1. Olive World Collection of Marrakech: an
opportunity to study the behavior of olive
genotypes with respect to climate change
International workshop:Applied Mathematics ans
Omic Technologies for Discovering Biodiversity
andGenetic for Ressources forClimate change
Mitigation and Adaptation for Sustainable
Agriculture in Drylands
RABAT, 24-27 June 2014
LHASSANE SIKAOUI, ABDELMAJID
MOUKHLI AND ABDALLAH BARI

2. The olive groves are a part of global biodiversity occupying the
wider Mediterranean region for thousands years. It play in this region
a significant socio-economic and ecological role.
More than 11 millions Ha
3 millions Tons of olive oil
2 millions tons of table olive
For its extensive geographical area, its ancient cultivation, the
cultivation of the olive tree has accumulated a large genetic variability
that is an asset to significant potential for exploitation
This plant material was exposed and still more to genetic erosion
favored by the abandonment of old varieties that no longer meet the
socio-economic demands and the increasing modernization of the
olive sector. However, this erosion can inevitably lead to loss of
valuable genes for ever.
Only almost 40 varieties are spread in large scale
INTRODUCTION

3. Diversity unknown and not studied
Homonomies and synonymies
Polyclonal varieties or name inclusing
many varieties ?
Case of « Picholine marocaine »
Problem

4. Study of diversity of
« Picholine
marocaine » in South
of Morocco
Fractales
Morphological
Coefficient
0.17 0.56 0.95 1.34 1.73
S1
S3
S15
S5
S6
S8
S9
S4
S13
S14
S2
S11
S12
S7
S10
AFLP

5. Identification, characterization, collection, conservation and use
of genetic ressources of olive
Projet RESGEN
COI, CFC,UE,…
Considering the importance of these resources, the
International Olive Oil Council decided in 1995 with the
support of Genetic Resources Program of the European
Union, to collect, conserve and use the genetic
resources of the olive tree. With the support of the
Common Fund for Commodities, other countries of the
Southern Mediterranean have been associated.

6. Morphological descriptors
DescriptorsOrgan
DiscriminantsTotal
4tree
14leaves
2flower
411Fruit
1011endocarp
1532TOTAL

7. World collection Marrakech (600 cultivars)
World Collection
Cordoba ‘Spain)
500
World Collection Izmir
– Turkey 60
Results: 1200 Accessions identified
The conservation of cultivated plants in ex-situ
collections is essential for the optimal management and
use of their genetic resources
National Collections
ONLY OLD VARIETIES

8. In Morocco, there is little diversity in comparison with other olive-growing
countries
Interests of diversification: pollination, product diversification, relative avoid
some climate events (Hot waves in spring) , timing of harvest.

9. OWGB Marrakech
The international Olive Collection
Marrakech is installed in the experimental
Field INRA Tassaout located 60 km from
Marrakech.
 Altitude : 465 m
 Longitude 724 N
 Latitude : 32 03 W
Location

10. 0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
72/73
73/74
74/75
75/76
76/77
77/78
78/79
79/80
80/81
81/82
82/83
83/84
84/85
85/86
86/87
87/88
88/89
89/90
90/91
91/92
92/93
93/94
94/95
95/96
96/97
97/98
98/99
99/00
00/01
01/02
02/03
03/04
04/05
05/06
06/07
07/08
08/09
09/10
10/11
11/12
12/13
precipitation (mm)
Average: 266 mm
 minimale :145 mm
 maximale :424 mm

11. 0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
t max
t min
Minima absolu: -4C
Maxima absolu: +45C
Moyenne des minima : 10,9c
Moyenne des maxima : 25,8c

13. Collection Mondiale de l’Olivier de
Marrakech: composition variétale
ORIGINE
Année de plantation
TOTAL2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Italie 158 9 167
Espagne 65 24 89
Chypre 31 31
Grèce 17 17
Portugal 15 15
France 13 13
Tunisie 15 12 4 13 44
Maroc 8 33 41
Algérie 44 44
Croatie 16 16
Egypte 19 19
Slovénie 10 10
Liban 15 15
Syrie 70 70
TOTAL 268 64 15 0 8 134 85 0 4 13 591
4 plants / accession

14. DIFFICULTIES
Transportation of rooted cutting:
Mortality : 14 % accessions lost
Space 20 HA
Collecting of data
No data passport
Authenticity ?
Reception of material; different
dates

15. Using 12 nuclear microsatellites (SSRs) and three chloroplast
DNA markers, this collection was characterized to examine the
structure of the genetic diversity and propose a set of olive
accessions encompassing the whole Mediterranean allelic
diversity range. We identified 505 SSR profiles based on a total
of 210 alleles. Based on these markers, the genetic diversity was
similar to that of cultivars and wild olives which were previously
characterized in another study indicating that OWGB Marrakech
is representative of Mediterranean olive germplasm. Using a
model-based Bayesian clustering method and principal
components analysis, this OWGB was structured into three
main gene pools corresponding to eastern, central and western
parts of the Mediterranean Basin.
Genetic structure and core collection of the World Olive Germplasm
Bank of Marrakech: towards the optimised management and use of
Mediterranean olive genetic resources
Hawane et al., 2011
INRA (MOROCCO) UCA – INRA (FRANCE) –

