Theoretical Perspectives
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This document discusses different theoretical perspectives on gender, including essentialist and social constructionist views of how biological sex differences relate to gendered behaviors. It defines gender as a social process, stratification system, and structure that organizes life. Transgender and intersex phenomena are discussed as disrupting normative definitions of gender. The concept of hegemonic masculinity is introduced as certain dominant forms of masculinity being valued over others.
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The document discusses three dimensions of the social that shape understandings of gender, sexuality, and heterosexuality. The structural dimension refers to patterned social relations that shape the social order through institutionalizing gender hierarchy and heterosexuality via mechanisms like law and the state. It legitimizes specific relationship forms. Everyday social practices also reproduce heteronormativity. While change is possible, heteronormativity continues to privilege monogamous coupledom and marginalize non-heterosexual relationships.
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Heterosexuality refers to romantic or sexual attraction between persons of opposite sex or gender. It involves enduring patterns of attraction, behaviors expressing attraction, and a sense of identity within a community of others who share these attractions. Biologically, heterosexuality may relate to prenatal hormone exposure and levels of androgen receptors. Psychologically, heterosexuality describes patterns of emotional, romantic and sexual attraction to the opposite sex. Historically and socially, heterosexuality is often linked to nuclear family formation and religious traditions view marriage as reserved for heterosexual unions.
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2. Gender as a social construct, influenced by factors like gender socialization from a young age and societal expectations that define femininity and masculinity.
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gender terminology- this presentation can help learners or teachers to understand the different terminologies when they want to learn about gender studies. you don't have to search another sources because this presentation is updated and complete. ewfkhqewilfgqiewurfhiqewurfhijweguqieyrgfweruigqerjkhewrjigyuqeirgtuiertyqeuirtyiqeruq weyriqyyruieyteuirty ertye uuertyiewurrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrroruweo4tr8934tyqernb iuuweoiurb ooutt ueferouothe gsdkir usslerh hwueywuyri uweuiwrghj hwrweeriutyoierghkjdfgnmd,nf jjerhwerwuiy
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Chapter 9Chapter Introduction
AP Images/J. ScottApplewhiteLearning Objectives
This chapter will help prepare students to
EP 2a
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EP 2c
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· LO 1 Define gender, gender identity, gender expression, and gender roles
· LO 2 Discuss the social construction of gender
· LO 3 Examine the complexities of gender, gender identity, and gender expression.
· LO 4 Evaluate traditional gender-role stereotypes over the lifespan
· LO 5 Assess some differences between men and women (including abilities and communication styles)
· LO 6 Discuss economic inequality between men and women
· LO 7 Examine sexual harassment
· LO 8 Review sexist language
· LO 9 Examine rape and sexual assault
· LO 10 Explore intimate partner violence
· LO 11 Identify means of empowering women
Girls are pretty. Boys are strong.
Girls are emotional. Boys are brave.
Girls are soft. Boys are tough.
Girls are submissive. Boys are dominant.
These statements express some of the traditional stereotypes about men and women.
Stereotypes are “fixed mental images of members belonging to a group based on assumed attributes that portray an overly simplified opinion about that group.” (Kirst-Ashman & Hull, 2012b, p. 25). The problem with such fixed images is that they allow no room for individual differences within the group. One of the major values adhe.
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The document discusses several key concepts related to sex, gender, and sexuality:
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- Gender encompasses social and cultural roles, expressions, and identities separate from sex. It exists on a spectrum beyond male and female.
- Gender identities include cisgender, transgender, non-binary, genderqueer, and more.
- Sexuality refers to orientations, attractions, and identity shaped by biological and socio-cultural factors. It involves heterosexual, homosexual, bisexual identities.
- Discourse emphasizes diversity, inclusion, and challenging stereotypes regarding
Gender
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Gender
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Gender refers to the socially constructed roles, responsibilities, identities, and expectations assigned to men and women by society, as opposed to sex which refers to biological and physiological differences. Gender is influenced by social and cultural factors rather than biology alone. Sociological perspectives on gender include functionalism, which views traditional gender roles as serving important social functions, and feminism, which argues that patriarchal societies promote gender inequality that benefits men over women. Evidence from different cultures demonstrates that gender roles vary significantly across societies and over time, supporting the view that gender is socially constructed rather than innate.
