PHILIPPINE DIVERSITY Introduction Classification of Biodiversity Classification of Organisms Why Study Biodiversity 3 Kingdom of Classification Reports on the Number of Species in the World and in the Philippines Number of Species of Plants and Fungi in the Philippines Number of Species per Animal Group in the Philippines Endangered and Threatened Species Ecosystem Diversity Threats to Biodiversity

1. CHAPTER 3:
The State of Philippine Biodiversity
PRESENTATION BY: SMMS

2. I N T R O D U C T I O N
 Biological Diversity – refers to the totality of all
species on earth and the ecosystems where they
thrive.
- often associated with “variety”.

3. CLASSIFICATION OF BIODIVERSITY
 Genetic Diversity
 Species Diversity
 Ecosystem Diversity
Genes – are rich sources of biodiversity.

4. CLASSIFICATION OF ORGANISMS
 Kingdom Monera
 Kingdom Plantae
 Kingdom Animalia
 Kingdom Protista
 Kingdom Fungi

5. W H Y S T U D Y B I O D I V E R S I T Y ?
The organisms that have evolved through
times since the first prokaryotic organisms were
formed are rich biological resources. The discovery
of this rich variety of life and their uses has pave
the way for the transition from a nomadic form of
existence to the development of agriculture.

6. With the advent of the Agricultural Revolution and
the domestication of plants and animals, the human
race was assured of a continuous supplt to food.
Humans also ventured into improving their harvest
through seed selection and hybridization which to
some extent has influenced genetic diversity.

7. The rich biodiversity can also support the
increasing population on earth. In fact, marine
resources are now being explored as additional
sources of food other than traditional fishing.

8. H O W M A N Y S P E C I E S A R E T H E R E ?
•SCHEMES OF CLASSIFICATION
 Species is a group of individuals that can interbreed
with each other and produce viable offspring.
 Nomenclature
 A universal system of naming organism.
 Important in biological diversity.

9. CAROLLUS LINNAEUS (1707-1778)
 Swedish scientist
 Father of taxonomy
 Introduce the Binomial System of Nomenclature.

10. 5 KINGDOM SCHEME OF CLASSIFICATION
 Kingdom Plantae- A plant kingdom which include
all plants on earth.
 Kingdom Animalia- Is the largest off all kingdom
with more than 1million species.
 Kingdom Protista- Include unicellular organism
that do not fit in other kingdom.
 Kingdom Monera- Include organism that are single
celled known as bacteria.
 Kingdom Fungi- Used to be lumped with kingdom
plantae but because of chlorophyll and mode of
nutrition being a hererotroph, is was treated as a
separate kingdom.

11. REPORTS ON THE NUMBER OF SPECIES IN
THE WORLD AND IN THE PHILIPPINES
Vertebrates
Mammals 4, 629
Birds 9, 040
Reptiles 6, 458
Amphibians 4, 222
Total of Non-FishVertebrate 24, 349
Fish (bony) 18, 000
Fish (Cartilaginous) 850
Fish (agnathans) 50
Total Fish 18, 910
TOTAL OFVERTEBRATES 43, 259

12. Vertebrates
Mammals 5, 500
Birds 10, 000
Reptiles 10, 000
Amphibians 15, 000
Total of Non-FishVertebrate 40, 500
Fish (bony) -
Fish (Cartilaginous) -
Fish (agnathans) -
Total Fish 40, 000
TOTAL OFVERTEBRATES 80, 500

13. Higher Plants
Flowering Plants -
(Angiosperms) 352, 000
Conifers (Gymnosperms) 1, 050
Ferns and Horsetail 15,000
Mosses 22, 750
GRANDTOTAL OF HIGHER PLANTS 390 , 800

23. DEFINITION OF TERMS
 Taxonomist – Biologist that group organism into
categories
 Vascular Plant - has a phloem, the vessel that
transports food, and xylem, which transports water.
 Nonvascular plants - Do not have a well-developed
system for transporting water and food. They get
nutrients direct from environment and pass them cell to
cell.
 Endemic - a plant or animal that is native or restricted
to a certain country or area.

