1. Darwinism is a theory of evolution developed by Charles Darwin stating that species evolve over time through natural selection of inherited traits that increase an organism's ability to survive and reproduce. 2. Darwin observed adaptations in plants and animals during his voyage on the HMS Beagle, such as tortoises and finches varying in appearance on different Galapagos Islands. 3. Natural selection favors traits that help organisms survive and reproduce more effectively in their environment, even if those traits are not inherently superior. Variations between individuals are key for natural selection.