Theme 1 earthquake terror vocabulary flash cards
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This document defines key vocabulary related to earthquakes and geological events, including debris, devastation, fault, collision, jolt, shudder, susceptible, undulating, and upheaval. Definitions and sample sentences are provided for each term.
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Boom, Boom Earthquakes
The document discusses different types of earthquakes and tectonic plate movement. It describes how earthquakes can occur when two tectonic plates slide past each other at a transform boundary. It also outlines various types of stresses like tension, compression, and shearing that can build up in Earth's 12 tectonic plates and potentially cause earthquakes. Additionally, it explains different fault types such as normal faults, reverse faults, and strike-slip faults.
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The document defines key terms related to earthquakes and fault types. It explains that a strike-slip fault occurs when rocks on either side of the fault move horizontally past each other. It also describes compression stress as squeezing rock to cause folding, tension stress as stretching rock to make it thinner, and normal faults occurring when the hanging wall slides downward due to tension. Reverse faults are defined as pushing rock together.
Plate layers convection distribution_movement
1. The document discusses natural hazards and tectonic plate movement. It defines a natural hazard as a natural event that threatens lives and property. Examples given are earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and tsunamis.
2. It describes the internal structure of the Earth, including the lithosphere which comprises the crust and upper mantle, and tectonic plates which are pieces of the lithosphere that move in relation to one another.
3. The causes of tectonic plate movements are explained as being due to convection currents in the mantle driven by heat from the Earth's core, and the slab-pull force exerted by subducting plates pulling the other plates along.
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Tectonic plates move due to convection currents in the mantle and slab pull forces. There are different types of plate boundaries including divergent where plates move apart, convergent where they move together, and transform where they slide past each other. These boundaries result in different landforms through geological processes. Divergent boundaries form rift valleys and volcanoes, convergent boundaries form fold mountains, volcanoes and trenches, and transform boundaries cause earthquakes. Natural hazards occur near plate boundaries like earthquakes, volcanic eruptions and tsunamis.
Deformation of Crust
The document discusses the deformation of rock crust through various tectonic processes. It defines deformation as the process by which crust is deformed along plate margins, producing geologic structures like folds, faults, joints and foliation. It describes how different rock types deform under stress through either ductile or brittle deformation. The key types of deformation discussed are folding, where layers of rock are bent, and faulting, where connected blocks of rock are displaced along a fracture plane. Common fold types include anticlines, synclines and monoclines. Fault types include normal, reverse, strike-slip and oblique-slip faults.
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This chapter discusses explanation text and how to express cause and effect relationships. Explanation text is used to explain how or why something occurs and follows a generic structure of a general statement, explanation statement using cause and effect, and a conclusion. The present passive voice is used to make text more formal and impersonal by focusing on the actions rather than the subject. Cause and effect relationships can be expressed using subordinating conjunctions, prepositions, and transition words to connect clauses and introduce results.
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The document discusses different types of earthquakes and tectonic plate movement. It describes how earthquakes can occur when two tectonic plates slide past each other at a transform boundary. It also outlines various types of stresses like tension, compression, and shearing that can build up in Earth's 12 tectonic plates and potentially cause earthquakes. Additionally, it explains different fault types such as normal faults, reverse faults, and strike-slip faults.
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The document defines key terms related to earthquakes and fault types. It explains that a strike-slip fault occurs when rocks on either side of the fault move horizontally past each other. It also describes compression stress as squeezing rock to cause folding, tension stress as stretching rock to make it thinner, and normal faults occurring when the hanging wall slides downward due to tension. Reverse faults are defined as pushing rock together.
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1. The document discusses natural hazards and tectonic plate movement. It defines a natural hazard as a natural event that threatens lives and property. Examples given are earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and tsunamis.
2. It describes the internal structure of the Earth, including the lithosphere which comprises the crust and upper mantle, and tectonic plates which are pieces of the lithosphere that move in relation to one another.
3. The causes of tectonic plate movements are explained as being due to convection currents in the mantle driven by heat from the Earth's core, and the slab-pull force exerted by subducting plates pulling the other plates along.
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Tectonic plates move due to convection currents in the mantle and slab pull forces. There are different types of plate boundaries including divergent where plates move apart, convergent where they move together, and transform where they slide past each other. These boundaries result in different landforms through geological processes. Divergent boundaries form rift valleys and volcanoes, convergent boundaries form fold mountains, volcanoes and trenches, and transform boundaries cause earthquakes. Natural hazards occur near plate boundaries like earthquakes, volcanic eruptions and tsunamis.
