The Washington Redskins Mascot Controversy
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This document outlines a research project examining how Native Americans have been portrayed and stereotyped over time, especially through films and public education. Some key questions discussed are how film has shaped public perceptions of Native Americans, the role of public schools, and why Native Americans have often been oversimplified. The research will also analyze how these stereotypes relate to the ongoing controversy over the Washington Redskins mascot. Sources to be reviewed include several books on Native American representation in media and culture. The significance discussed is how resolving issues like the Redskins name could help Native Americans feel more humanized and included in public discourse.
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The document discusses popular culture and how it relates to the author's production work. It defines popular culture as cultural traits enjoyed by ordinary people rather than elites. Popular culture includes entertainment, sports, fashion and technology. The document also discusses how popular culture relates to ideology and Marxism, with popular culture seen as reflecting the power structures of economic systems. It explores how films can both reflect and influence culture, and how ideology works to naturalize certain perspectives. The author notes their short film will focus on the relationship between a father and daughter, and how the daughter's terminal illness affects their cultural roles and expectations within a patriarchal family system.
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Does popular culture change how society views an idea? Or does popular culture reinforce dominant ideas, thereby slowing the pace of change?
This week’s Discussion is broken into various threads, each of which focuses on a specific social issue. Your main post should be in the thread that corresponds to the artifact you have chosen for your Final Project. This will allow you to get a good start on your research. However, feel free to respond to classmates in any thread that interests you. Reading about how others approach their selected issues can inspire new ways to think about your own.
To prepare, read through this week’s Learning Resources.
For this Discussion, your Instructor will either
assign groups to threads
or
direct you to choose one thread
from the choices listed for this week.
If you are directed to choose a thread on your own, follow these instructions:
Each thread is limited to a maximum number of students based on class size. A thread will close if the limit is reached. If a thread is closed to new posters, select from the open threads.
Discussion Prompts for Each Thread:
Gender/Sexuality
Popular culture has played a significant role in how gender and sexuality have been viewed over time. The term
gender
refers to masculine and feminine and includes transgender issues. The term
sexuality
refers to relations between people, whether heterosexual, homosexual, or bisexual.
One significant popular culture sexuality moment occurred when the title character on the TV show
Ellen
, Ellen Morgan, played by Ellen DeGeneres, came out in a 1997 broadcast as gay. She became the first openly lesbian actress playing an openly lesbian character. Several other TV shows today include openly homosexual characters.
Consider how audiences over time have received TV representations of gender and sexuality. Have popular culture representations of gender and sexuality pushed the issue forward? Or have they reinforced dominant ideas of what is “normal” and thereby slowed down society’s acceptance of a broader understanding of gender and sexuality?
Race
Popular culture has played a significant role in how race has been viewed over time. Different races and ethnicities have frequently been portrayed as stereotypes.
Popular culture can have a profound effect on how an audience views racial issues. For example,
The Cosby Show
, which aired on NBC from 1984 to 1992, was the first time that a successful U.S. television show had portrayed an African-American family as upper middle class.
One of the show’s premises was that it did not deal primarily with race issues. Although themes such as the Civil Rights Movement and African-American art and music were present, it was the representation of an African-American family as professionals with the same family issues as white American families that shifted perceptions of race. What about Latin Americans and South Americans? What about Romani, sometimes referred to as "travelers" or "traveling commu.
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May the circle stay unbroken: Friends, the presence of absence, and the rhetorical reinforcement of whiteness
Shows like Friends may shape and reinforce both white audiences’ perceptions of the racialized Other and of marginalized audience members’ perceptions of themselves as raced beings
Ross and Julie
whiteness remains central and invisible
unquestioned power
Unearned racial privilege
whiteness is an expression of hegemonic force (Gramsci, 1971)
hegemony – In this case hegemony is dominance of one social group over another
“Whiteness desires to be seen as object, yet insists on remaining invisible as subject. In other words, whiteness resists the kind of intense scrutiny that might result in its becoming effectively fixed to a specific position and revealed as a system of privilege and power”
Friends limits and regulates the racialized other in a place like New York that is the opposite
Popularity of friends, comfort food, transcends tragedy
When there are non white characters there is no mention of race
Reference to white rappers
“overt claim to the value of white authenticity, I contend that any number of contemporary media texts have made similar, if less blatantly overt, assertions in recent years about whiteness’s enduring worth as a subject position”
Can we relate any of this to last week?
