Genetic resources and live stock in pakistan

2.  Animal Genetic Resources (AnGR) include all
animal species, breeds and strains (and their
wild relatives) that are of economic, scientific
and cultural interest to humankind in terms
of food and agricultural production for the
present or in the future.

3.  climate varies with altitude, in turn affects the
type of vegetation.
 world’s highest cold areas that are located at
5,175 meters above sea level in the
Himalayas
 hottest low areas in the Indus Plains, temp
exceeds 50oC.

4.  Cropped area is 28%
 81% irrigated, remaining is rainfed
 4.8% of the total geographical area is forest
 water sources are rivers, ground water and
rainfall
 Indus river system, the largest irrigation system
in the world, provides 60%
 Ground water and rainfall 25% and 15%,
 (GOP, 2001)

5.  Agriculture sector contributes 26% GDP,
employs 44% of the total work force
 About 65% exports are agro-based
 4 major crops, wheat, rice, cotton, sugarcane
 Other crops like fruits, vegetables, potatoes,
onions, chillies, garlic etc

6.  The livestock sector accounts for about 9% of
GDP
 The average household holding size is 2-3
cattle/buffalo and 5-6 sheep/goat per family
deriving 30-40% of their income
 livestock species include cattle, buffaloes,
sheep, goats, camels, horses, asses and
mules.
 Products include milk, beef-and-buffalo
meat, mutton, goat meat, wool, hair, bones,
fats, blood, hides and skins

7.  Commercial poultry includes layers, broilers
and breeding stock
 rural poultry consists of layers and cocks and
cockerels

8.  India possess the highest buffalo population of 94.1 million (FAO
2002).
 The contribution of buffalo milk production to the dairying in Asia is
96.8 percent.
 India has the highest volume of buffalo milk production followed by
Pakistan, China and Italy

9.  Nili (southern punjab)
 Ravi
 Nili-Ravi (Punjab)
 Kundhi breeds (Sindh)
 Azi Kheli (KPK)
 The rest are non descript

11. Murrah Female Buffalo

12.  Phenotypic characterization is available for
Nili-Ravi and Kundhi
 Population genetic studies are also available
reporting genetic variations in different
economic traits.
 Genetic characterization at molecular level is
preliminary
 Rural, periurban, commercial

13. 1. Growth rate is comparable to cattle.
2. Meat flavor is comparable to beef with about one half the cholesterol, and less
than one-fourth the amount of fat.
3. Milk, with an average of 8 percent butterfat, is used in the production of
mozzarella cheese and other dairy products, such as ghee.
4. Requirements for fencing, handling equipment, immunizations, and health
programs are similar to those of cattle.

15.  Sahiwal,
 Red Sindhi, Cholistani are important.
 Thari or Tharparkar is a dairy-cum draught
breed
 The draught breeds include Bhagnari,
 Dajal, Dhanni, Lohani, Rojhan and Kankaraj.

18.  Phenotypic characterization is available for
most of the breeds.
 Sahiwal is more studied breed than Red
Sindhi
 Genetic parameters at population level.
 Genetic characterization at molecular level is
very preliminary

19.  Found at altitudes higher than 3000-7000
meters above sea level
 milk, meat and soft hair
 The only wild relative of domesticated cattle

20.  Sheep have 28 indigenous breeds in the
country of which 12 are fat-tailed
 Goats have 25 breeds
 Nomadic, sedentary, household
 Mutton, milk, wool, leather

22.  These consist of indigenous “desi” chicken
predominantly found in rural areas
 Aseel is the only distinguished breed, which
is mainly kept in rural areas for cock fighting.
 Ducks and geese

24.  Horses, mules and donkeys in Pakistan are
used mainly for draught
 purpose

25.  meat and milk supply of the country but more
importantly
 they are part of socio-economic culture in
coastal areas, arid desert and mountainous
regions where living conditions are difficult
and survival of other species is almost
impossible.

26.  Non-adoption of breeding plan and
unrestricted interbreeding among
different breeds.
 Growing trend of global reliance on a
limited number of selected breeds.
 Degradation of ecosystems.
 Diseases and natural disasters.