16. A set of 67 accessions was sufficient to capture
the allelic diversity The purpose of core collections is to
facilitate the use of germplasm by providing a set of
accessions displaying the genetic diversity available in the
larger collection
These investigations indicated the need to include
complementary criteria such as phenotypic, agronomic and
adaptive traits, but also the cultivar value and their
importance at historical, economic and sociocultural levels to
ensure optimal management. Beyond this variability, it is also
essential to assess genetic structures and pedigree
relationships within the core collection used for genetic
association studies and for identifying QTLs related to
phenotypic traits .

17. 10 (4 %)
96 (36 %)
102 (38 %)
50 (19 %)
8 (3 %)
2(1 %)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Nombre
de variétés
0 0-5 5-10 10-15 15-20 20-30
Classes de production (Kg / arbre)
Production cumulée (2007 et 2008) des 268 variétés
plantées en 2003

18. 32
26
6
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Nombre de
variétés
0-5 5-10 10-15
Classes des productions (Kg /arbre)
Production cumulée (2007 et 2008) des 64
variétés plantées en 2004
50 %
41%
9%

19. 19%
47%
28%
6%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
Réduit (<2) Moyen (2-4) Elevé (4-6) Très élevé (> 6)
Classes de poids
Poids moyen (en grammes) du fruit de 191 cultivars
37
90
53
11

20. Scaling of flowering stages of 8 groups of accessions World Olive
Collection Marrakech.
Group1 07-
avr
21-avr 29-avr CHOCK
HEAT
Group2 17-avr 28-avr02-mai
Group3 21-avr 27-avr 03-mai
Group 4
24-avr
28-avr 04-
mai
Group 5
26-avr
30-avr 03-
mai
Group 6
29-avr
01-
mai
05-mai
Group 7 02-
mai
04-mai 08-mai
Group 8 04-mai
06-mai 12mai
Start of Flowering
FULL Flowering
1 7
135
274
74
45
3 1
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
gr1 gr2 gr3 gr4 gr5 gr6 gr7 gr8
End of flowering
2014

21. 51 ACCESSIONS 2013

22. 51 ACCESSIONS 2013

23. 51 ACCESSIONS 2013

24. 51 ACCESSIONS 2013

25. THE GATHERING OF 600 ACCESSIOSN IN OWGB.
OPPORTUNITY TO STUDY CLIMATE CHANGE EFFECTS
Drought tolerance ?
Heat tolerance ?
Cold ? WHY SOME ACCESSIONS DIDN’T
produce ?
Heat chocks ?
TENDERS OF TEMPERATURE ? CLIMATIC DATA : 40 YEARS
FLOWERING, FRUIT SET , YIELD

26. THE GATHERING OF 600 ACCESSIOSN IN OWGB.
OPPORTUNITY TO STUDY CLIMATE CHANGE EFFECTS
OIL QUALITY
OIL QUALITY: example
C18:3 N/S Gradient ?
NORTH
PLATEFORM ASSET
NORMS
ORGANOLEOTIC QUALITY
FLAVOR, BITTERNESS
SOUTH

27. COLLABORATION WITH CC
COLLABORATING PROGRAM BETWEEN THE
THREE COLLECTIONS
DATABASES
COMPARISON BETWEEN BEHAVIOR IN
MARRAKECH AND ORIGIN AREA

28. ARBEQUINA
ZARZA
PICUAL
Quelques exemples de la diversité oléicole
ESPAGNE
ROYAL DE CAZORLA
Gros fruit
Petit fruit
Fruit moyen
Fruit côtelé

29. SANTA CATERINA
AMERICANO ITAFIR
GROSSA DI SPAGNA
ABUNARA
Quelques exemples de la diversité oléicole
Petit fruit
Fruit moyen
Gros fruit
ITALIE

30. CAYET ROUX
BOUTEILLAN
AGLANDAUSALONENQUE 3,16
Gros
fruit
Quelques exemples de la diversité oléicole
Petit
fruit
Fruit
moyen
FRANCE

31. Quelques exemples de la diversité oléicole
Gros
fruit
ANALIONTAS 1
KORAKOU 6,6 g
Fruit
moyen
Petit fruit
CHYPRE
LYTHRODONTAS
LEFKOSIA

32. Quelques exemples de la diversité oléicole
GRECE
KORONEIKI
Petit
fruit
KOLYBADA
MASTOIDIS
AMPHISIS
Fruit
moyen
Gros fruit