Nothing Queer about Queer television
It’s All Relative
Increased visibility does not always translate into social tolerance
Most of these shows ignore the political issues
Sexuality is culturally essentialized to inscribe heterosexuality as normal and all other sexualities as deviant
Queer represents a resistance to anything that is socially defined as normal
“Gramsci’s (1973) notion of hegemony shifts the focus of scholarly attention from explicit ideologies or agendas to the common-sense norms that influence everyday interactions and are taken for granted.”
It doesn’t matter how many representations there are but rather the complexity of the representations
Images of gay men are being presented in a way the reinforces traditional values like family, monogamy, and stability
Queer has come to mean gay men
It usually excludes and ignores other issues of feminism, lesbians, race, and other minority groups
Gender, sex, class and race also need to be taken into account
There is nothing queer about queer television when the flexibility of the term is reduced to an interpretation that reinforces the traditional homosexual/heterosexual binary
Stereotypes of the feminine and masculine roles in gay relationships, gender traditions
Gay men have to accommodate straight men’s activities but not the other way around
Queer Eye - five asexual fairy godmothers that appear, transform a straight man’s love life, but are themselves denied love lives of their own
In the end they’re all just a bunch of guys
Although maybe they got better, Glee, Modern Family
The gay characters are not ...
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The document discusses key topics in queer theory, including what constitutes queer identity and culture. It addresses issues like representation and stereotyping of queer communities in mass media, as well as the mainstreaming and commercialization of queer culture. The document also outlines concerns of queer theory such as challenging dominant gender and sexuality norms upheld in society and popular culture.
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Stuart Hall argued that audiences can have dominant, negotiated, or oppositional readings of media texts based on their cultural identity and ideology. David Morley conducted research using Hall's theories, including a famous study of audience reactions to the BBC program Nationwide. The study found different responses based on participants' backgrounds, supporting Hall's ideas about encoded and decoded meanings.
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The document outlines several projects and activities for members to participate in for Martin Luther King Jr. Day of Service, including mixing with different groups during lunch to learn about diversity, reading books that discuss diversity perspectives, creating t-shirts representing one's beliefs, taking a survey on views of diversity, interviewing those involved in civil rights events, writing about heritage and experiences, dramatizing civil rights figures, and participating in marches and community activities to honor MLK Jr. The overall goal is for members to expand their cultural boundaries, enhance respect for diversity, and improve lives through community service on MLK Day.
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Human identity is increasingly mediated through various forms of media according to several theorists. First, Thomas De Zengotita argues that almost everything we experience or learn comes via media, shaping our views and identity. Second, David Gauntlett notes that modern societies expect individuals to construct their own identities using tools provided by media, though audiences can resist media messages. Third, Althusser suggests media texts can position audiences such that media representations are seen as reality. However, audiences can also negotiate or oppose media meanings.
Collective Identity: Past and possible exam questions
This document lists possible exam questions about collective identity and its representation in media. The questions address topics such as how the media represents different groups of people, the role of media in constructing collective identity, and the social implications of varying media representations. Key areas the exam may focus on include how media portrayals of groups have changed over time, the social effects of representations, and the extent to which identity is now mediated through media.