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The document discusses the deformation of rock crust through various tectonic processes. It defines deformation as the process by which crust is deformed along plate margins, producing geologic structures like folds, faults, joints and foliation. It describes how different rock types deform under stress through either ductile or brittle deformation. The key types of deformation discussed are folding, where layers of rock are bent, and faulting, where connected blocks of rock are displaced along a fracture plane. Common fold types include anticlines, synclines and monoclines. Fault types include normal, reverse, strike-slip and oblique-slip faults.
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Internal Forces Shaping the Earth discusses plate tectonics and how the movement of tectonic plates causes earthquakes and volcanic activity. Tectonic plates move in four main ways - spreading, subduction, collision, and shearing - which reshapes the Earth's surface over time. Earthquakes occur when plates suddenly slip or grind past each other at fault lines. Most earthquakes and volcanoes are located at boundaries where tectonic plates meet, such as the Ring of Fire around the Pacific Ocean.
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A theory explaining the structure of the earth's crust and many associated phenomena as resulting from the interaction of rigid lithosphere plates that move slowly over the underlying mantle.
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This chapter discusses explanation text and how to express cause and effect relationships. Explanation text is used to explain how or why something occurs and follows a generic structure of a general statement, explanation statement using cause and effect, and a conclusion. The present passive voice is used to make text more formal and impersonal by focusing on the actions rather than the subject. Cause and effect relationships can be expressed using subordinating conjunctions, prepositions, and transition words to connect clauses and introduce results.
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1) Alfred Wegener proposed the continental drift theory which stated that the Earth was once a single supercontinent called Pangaea surrounded by an ocean.
2) Evidence for continental drift includes fossils of the same plants and animals found on different continents, matching rock formations, and glacial deposits found in areas that were once near the South Pole.
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The Earth's crust is the outermost solid layer of the planet. Weathering is when rocks and other materials break down over time from things like water, ice, or plant growth. Erosion is the process by which soil and rock are worn away and transported from one place to another by natural forces like wind or water.
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- An earthquake is a vibration in the earth's crust caused by the sudden release of stored energy in rocks along fault lines.
- Factors like population density, level of preparedness, distance from the epicenter, time of occurrence, and soil type determine the extent of damage from an earthquake in addition to its magnitude.
- Earthquakes can cause hazards like disruption of services, destruction of property, landslides, destruction of infrastructure, loss of life, fires, and tsunamis.
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Here are three questions from the section with the answers:
1. What causes convection currents in the mantle?
- Convection currents in the Earth are caused by the Earth's hot inner core heating the magma within the mantle.
2. What is a fault?
- A fault is a fracture, or break, in Earth's lithosphere. Rocks on either side can slide slowly along the fault or stick together, building stress until releasing in an earthquake.
3. Where do most earthquakes occur?
- About 80% of all earthquakes occur in a belt around the edges of the Pacific Ocean, near plate boundaries like the San Andreas Fault where the North American and Pacific plates meet.
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Earthquakes originate from a focus point within the earth and seismic waves travel outward, reaching the surface at the epicenter above the focus. Body waves including P-waves and S-waves originate at the focus and travel through the earth, while surface waves cause more damage when they reach the epicenter. Faults occur along tectonic plate boundaries and are classified as normal, reverse, or strike-slip depending on whether the rocks above the fault plane move down, up, or sideways relative to the other side.
Divergent
1) Oceanic plates diverge from each other at mid-ocean ridges. Magma rises from the mantle to fill the gap between separating plates, cooling to form new ocean crust. The youngest ocean crust is closest to the ridge.
2) Continental plates can diverge, resulting in rift valleys like East Africa's Great Rift Valley. The stretched crust fractures and the land between sinks, forming a low-lying valley. Continental divergence can also form seas like the Red Sea.
3) Faulting occurs as the crust fractures along tensional forces during plate divergence. Rift valleys form along fault lines, and block mountains are uplifted crustal blocks surrounded by sinking land.
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Folds are bends in rock layers caused by forces within the Earth's crust. Folds can range in size from a few centimeters wide to several kilometers wide. Folds usually occur in series and resemble waves, with upward bends called anticlines and downward bends called synclines. Pressure from crustal movements deep in the Earth cause buried sedimentary rock layers to bend. Later erosion and uplift bring folded rock layers back to the surface. Folds helped form mountain systems like the Andes, Alps, and Himalayas.
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2) Sea floor spreading was proposed by Hess and coined by Robert Dietz, describing how new ocean crust forms along mid-ocean ridges as the plates spread apart.
3) Magnetic patterns in ocean crust provided evidence that Earth's magnetic poles switch polarity over time, recording a history of plate movements.