24. NUMBER OF SPECIES OF PLANTS AND FUNGI
IN THE PHILIPPINES
Plant Groupings Number
Angiosperms (Flowering Plants) 9, 000
Gymnosperms 33
Fern and Fern allies 1, 011
Mosses 506
Liverworts and Hornworts 518
Fungi 700
Lichens 790

25. Mangrove Forest are important because of the
extensive coastline of the Philippines.
o The seaweed group – 1,062 species
o Gregorio Velasquez
o Animal diversity – 170, 000 species
o The marine ecosystem – 24 species

26. NUMBER OF SPECIES PER ANIMAL GROUP IN
THE PHILIPPINES
Animal Groupings Number
Mammals 204
Birds 576
Reptiles 258
Amphibians 101
Fish 2, 000
Insects 20, 940
Corals 488

27. PERCENTAGE OF ENDEMICITY AMONG
VERTEBRAE SPECIES IN THE PHILIPPINES
Total Number No. Of Endemic
Species
% of
Endemicity
Mammals 179 111 64%
Birds 395 172 44%
Reptiles 258 168 65%
Amphibians 102 78 77%

28. TOP 12 COUNTRIES AND CORRESPONDING %
OF NON-FISH VERTEBRAE ENDEMISM
Country Endemic Species % Endemism
Australia 1, 350 5.62
Indonesia 848 3.53
Mexico 802 3.34
Brazil 788 3.28
Colombia 634 2.64
Madagascar 630 2.63
China 484 2.02
Philippines 474 1.96
India 393 1.64
USA 388 1.62
PNG 355 1.48
Peru 342 1.43

29. E N D A N G E R E D A N D
.
T H R E A T E N E D S P E C I E S
 Endangered Species – refers to a group of
organisms that is on the verge of extinction.
 Biodiversity hotspots – classification that is given by
the government and non-government organizations
for critical habitats.
 Threatened Species – are any species which are
vulnerable to endangerment in the near future.

30. NUMBER OF THREATENED AT THE SAME TIME
ENDEMIC SPECIES IN THE PHILIPPINES
Taxonomic Group No. of Threatened
Species
No. of Threatened
Endemic Species
Amphibians 24 24
Reptiles 8 4
Birds 74 59
Mammals 51 41

41. E C O S Y S T E M D I V E R S I T YY
 Ecosystem – is a community of living oorganisms in
conjunction with the non-living components of their
environment.
 Diversity – the state of being diverse; variety.
- mixture or mix in both terrestrial and
aquatic ecosystem.

42. F O R E S T E C O S Y S T E M
 Is a mutual woodland unit consisting of all plants,
animals and microorganisms.
 Mangrove
 Beach type forest
 Pine forest
 Dipterocorp forest
 Molave forest
 Philippine grassland
 Mossy forest

43. MANGROVE
 is a shrub or small tree that grows in coastal saline
or blackish water. (Tropical countries)

44. BEACH TYPE FOREST
 a narrow strip of woodland along the sandy and
gravely beaches of the sea coast (Casvarina, Ficus,
Terminilia, etc.)

45. PINE FOREST
 also called coniferous forest , is found in higher
elevations ranging from 500 to 1,500 meters. They
are manoculture. (Cordillera, Zambales, Baguio)

46. DIPTERTOCORP FOREST
 family of 16 genera & approximately 695 known
species of mainly tropical biuland rainforest tress
(Dipterocarpus, Sharea, Parasharea)

47. MOLAVE FOREST
 is a dry soil forest which is found only in parts of the
Western Philippines (Central Luzon, Mindanao &
Palawan)
 Vitex paruiflora, Pterocarpus (narra), etc.

48. MOSSY FOREST
 is a natural environment which is dominated by
species such as Eugenia, Eurya, Quercus,
Lithocampus, etc.
 covered with bryaphytes like mass, liverworts and
hornworts. (Mt. Pulag, Mt. Data, Mt. Polis in
Cordillera, Mt. Apo in davao and Mt. Lumut in
Cagayan de Oro.)