Intro to g325 Section B
This document discusses representations of youth identity in media. It begins by asking the reader to consider examples of media that represent or are identified with youth from the past five years. It then presents two quotes about youth from different eras to show that concerns about youth behavior are not new. The document outlines five structuring points for examining how media represents youth and how youth use media to form collective identities. It discusses the role of outsiders like media and adults in constructing identities for youth groups and how youth must accept these identities. The document analyzes factors like subculture representation and alienation that are common in media portrayals of youth.
Rep of Working Class Questions
This document contains 16 questions about how media representations impact and construct collective identity. Specifically, the questions address how media portrays different groups of people, the social implications of these portrayals, and whether media reflects or constructs collective identities. Responses would analyze the relationship between media and collective identity formation.
Media and collective identity answering the exam questions
This document provides guidance on exam questions for a collective identity unit and how to answer them well. It outlines four potential exam questions focusing on how media represents different groups, comparisons between past and present representations, the social implications of representations, and the extent to which identity is mediated. For each question, it provides examples and theorists to draw from to thoroughly answer the questions.
As media representation 5
The document discusses Stuart Hall's reception theory from 1973 which considers how audiences actively consume and decode media messages based on their backgrounds and views. It can discuss three types of readings: dominant, negotiated, and oppositional. It then discusses how ethnic minorities are often represented through stereotypes in the media, such as being exotic, dangerous, pitied, humorous, or sexualized. It also notes that representations of ethnic minorities are often underrepresented, stereotypical, and negative in portraying them as criminals, a threat, or culturally abnormal.
Youth Representation in the Media
How young people are represented in the media in Argentina. Stereotypes and representations.
Roxana Morduchowicz, Ph.D., Director of Medias in Schools Program, Ministry of Education, Argentina.
Youth and Media -seminar, 16.9.2010, Helsinki.
Identity and Film
The document discusses media representations of collective identities and how they have changed over time. It addresses how media currently portrays social groups, how these representations differ from historical depictions, and the effects of certain media portrayals on society. The document also mentions how people can use media to actively form collective identities and debates around whether identities are increasingly shaped by media.
Question 2 evaluation
The document discusses how different social groups are portrayed in the film opening "Immunity". It describes how the reporters, teenagers, and zombies are each categorized into stereotypical groups based on age, ethnicity, social class, sexuality, gender, and physical ability. The reporters are depicted as well-groomed newscasters speaking with BBC accents, while the teenagers are shown smoking and on their phones, playing into stereotypes. The zombies are more diverse in age and ethnicity but still lack representation of disabilities or varying social classes and sexualities. In conclusion, while a range of people are included, most are stereotypical portrayals of social groups.
Comm 101-Newspapers chapter 4-LUTHER
The document discusses newspapers and yellow journalism. It begins by explaining the origins of penny presses in the 1830s, which made newspapers more accessible to the masses and shifted their focus from elite politics to sensational stories. Yellow journalism then emerged, prioritizing sensationalism, illustrations and cartoons over accuracy. It cites William Randolph Hearst's exploitation of the USS Maine's sinking to push for war with Spain as a prime example. The Daily Show segment satirizes how modern clickbait journalism resembles yellow journalism's prioritization of sensationalism and popularity over truth.
Media and Collective - Young People
The document discusses several theorists' concepts relating to media representations of social groups and collective identity. Giroux (1997) argues that media representations of youth serve adult interests and make youth an "empty category." Acland (1995) and Cohen (1972) discuss how media representations of deviant youth reproduce social order and create moral panics. Gramsci (1971) introduces the concept of cultural hegemony. Althusser (1970) discusses ideological state apparatuses, and McRobbie (2004) and Gerbner (1986) discuss symbolic violence and cultivation theory, respectively. The document provides exam advice on answering a question about the social implications of media representations of social groups.
G325 example Response: Media and Collective Identity
This document provides an outline for an essay discussing the social implications of media representations of youth subcultures. It includes sample introductions, discussions of representations in film and music videos with references to social identity theory, and suggests ending by discussing the future of these representations and their social implications. Examples of films such as "Kidulthood" and "Shifty" are given to illustrate negative and stereotypical portrayals of youth in media and their potential effects on societal views.