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The document provides an overview and summary of key concepts from a 13-week course on gender studies. It covers the following topics: introduction to gender studies and distinguishing between sex, gender and sexuality; biology and gender; cultural constructions of gender through socialization; social dynamics of gender including patriarchy and matriarchy; gender in social relations and structures; and issues of gender at work.
Gender school and society
1. Develop basic understanding and familiarity with key concepts- gender, gender bias, gender stereotype, empowerment, gender parity, equity, and equality, patriarchy and feminism;
2. Understand the gradual paradigm shift from women’ studies to gender studies and some important landmarks in connection with gender and education in the historical and contemporary period;
3. Learn about gender issues in school, curriculum, textual materials across disciplines, pedagogical processes and its intersection with class, caste, religion and region; and
4. Understand how gender, power and sexuality relate to education (in terms of access, curriculum and pedagogy).
Gender school and society
Gender refers to the roles and responsibilities of men and women that are created in our families, our societies and our cultures. The concept of gender also includes the expectations held about the characteristics, aptitudes and likely behaviours of both women and men (femininity and masculinity). Gender roles and expectations are learned. They can change over time and they vary within and between cultures. Systems of social differentiation such as political status, class, ethnicity, physical and mental disability, age and more, modify gender roles. The concept of gender is vital because, applied to social analysis, it reveals how women’s subordination (or men’s domination) is socially constructed. As such, the subordination can be changed or ended. It is not biologically predetermined nor is it fixed forever.
MODULE 2-LESSON 1.pptx
This document defines and discusses sex, gender, and sexuality. Sex refers to biological characteristics typically categorized as male or female, though some are intersex. Gender involves social and cultural roles of masculinity and femininity. Sexuality encompasses sexual orientation, attraction, behaviors, and relationships. The document emphasizes that gender and sexuality exist on spectra rather than binaries, and promoting diversity and inclusion benefits society.
gender-180112051048 (1).pptx
The document discusses key concepts related to gender, including:
- Gender refers to the social roles, behaviors, activities, and attributes that a society considers appropriate for men and women. It is distinct from sex, which refers to biological characteristics.
- Gender is socially constructed and varies across cultures, while sex is a biological and physical categorization.
- Patriarchy describes a social system where males hold primary power, and where societies are organized around male authority. It influences the control of women's productive, reproductive, and sexual abilities.
- Gender stereotypes overgeneralize traits based on gender without recognizing individual differences. They can promote inaccurate and simplistic views of men and women.
COLLEGE PHYSICSChapter # Chapter TitlePowerPoint Image
This document provides an overview of key concepts related to gender and sexuality from an introductory sociology perspective. It defines gender as the social traits and expectations linked to being male or female in a given society, distinguishing it from sex which refers to biological differences. It discusses theories of gender including essentialism, social learning theory, and conflict theory. It also covers concepts such as hegemonic masculinity, emphasized femininity, androcentrism, and sexism. Overall, the document introduces students to the sociological analysis of gender as a social construct and dimension of social inequality.
Judith Butler philosopher and gender argues.pdf
I do not have a view on which approach provides a more accurate explanation. Reasonable people can disagree on these complex issues, and both Butler and Serano make thoughtful arguments supported by evidence and reasoning.
Chapter 9 4th ed
This document discusses sex and gender. It defines sex as the biological and physical differences between males and females, such as genetic or reproductive characteristics. Gender is defined as the social and cultural roles, behaviors, and identities associated with being male or female in a society. The document notes that while sex is biologically determined, gender is socially constructed and can vary across cultures and over time. It explores various theories about gender roles and inequality between males and females in society.
Second Wave Feminism (Gender)
The document provides an overview of contemporary feminist theories. It discusses four main categories: gender differences, gender inequality, gender oppression, and structural oppression. Each category aims to answer the question "what about women?" Gender differences theories see women's experiences as different but not unequal to men's. Gender inequality theories view women's situations as unequal but not oppressive. Gender oppression theories argue that women are actively oppressed by patriarchal systems. Structural oppression theories examine how women experience oppression differently due to intersecting systems like capitalism, patriarchy, and racism. The document then examines specific theories within each category like liberal feminism, psychoanalytic feminism, radical feminism, socialist feminism, and intersectionality.
