Identity
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The document outlines stages of identity development for both stigmatized and non-stigmatized groups. For stigmatized groups, the stages are internalization of negative stereotypes, anger towards the dominant culture, immersion in their own culture, and integration of their stigmatized identity. For non-stigmatized groups, the stages are acceptance of dominant values, awareness of discrimination often through a personal experience, education on privileged and stigmatized statuses, and integration of their privileged status.
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Handedness demonstrates concepts related to privilege and oppression: While right-handedness is considered normal, left-handedness has been viewed as deviant. Left-handed people often internalize negative perceptions and change behaviors to fit into a right-handed world. Right-handed people receive unconscious benefits and privileges. Internalized oppression occurs when oppressed groups believe and act on negative stereotypes about themselves, often competing/criticizing their own group. Overcoming oppression involves celebrating one's culture, confronting injustice, and pointing out internalized oppression in groups to change behaviors.
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Stereotypes are labels or categories people use to describe others based on characteristics like appearance, speech, or group membership. Stereotypes can form around differences in age, religion, income, gender, orientation, abilities, status, or appearance. To reduce stereotyping, people should focus on individuals, recognize more diversity within than between groups, see that groups don't define people, and learn other cultures and points of view.
Stereotyping
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Social Identity Theory
Social identity theory proposes that people categorize themselves into social groups to derive self-esteem and a sense of belonging. These in-groups are defined in contrast to out-groups, creating boundaries between members and non-members. The three key elements of social identity are categorization, where people label themselves and others into social categories; identification, where people associate with in-groups for self-esteem and belonging; and comparison, where groups favorably compare themselves to out-groups.
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This document discusses concepts related to race, ethnicity, prejudice, and discrimination. It defines race as a social construct referring to groups distinguished by inherited biological characteristics. Ethnicity is defined as identifying with a group based on shared cultural elements like language and ancestry, without requiring shared biology. Prejudice involves unfair generalizations about groups, while discrimination refers to unfair treatment. Racism is discrimination based on perceptions of race. Theories for why prejudice exists include scapegoating frustrated groups and authoritarian personalities respecting social hierarchies. Sociological perspectives like functionalism and conflict theory analyze how prejudice serves social purposes or divides workers. Different intergroup relations include genocide, segregation, assimilation, and pluralism.
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Tessa Perkins identifies 5 assumptions about stereotypes that are often made but can be challenged:
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This document discusses theories of multiracial identity development. It defines key terms like race, ethnicity, monoracial, and multiracial. It then summarizes two models of multiracial identity development: Poston's model and Kich's model. Poston's model outlines five stages: personal identity, choice of group categorization, enmeshment/denial, appreciation, and integration. Kich's model outlines three stages: awareness of differentness and dissonance, struggle for acceptance, and self-acceptance and assertion of an interracial identity. The document provides an overview of concepts and theories regarding the development of multiracial identities.
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- 1. stages of identity development โขStigmatized Groups โขNon-stigmatized Groups
- 2. stages of identity development STIGMATIZED GROUPS Internalization Anger Immersion Integration NON-STIGMATIZED GROUPS Acceptance Awareness Education Integration
- 4. STIGMATIZED GROUPS internalization of cultureโs negative imagery (not liking other women or blacks, disparaging gays, being ashamed of being poor, lighten skin, straighten hair, eye tuck) anger at the dominant culture โ usually as the result of a specific encounter with discrimination immersion in oneโs culture/identity โ surround self with others like self. Learns all one can about group history integration of stigmatized status โ stigmatized status integrated into rest of life, not the focus of it. One can distinguish between supportive and unsupportive dominant group members and can forge satisfying relationships with them
- 5. NON-STIGMATIZED GROUPS acceptance awareness education integration of privileged status
- 6. NON-STIGMATIZED GROUPS unquestioning acceptance of dominant group values โ heteronormativity awareness โ one becomes aware of stigmatization, often through a particular encounter with discrimination. the experience may produce a commitment to social change or sense of powerlessness. awareness of privilege. guilt. may try to forge alliances with stigmatized groups education โ focus less on winning the approval of stigmatized groups and more on learning the history or privileged and stigmatized statuses and how it/they effect oneโs life integration of privileged status โ privileged status integrated into rest of life. recognize those in stigmatized statuses as individuals not romanticized groups
- 7. stages of identity development STIGMATIZED GROUPS Internalization Anger Immersion Integration NON-STIGMATIZED GROUPS Acceptance Awareness Education Integration