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This document provides guidance for answering Section B of a media exam on the topic of media and collective identity. It outlines the assessment criteria and structure expected for the essay response. Students should choose two historical and two contemporary media texts to analyze how youth are represented and how those representations may influence understanding of collective identity. While media generally aims to encourage conformity, identities are complex and audience responses vary, from accepting to rejecting media portrayals. A successful essay will develop a balanced argument weighing different views on the relationship between media and collective identity.
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The roots of working class representation in british
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Media and collective identity answering the exam questions
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G325 example Response: Media and Collective Identity
Similar to The Washington Redskins Mascot Controversy
AMST paper
This document discusses identity formation among immigrant groups in America throughout history as portrayed in film. It argues that Americans developed an "us vs. them" mentality toward new immigrant groups, categorizing people based on perceived identities. This tendency reached its peak during mass European immigration but had deeper roots. The paper analyzes how films like The Godfather and Gangs of New York depict the evolution of immigrant identities over generations and the struggles between assimilating into American culture versus maintaining ethnic identities. It explores how society historically assigned rigid identities that were difficult to transcend.
Does popular culture change how society views an idea Or does popul.docx
Does popular culture change how society views an idea? Or does popular culture reinforce dominant ideas, thereby slowing the pace of change?
This week’s Discussion is broken into various threads, each of which focuses on a specific social issue. Your main post should be in the thread that corresponds to the artifact you have chosen for your Final Project. This will allow you to get a good start on your research. However, feel free to respond to classmates in any thread that interests you. Reading about how others approach their selected issues can inspire new ways to think about your own.
To prepare, read through this week’s Learning Resources.
For this Discussion, your Instructor will either
assign groups to threads
or
direct you to choose one thread
from the choices listed for this week.
If you are directed to choose a thread on your own, follow these instructions:
Each thread is limited to a maximum number of students based on class size. A thread will close if the limit is reached. If a thread is closed to new posters, select from the open threads.
Discussion Prompts for Each Thread:
Gender/Sexuality
Popular culture has played a significant role in how gender and sexuality have been viewed over time. The term
gender
refers to masculine and feminine and includes transgender issues. The term
sexuality
refers to relations between people, whether heterosexual, homosexual, or bisexual.
One significant popular culture sexuality moment occurred when the title character on the TV show
Ellen
, Ellen Morgan, played by Ellen DeGeneres, came out in a 1997 broadcast as gay. She became the first openly lesbian actress playing an openly lesbian character. Several other TV shows today include openly homosexual characters.
Consider how audiences over time have received TV representations of gender and sexuality. Have popular culture representations of gender and sexuality pushed the issue forward? Or have they reinforced dominant ideas of what is “normal” and thereby slowed down society’s acceptance of a broader understanding of gender and sexuality?
Race
Popular culture has played a significant role in how race has been viewed over time. Different races and ethnicities have frequently been portrayed as stereotypes.
Popular culture can have a profound effect on how an audience views racial issues. For example,
The Cosby Show
, which aired on NBC from 1984 to 1992, was the first time that a successful U.S. television show had portrayed an African-American family as upper middle class.
One of the show’s premises was that it did not deal primarily with race issues. Although themes such as the Civil Rights Movement and African-American art and music were present, it was the representation of an African-American family as professionals with the same family issues as white American families that shifted perceptions of race. What about Latin Americans and South Americans? What about Romani, sometimes referred to as "travelers" or "traveling commu.