50. PHILIPPINE GRASSLAND
 dominated by the two species of grass, namely
Imperat Cylindrical and Saccharum spontaneum
(Batanes, Cordillera)

51. Imperata Cylindrica
Saccharum Spontaneum

52. DETERMINE THE SIMILARITIES OF THE
FOLLOWING PHOTOS:

53. DETERMINE THE SIMILARITIES OF THE
FOLLOWING PHOTOS:

54. DETERMINE THE SIMILARITIES OF THE
FOLLOWING PHOTOS:

55. DETERMINE THE SIMILARITIES OF THE
FOLLOWING PHOTOS:

56. DETERMINE THE SIMILARITIES OF THE
FOLLOWING PHOTOS:

57. A Q U A T I C E C O S Y S T E M
 Aquatic – means water
 Ecosystem – is the study of living and non-living
things.
 Aquatic Ecosystem – is the study of living and non-
living things in the water.

58. FRESHWATER AND MARINE

59. FRESHWATER ECOSYSTEM
 Freshwater ecosystems are a subset of Earth's
aquatic ecosystems. They include lakes and ponds,
rivers, streams, springs, and wetlands.
 There are 18 major river basins, 211 lakes and 22
marslands.

60. LAKES
 They are inland fresh water bodies can be volcanic
in origin such as Taal Lake, Laguna Lake, and other
7 lakes in San Pablo City in the Philippines.
Unfortunately, the aquaculture industry has
proliferated in these lakes.

61. TAAL LAKE AND LAGUNA LAKE

62. LAKES
 Other information state that the endemic fish which
is called the Mistichthys or commonly called as
“sinarapan” which is classified as the smallest
commercial fish in the world is found in the Lake
Buhi.

63.  In this lake you can also the phytoplanktons which
are microscopic green algae that are main
producers but they are not studied well yet so they
might be a habitat of new species.

64. RIVER BASIN
 A river is a natural flowing watercourse, usually
freshwater, flowing towards an ocean, sea, lake or
another river. In Metro Manila, the source of water
is came from La Mesa Dam channeled from Agno
River (Bulacan) and Umiray River (Quezon). There
are some River that can cause death such as the
Tulyahan, Pasig, San Juan and Marikina Rivers
according to DENR (Department of Environment
and Natural Resources)

65. AGNO RIVER, UMIRAY RIVER & LA MESA DAM

66. WETLANDS
 A wetland is a land area that is saturated with
water, either permanently or seasonally, such that it
takes on the characteristics of a distinct ecosystem.
Wetlands such as the Candaba swamp and the
Agusan marshland are also unique bodies of water,
home to several species which have not been
accounted for.

67. WETLANDS
 Wetland biota consisted of 1,616 species of
hydrophytes and 3,675 aquatic animals. Sadly, the
wetlands in the country are neglected ecosystems.
Given their ecological significance, research on the
ecology of wetlands in the country has to be
strengthened including the reproductive biology of
the species thriving in the area.

68. CANDABA SWAMP & AGUSAN MARSHLAND

70. MARINE ECOSYSTEM
 Marine ecosystems are essential for the overall
health of both marine and terrestrial environments.
Includes the mangroves and coral reefs which are
considered as the most productive ecosystem in
the world. It is the home to a wide variety of species
which contribute a high fishery yield. Some
examples include the famous Apo reef in Mindoro
and the Tubataha reef in the Sulu Sea. Based on
reports, 75% of the coral reefs are already
degraded due to a number of causes such as the
muru ami, cyanide and blast fishing, overfishing,
sedimentation and pollution.

71. TUBATAHA REEF & APO REEF

72. T H R E A T S T O B I O D I V E R S I T Y
Extinction and speciation are considered as
natural phenomena. The extinction rate in the past
has been estimated to proceed at 90 species per
century.

73.  Over-exploitation of natural resources
 Increase in human population
 Mining operations in the country
 Excessive use of pesticide to kill pest
 Erosion of top soil during deforestation
 Conversion of the forest into agricultural areas
 Excessive gathering of rattan and tree fern

74. G R O U P 2 :
C H A P T E R 3 :
 Ynes Grace Cruz
 Renz Gaddi
 Anjie Bondoc
 Maynard Cedric Mesina
 Sheena Marie Salvador
 Raymond Ronquillo
 Alvin Agustin
 Laurhea Pamintuan
Thank you for listening! GOD BLESS!