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2. At divergent boundaries, new oceanic crust is formed at mid-ocean ridges. This results in features like rift valleys on land and undersea volcanoes at sea. Convergent boundaries result in ocean trenches from subducting plates and volcanic island arcs. Continental collisions yield fold mountains from compressed crust.
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Ii. d. deformation of the crust
1) Alfred Wegener proposed the continental drift theory which stated that the Earth was once a single supercontinent called Pangaea surrounded by an ocean.
2) Evidence for continental drift includes fossils of the same plants and animals found on different continents, matching rock formations, and glacial deposits found in areas that were once near the South Pole.
3) Arthur Holmes suggested thermal convection in the Earth's mantle as the driving force behind continental movement, likening it to a conveyor belt. This led to the development of the theory of plate tectonics.
The Earth\'s crust
The Earth's crust is the outermost solid layer of the planet. Weathering is when rocks and other materials break down over time from things like water, ice, or plant growth. Erosion is the process by which soil and rock are worn away and transported from one place to another by natural forces like wind or water.
Chapter 28.1 modern geology
Geology is the study of Earth's rocks and materials. Nicholas Steno developed ideas in the 1600s about how rocks and fossils form using the analogy of shark teeth resembling stones found in rocks. These ideas formed the basis for relative dating techniques. Relative dating determines the order events occurred in by applying principles like superposition, original horizontality, lateral continuity, cross-cutting relationships, inclusions, and faunal succession to analyze rock layers and fossils. Earth's age was originally calculated to be between 10-100 million years but is now estimated at 4.6 billion years based on radioactive dating techniques.
Eq and tsunamis
- An earthquake is a vibration in the earth's crust caused by the sudden release of stored energy in rocks along fault lines.
- Factors like population density, level of preparedness, distance from the epicenter, time of occurrence, and soil type determine the extent of damage from an earthquake in addition to its magnitude.
- Earthquakes can cause hazards like disruption of services, destruction of property, landslides, destruction of infrastructure, loss of life, fires, and tsunamis.
Earthquakes
Here are three questions from the section with the answers:
1. What causes convection currents in the mantle?
- Convection currents in the Earth are caused by the Earth's hot inner core heating the magma within the mantle.
2. What is a fault?
- A fault is a fracture, or break, in Earth's lithosphere. Rocks on either side can slide slowly along the fault or stick together, building stress until releasing in an earthquake.
3. Where do most earthquakes occur?
- About 80% of all earthquakes occur in a belt around the edges of the Pacific Ocean, near plate boundaries like the San Andreas Fault where the North American and Pacific plates meet.
Earthquakes ii
Earthquakes originate from a focus point within the earth and seismic waves travel outward, reaching the surface at the epicenter above the focus. Body waves including P-waves and S-waves originate at the focus and travel through the earth, while surface waves cause more damage when they reach the epicenter. Faults occur along tectonic plate boundaries and are classified as normal, reverse, or strike-slip depending on whether the rocks above the fault plane move down, up, or sideways relative to the other side.
Divergent
1) Oceanic plates diverge from each other at mid-ocean ridges. Magma rises from the mantle to fill the gap between separating plates, cooling to form new ocean crust. The youngest ocean crust is closest to the ridge.
2) Continental plates can diverge, resulting in rift valleys like East Africa's Great Rift Valley. The stretched crust fractures and the land between sinks, forming a low-lying valley. Continental divergence can also form seas like the Red Sea.
3) Faulting occurs as the crust fractures along tensional forces during plate divergence. Rift valleys form along fault lines, and block mountains are uplifted crustal blocks surrounded by sinking land.
Landforms Created By Tectonic Processes
Folds are bends in rock layers caused by forces within the Earth's crust. Folds can range in size from a few centimeters wide to several kilometers wide. Folds usually occur in series and resemble waves, with upward bends called anticlines and downward bends called synclines. Pressure from crustal movements deep in the Earth cause buried sedimentary rock layers to bend. Later erosion and uplift bring folded rock layers back to the surface. Folds helped form mountain systems like the Andes, Alps, and Himalayas.
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The document discusses various concepts related to folding, faulting, and earthquakes. It defines diastrophism as large-scale deformation of the earth's crust. It also describes different types of stresses that cause folding and faulting, including compression, tension, and shearing stresses. Additionally, it outlines different types of crustal fold structures like monoclines, synclines, and anticlines. The document then discusses fault types and features associated with transform faults. Finally, it examines seismic waves and how earthquakes are measured, and relates earthquake activity to plate tectonics.