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Readings and ResourcesArticles, Websites, and VideosDiscussio.docx
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COLLEGE PHYSICSChapter # Chapter TitlePowerPoint Image
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Gendered Workplaces
Gender workplace segregation, also known as occupational sex segregation, refers to the phenomenon where men and women tend to work in different industries, occupations, or roles within the same industry. This document discusses explanations for occupational sex segregation, such as socialization influencing traditional career choices for men and women. It also discusses consequences, such as women earning less pay on average and facing barriers to promotion. The document proposes alternatives to address gender workplace segregation, such as expanding anti-discrimination laws, desegregating jobs, and addressing the fact that women are often primary caregivers through policies like paid family leave.
Gender, Sex, and Sexuality
This document discusses the nature vs nurture debate on what makes people different, with nature referring to biological or genetic differences and nurture referring to environmental and social influences. It presents nature and nurture as two opposing explanations for why individuals are different from each other. The document also questions what influences behavior and desires, leaving it as an open question.
Identity
The document outlines stages of identity development for both stigmatized and non-stigmatized groups. For stigmatized groups, the stages are internalization of negative stereotypes, anger towards the dominant culture, immersion in their own culture, and integration of their stigmatized identity. For non-stigmatized groups, the stages are acceptance of dominant values, awareness of discrimination often through a personal experience, education on privileged and stigmatized statuses, and integration of their privileged status.
Ideology - Social Institutions and Stereotypes
This document discusses how describing something as "natural" can end discussion and discourage challenges to that position. It also notes that invoking natural law can act as if humans are not in control or responsible for our own actions by portraying things as "just the way they are". Overall, the document cautions against using appeals to nature to avoid accountability or shut down debate.
Gender Socialization
Gender socialization is the process through which people learn the rules and expectations of their culture. Culture establishes shared concepts of reality and standards of behavior. Androcentrism values masculine traits over feminine ones and judges women by male standards, while heteronormativity asserts heterosexuality as the social norm and believes gender roles naturally determine sexuality.
Diversity Difference
This document defines and explains several key terms related to diversity, difference, and social identities. It defines patriarchy as a system where men hold power and exclude women. Essentialism is described as the view that social groups like gender or ethnicity have intrinsic natures. Identity politics is forming political views based on one's social identities. Systemic privilege refers to unearned advantages that benefit some social groups over others. Impairment is defined as lacking a body part or having a defective part, while disability describes social restrictions faced by those with impairments when society does not accommodate them.
Feminist Theory
Feminist theory views gender as pervasive in all aspects of social and individual identity, as it is impossible to examine any part of life without considering the influence of gender. Feminist scholarship also recognizes that systems of oppression like race, class, sexuality intersect and affect how gender is experienced. Additionally, feminist researchers experiment with new methods of conducting research that challenge traditional power dynamics between researcher and subject to empower both parties.
Global Women
The document discusses different models for feminist approaches to analyzing women globally:
- The "feminist as tourist" model adds superficial examples of non-Western women but maintains a Western perspective, uses stereotypes, and positions non-Western women as the exotic "other".
- The "feminist as explorer" model takes a deep focus on a non-Western area but still separates it from the West and avoids dealing with power hierarchies between women.
- The preferred "feminist solidarity/comparative feminist" model examines similarities, differences, and interconnectedness between women globally and addresses issues rather than types of people.
- "Anti-globalization" is critical of how globalization affects social relationships worldwide and
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Theoretical Perspectives
- 2. Sex and Gender The biological characteristics of men and women the social statuses and meanings assigned to men and women Sex Gender
- 3. Theories On Gender biological sex differences create the behavioral differences in men and women. differences in men’s and women’s behaviors are cultural and vary among societies. Essentialist Social Constructionist
- 4. Gender is… ① a process that humans create; ② a stratification system that ranks people; ③ a structure that organizes life.
- 5. Transgender “a way of being a man or a woman, or a way of marking resistance to those terms” (p.88)
- 6. Transgender Phenomena “anything that disrupts or denaturalizes normative gender, and which calls our attention to the processes through which normativity is produced and atypicality achieves visibility” (p. 85)
- 7. Intersex a general term used for a variety of conditions in which a person is born with a reproductive or sexual anatomy that doesn't seem to fit the typical definitions of female or male.
- 8. Hegemonic Masculinity Some dominant forms of masculinity are honored and valued over other subordinated forms of masculinity.