May the circle stay unbroken Friends, the presence of absence, .docx
May the circle stay unbroken: Friends, the presence of absence, and the rhetorical reinforcement of whiteness
Shows like Friends may shape and reinforce both white audiences’ perceptions of the racialized Other and of marginalized audience members’ perceptions of themselves as raced beings
Ross and Julie
whiteness remains central and invisible
unquestioned power
Unearned racial privilege
whiteness is an expression of hegemonic force (Gramsci, 1971)
hegemony – In this case hegemony is dominance of one social group over another
“Whiteness desires to be seen as object, yet insists on remaining invisible as subject. In other words, whiteness resists the kind of intense scrutiny that might result in its becoming effectively fixed to a specific position and revealed as a system of privilege and power”
Friends limits and regulates the racialized other in a place like New York that is the opposite
Popularity of friends, comfort food, transcends tragedy
When there are non white characters there is no mention of race
Reference to white rappers
“overt claim to the value of white authenticity, I contend that any number of contemporary media texts have made similar, if less blatantly overt, assertions in recent years about whiteness’s enduring worth as a subject position”
Can we relate any of this to last week?
Nothing Queer about Queer television
It’s All Relative
Increased visibility does not always translate into social tolerance
Most of these shows ignore the political issues
Sexuality is culturally essentialized to inscribe heterosexuality as normal and all other sexualities as deviant
Queer represents a resistance to anything that is socially defined as normal
“Gramsci’s (1973) notion of hegemony shifts the focus of scholarly attention from explicit ideologies or agendas to the common-sense norms that influence everyday interactions and are taken for granted.”
It doesn’t matter how many representations there are but rather the complexity of the representations
Images of gay men are being presented in a way the reinforces traditional values like family, monogamy, and stability
Queer has come to mean gay men
It usually excludes and ignores other issues of feminism, lesbians, race, and other minority groups
Gender, sex, class and race also need to be taken into account
There is nothing queer about queer television when the flexibility of the term is reduced to an interpretation that reinforces the traditional homosexual/heterosexual binary
Stereotypes of the feminine and masculine roles in gay relationships, gender traditions
Gay men have to accommodate straight men’s activities but not the other way around
Queer Eye - five asexual fairy godmothers that appear, transform a straight man’s love life, but are themselves denied love lives of their own
In the end they’re all just a bunch of guys
Although maybe they got better, Glee, Modern Family
The gay characters are not ...
Queer Theory Presentation (2004)
The document discusses key topics in queer theory, including what constitutes queer identity and culture. It addresses issues like representation and stereotyping of queer communities in mass media, as well as the mainstreaming and commercialization of queer culture. The document also outlines concerns of queer theory such as challenging dominant gender and sexuality norms upheld in society and popular culture.
1. Collective I.D. lessons
This document provides information about Section B of the G325: Critical Perspectives in Media examination. Section B focuses on contemporary media issues and will require candidates to answer one question from a choice of six topic areas. For each topic area, candidates must demonstrate understanding of the historical, contemporary, and future aspects as they relate to at least two media forms and include references to relevant media theories and critics. The document provides examples of topic areas such as representations of Black Britain, prompts questions for each area, and suggests texts and theorists candidates could draw from to demonstrate their knowledge in the exam.
Collective Identity: Revision pt1
The document discusses media representation of black British collective identity. It begins by outlining key questions around how different media represent social groups. It then describes black British collective identity as a postmodern subcultural youth movement comprising young people of various ethnicities united by shared black cultural symbols. The document introduces film and music as two media forms, noting how films often portray negative stereotypes of "urban youth" while grime music allows them to reclaim voice. It provides examples of films and artists to support the points, and suggests media industry involvement sometimes shifts the representation in music.
2.3 - Representation (pre-Avatar).pptx
This document provides an overview of key concepts around media representation and stereotypes. It discusses how all media platforms, including television news, documentaries, reality TV, and scripted shows, construct representations of reality rather than accurately portray it. Stereotypes are addressed as a convention that reduces social groups to simplistic traits, though they may be based in some social truths. The document also presents two main reasons stereotypes are heavily used in media - that they provide a fast shorthand for understanding characters, and that they are grounded in traditional cultural myths and narratives that often frame outsiders negatively.