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The document summarizes key aspects of plate tectonic theory:
1) Plate tectonics explains the movement of continents and geological events like earthquakes and volcanoes. Early theorists like Alfred Wegener and Harry Hess contributed to developing this theory in the early 20th century.
2) Sea floor spreading was proposed by Hess and coined by Robert Dietz, describing how new ocean crust forms along mid-ocean ridges as the plates spread apart.
3) Magnetic patterns in ocean crust provided evidence that Earth's magnetic poles switch polarity over time, recording a history of plate movements.
Tectonics GW1 Slides (Part 2)
1. There are three main types of plate boundaries: divergent boundaries where plates move apart, convergent boundaries where plates move together, and transform boundaries where plates slide past one another.
2. At divergent boundaries, new oceanic crust is formed at mid-ocean ridges. This results in features like rift valleys on land and undersea volcanoes at sea. Convergent boundaries result in ocean trenches from subducting plates and volcanic island arcs. Continental collisions yield fold mountains from compressed crust.
3. Key landforms and phenomena associated with plate tectonics include mid-ocean ridges, rift valleys and block mountains, ocean trenches, volcanic island arcs, and fold mountains. Earthquakes also
Second Quarter Overview 09 10
During the second quarter, science classes will study plate tectonics and Earth's interior, earthquakes and volcanoes, and weathering, erosion, and deposition. They will have a review on December 15-16 and take interim exams on December 17-18. Key topics for plate tectonics include convection currents, continental drift theory, sea-floor spreading, and subduction. For earthquakes and volcanoes, students will learn about stress forces in rocks and how earthquakes and volcanoes form. They will also study the Ring of Fire. Weathering, erosion and deposition topics cover mechanical and chemical weathering, soil formation and composition, soil conservation, and the forces of water, wind, and ice that
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The document summarizes plate tectonics and its relationship to various geological phenomena. There are three main types of plate boundaries - divergent where plates move apart, convergent where they collide in subduction or collision zones, and transform where they slide past each other. Plate movement is responsible for volcanoes, earthquakes, and mountain building. Earthquakes occur when stress builds up at faults until the plates suddenly slip, releasing energy. Tsunamis are large sea waves generated by earthquakes or landslides that flood coastal areas.
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The document defines key geological terms: the Earth's crust is the outer solid layer of the planet; weathering is when rocks and minerals break down from exposure; erosion is when particles like water or wind wear away rock and soil; continental drift is when continents slowly move across Earth's surface over millions of years; plate tectonics refers to the plates that make up Earth's outer shell and how they move and interact; and climate change involves significant changes in weather patterns over long periods of time.
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This document is a reading passage from Reading A-Z about earthquakes, volcanoes, and tsunamis. It explains that these events are caused by the movement of tectonic plates deep underground. When plates get stuck and release energy, it can cause earthquakes. Volcanoes occur when magma reaches the surface. Large earthquakes and landslides can trigger tsunamis, which are enormous waves that grow in size as they approach land. The passage describes how scientists measure earthquakes and are working to better predict these devastating natural events.
Concept of isostatic adjustment and isostatic models
This document discusses the geological concept of isostasy, which refers to the equilibrium between Earth's crust and mantle such that the crust "floats" at an elevation that depends on its thickness and density. It presents several theories of isostasy, including Airy's theory which proposes that thicker crustal areas sink deeper into the mantle, and Pratt's theory which suggests areas of lower crustal density project higher. The document also discusses isostatic effects from processes like deposition, erosion, and past ice sheets, as well as concepts like phase changes and Heiskanen's modification of Airy's theory.
Geology 1: Notes on Earth's geologic forces that shape the crust with video ...
The document provides an overview of geology and the structure of the Earth. It discusses the layers of the Earth including the core, mantle and crust. It describes different types of volcanoes such as shield volcanoes, cinder cone volcanoes, and composite volcanoes. It also covers plate tectonics, earthquakes, weathering and erosion.
Plates
Natural hazards include tectonic hazards like volcanic eruptions and earthquakes, as well as climate-related hazards such as typhoons and floods. The internal structure of Earth includes the crust, mantle, and core. The crust varies in thickness and composition depending on whether it is oceanic crust or continental crust. Oceanic crust is thinner and denser, while continental crust is thicker and less dense. Tectonic plates move due to convection currents in the mantle, with plates separating at mid-ocean ridges and coming together at subduction zones.
My project
This document contains vocabulary words organized into different units related to science, nature, weather, and disasters. Some of the key words defined include: universe, satellite, scientist, ocean, climate, gale, breeze, heatwave, tidal wave, disaster, creature, wild, insect, survive, and lifespan. The document aims to build vocabulary by providing definitions and examples for terms across various topics in science and the natural world.
