas and the conversion of the marsh lands of Pangasinan and Culion which was reportedly already bald
The Americans introduced logging for export.
Forest still covered 18 million hectares (180,000 km2) or 60% of the total land area but the forests were under pressure because of the great demand for tropical hardwood for export to the U.S. Between 1900 and 1920, Romblon Island was completely deforested; the Central Plains of Luzon were also cleared, while Northen Bukidnon and Cotabato were opened up.
By 1950 estimates place forest cover at 15 million hectares (150,000 km2) or 50% of the total land area. Since 56% of the Philippines is classified as upland, the threshold in sustainable management was crossed in the 1945-50 period.
FAO, 1963 put forest cover at 12 million hectares (120,000 km2) or 40% of the total land area. The late 1960s is considered the start of a logging boom period. Logging concession areas increased from 4.5 million hectares to 11.6 million hectares.
Forest covered 34% of the total land area or 10.2 million hectares (102,000 km2). From 1977 to 1980, deforestation reached an all time high- over 300,000 hectares a year. By the end of the 1970s, the following islands were either almost completely deforested or had less than 5% forest cover: Polillo, Burias, Palaui, Tablas, Batanes Islands, Lubang, Marinduque, Ticao, Guimaras, Masbate, Siquijor, Cebu, Bohol, Samal, Siargao, Tawi-Tawi, Jolo and Camiguin. The Philippine forest was rapidly disappearing.
The Swedish Space Corporation (SPOT) study of 1987 place forest cover at 6.9 million hectares (69,000 km2) or 23.7% of the total land area. There were 2.7 million (27,000 km2) hectares or 8.9% of the total land area of primary forest and this included mossy and pine forest.
Slope more drastically downward with proper scaling also forest cover
Golden kuhol (massive escargo demand, pagbaha, kumalat, infested even ricefields displacing native kuhol)
Dominant in lakes, in gen displacing native sp bec of agression over time esp with GM tilapia)
Am bullfrog
Black/brown rat when mAGELLAN arrived displacing native sp (also bec native rats don’t cohabit with people but the undesirables do)