27.  Identification and listing of all the available animal
genetic resources.
 Creation of data-base on indigenous animal genetic
resources.
 Breed description and characterization to understand
their unique qualities
 Prioritizing the breed for characterization and
conservation based on their population structure,
economic utility and genetic diversity.
 conservation of the breed in-situ.
 Development of technology for collection and
freezing of genetic material.
 mass awareness.

28.  Inadequate feed resources (short by 30%)
 Widespread breeding of genetically inferior
livestock
 Epidemics of infectious diseases
 Inadequate institutional infrastructure
 Low investment by government

29.  Cattle population > 20 million heads
 Breed classification > 70% nondescript
 Nutritional level > 30% deficient
 Milk production level < 1000 lit./lact.
 Dairy potential > 3,000 lit./lact.

30.  Scenario-I
 Extinction of purebred native dairy breeds
 Scenario-II
 Conservation, utilization and improvement in
native dairy breeds

31. Marker is a piece of
DNA molecule that is
associated with a
certain trait of a
organism
Morphological
Biochemical
Chromosomal
GeneticTypes of
Markers

33.  Breed characterization both at phenotypic
and genetic level are needed
 Characterization of different breeds,
especially currently grouped as non-descript,
is needed.
 Specific adaptability and other characters
need to be studied.

34.  Animal reproduction and breeding
 Animal cytogenetics
 Molecular genetics
 Reproductive Physiology
 Cryopreservation of semen
 Artificial Insemination technique
 Reproductive health control

35.  Genetic distinctness of breed/ population
 Inbreeding level in the population
 Population bottleneck in the past
 Evolutionary pattern of the breed/ population
 Genetic endangerment level

36.  Genetic improvement of animals
 Improvement of feed resources &
technologies
 Epidemiology and Disease Management

38. • Green Revolution in the late 1960s
What is Green Revolution:
• “introduction of new technology in agriculture sector, i . Introduction
of new high yield varieties of wheat, rice, and maize
• ii. Improvement in per acre yield through quality fertilizers to
compensate for land deficiencies.
• iii. Use of pesticides and insecticides

39.  Agricultural crops such as cotton and sugar cane provide raw material for
two of the most imp industries in Pak i.e textile and sugar.
 Pak’s unsatisfactory agri performance is mainly due to traditional methods
of cultivation, illiterate ad uninformed rural population.
 .
 There is a decreasing returns to scale in agri sector.

40.  Cotton: 8.2% of value added in agri and about 2% to GDP.
 Rice: it earns substantial amount of foreign exchange. 5.4% of value added in agri and
1.3% to GDP.
 Sugar cane: 4.2% of value added in agri and about 1% to GDP.
 Wheat: 13.4% of value added in agri and about 3.4 to GDP.
 Other major crops are tobacco, mustard and rapeseed, maize and barley.
 Minor crops are major oil seed crops i.e cottonseed, rapeseed/mustard, sunflower, canola.
 Most of these crops are imported which is about 70.85 % of total availability and remaining
29.15% is made available through farming.
 Most of the pulses, tomato, potato, onion are other minor crops

41. Major
Crops
Rice
Wheat
Citrus
Live
Stock
Sugarcane
Mango
Maize
Cotton
US$ 2.94
bln
US$ 3.01
bln
Milk and milk
products
US$ 324
mln
US$ 1.02
bln
US$ 1.70
bln
US$ 302
mln
US$ 418
mln
US$ 3.36
bln
Source: http://faostat.fao.org/site/339/default.aspx

42. 3rd
Largest
3rd
Largest
Producer
of Dates
Herd of
Livestock
5th
Largest
Producer
of Mango
5th
Largest
Producer
of Cotton
5th
Largest
Producer
of Milk
The
Largest
Producer
of Kinnow
Pakistan’s Agriculture is

43. For 8,000 years, corn has been a staple in the
diet of livestock and humans alike.

44. Bt-corn is a type of (GMO) genetically
modified organism.
Bt stands for the term- Bacillus
thuringiensis.
Bacillus thuringiensis is a species of bacteria
that produces proteins that are toxic to
certain insects. This bacteria is found in soil
naturally.

48. The tomato was the very first widespread
genetically modified food available in the United
States. The tomato was bred with a gene that
keeps the plant from producing
polygalacturonase, an enzyme that's the starting
point for rotting.