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Concept of isostatic adjustment and isostatic models
Concept of isostatic adjustment and isostatic models
Geology 1: Notes on Earth's geologic forces that shape the crust with video ...
Geology 1: Notes on Earth's geologic forces that shape the crust with video ...
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Continental Drift And Plate Tectonics Andie
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Continental Drift And Plate Tectonics Andie
1) Alfred Wegener first proposed the theory of continental drift, which suggested that the continents were once joined together and have since drifted apart.
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1
Exam 1
1. The moment magnitude scale depends on
a. the rupture area, slip magnitude, and shear
rigidity of rock
b. the length of the fault
c. the depth of the earthquake
d. the amplitude of shaking
2. The particle motions of P-waves
a. are perpendicular to the wave propagation
direction.
b. are retrograde elliptical.
c. are horizontal.
d. are compression only.
e. involve dilations and compressions in
direction of wave propagation.
3. Which of the following statements is TRUE
about plate boundaries and their earthquakes?
a. Divergent plate boundaries produce very large
earthquakes, transform boundaries produce
small events, and convergent boundaries
produce large-to-intermediate sized
earthquakes.
b. Divergent boundaries produce small to
moderate sized earthquakes, transform
boundaries produce moderate to large
earthquakes, and convergent boundaries
produce the largest earthquakes.
c. Divergent boundaries are rare but they do
produce the largest events.
d. Convergent boundaries and transform
boundaries both produce the magnitude 9.0
events in equal numbers.
4. A magnitude 6.0 earthquake will affect the largest
area of shaking in which region below?
a. Northeast United States
b. California along the San Andreas Fault
c. In the state of Nevada in the western United
States
d. In the state of Utah in the western United
States
5. The intraplate earthquakes in New Madrid,
Missouri in 1811 and 1812
a. where very small and not felt widely.
b. were larger than magnitude 7.0, felt as far
away as Boston, and occurred in a failed rift
zone.
c. occurred where the Pacific and North
American plates meet.
d. were not as large as magnitude 7.0, with felt
shaking confined mainly to the regions of the
midwestern United States.
6. The enormous earthquake of March 11, 2011 in
Japan was greater than 9.0 because
a. it occurred on a major transform fault zone.
b. it occurred on a major normal fault in a
divergent plate boundary zone.
c. slip occurred on a large area of fault patch
with a slip of one centimeter.
d. slip occurred on a large area of fault patch
with a large amount of slip of as much as half
a football field (50 meters)
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a. A magnitude 3.0 earthquake beneath New
York City
b. A magnitude 8.0 very far from any populated
region
c. A magnitude 7.5 with an epicenter 10
kilometers from downtown Tokyo
d. An earthquake with a maximum felt intensity
of V
e. An earthquake at a mid-ocean ridge
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depth Z = 10 km. What is its epicenter?
a. 10 km
b. 35° N
c. 35° N, 108° W
d. 108° W
e. the waves that radiate from the source
Name: ______________________ ID: D
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9. An example of the presently active early stages
of continental rifting can be found in
a. Mid continent of North America
b. East Africa
c. Indi.
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Theme 1 earthquake terror vocabulary flash cards
- 1. Key Vocabulary Houghton Mifflin Reading Theme 1 – Nature’s Fury © Brent Coley 2008 | www.mrcoley.com
- 5. Sample Sentence: There was much debris after the earthquake.
- 6. Definition: n. The remains of something broken or destroyed
- 8. Sample Sentence: The devastation caused by the earthquake would cost millions of dollars to repair.
- 9. Definition: n. Destruction or ruin
- 11. Sample Sentence: An earthquake typically occurs near a fault.
- 12. Definition: n. A break in a rock mass caused by a shifting of the earth’s crust
- 14. Sample Sentence: The impact of the two cars colliding made a loud, crashing sound.
- 15. Definition: n. The striking of one object against another
- 17. Sample Sentence: The jolt from the person next to me caused me to drop my books.
- 18. Definition: n. A sudden jerk or bump
- 20. Sample Sentence: The earthquake caused the ground to shudder under our feet.
- 21. Definition: v. To suddenly shake, vibrate, or quiver
- 23. Sample Sentence: California is susceptible to earthquakes because of its many faults.
- 26. Sample Sentence: The undulating ground made it difficult to stand.
- 27. Definition: adj. Moving in waves or with a smooth, wavy motion
- 29. Sample Sentence: The mountain range was created by a great upheaval.
- 30. Definition: n. A lifting or upward movement of the earth’s crust