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Theorist cards.docx
The document discusses several theories related to media representations of youth and identity formation:
1. Dick Hebdige's theory from 1979 analyzed British youth subcultures and how they used style to challenge dominant ideology. Media representations of youth were limited to portrayals as troublemakers or sources of fun.
2. David Gauntlett's 2002 theory examined how media texts influence self-identity and expression. He argued people shift from passive consumers to active producers through new media like Web 2.0.
3. Tajfel and Turner's 1979 social identity theory proposed that people categorize themselves into in-groups to build identity, creating boundaries with out-groups. Youths often divide into subcultures based on
Anne percy social representation presentation
This document discusses social representations and empowerment from an indigenous perspective. It addresses key concepts like social distance and stigma, and how social representations shape our realities and communities. The document uses a cartoon and song lyrics to illustrate how media can portray empowering representations of indigenous cultures that help reduce social distance. Questions are raised about selecting representations and their impact, and whether cultures should have their own social psychologies reflecting their worldviews.
Media & collective identity
The document provides guidance on writing an essay about media and collective identity. It discusses how the media can distort facts to negatively portray some groups, such as portraying teenage boys primarily as criminals. It also discusses how the media amplified moral panics around youth groups in the 1960s. Examples of negative media portrayals of youth from newspaper articles and films from that time are given. Suggested topics for the essay include analyzing historical and current media representations of groups and their social implications, as well as considering Marxist and cultural studies perspectives on the role of the media in representing and constructing identities.
Youth ppt
Youth are represented in the media in complex ways that both reflect and shape societal views. Historically, representations have dichotomized youth as either a "prosperous future" or a "culture of moral decline." More recently, films like Quadrophenia portray British youth subcultures of the 1960s in a realistic light, drawing on theories of how collective identities form through shared cultural texts. However, some representations may also promote the values of ruling classes and fix social divisions through the process of cultural hegemony described by Gramsci.
Section C - April 16th
This document provides guidance for revising for an exam on comparative study of US cinema. It lists key themes to cover, including key themes/messages and values, narrative and genre conventions, and contextual knowledge. It provides sample exam questions, including one asking students to compare the extent to which two American films reflect the times in which they were made. The document discusses the Civil Rights Movement of the 1960s and church burnings of the 1990s as relevant contexts. It advises reading all materials provided to fill knowledge gaps.
Up America's Ass intro.
This document provides context about the political and social themes that contributed to the success of early blockbuster films and discusses how film became more accessible starting in the 1950s. It then outlines some of the core themes of modernism in the postwar West, including reinforcement of strict roles and demonization of things like sex and socialism. The document introduces postmodernism as a response that challenged modernism by creating works with unusual structures and characters as well as criticisms of modernist ideals. The intent section explains that the document will discuss why cult films of the past were successful, focusing on how their themes aligned with cultural revolutions of the time and how they extended the postmodern art movement.
Culture
This chapter discusses the concept of culture. It defines culture as the shared beliefs, values, customs, and behaviors of a society. The chapter outlines the key elements of culture, including language, norms, folkways, mores, values and beliefs. It discusses cultural diversity in the US and the concepts of dominant culture, subcultures, and countercultures. The chapter also examines theoretical perspectives on culture and sources of cultural change.
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- 2. Quick Class Exercise 1. How many of you actually a know a Native American? 2. How many of you have seen a Native American in real life?
- 4. Why does Goodell view the “Redskins” as such an obvious name for a football team, and how does this “honor” Native Americans?
- 5. The problem with this popular image, in this case intended to “honor” Native Americans, is that it based on a self-serving stereotype that has been perpetuated through fiction for generations. Not to mention, it is an image based solely in the past.
- 6. Taking into consideration the debate surrounding the overt racist origins of the term “Redskins,” my research will address the broader topic of the use of Native American mascots by attempting to analyze how representation in various forms of media throughout history (especially films), along with a specific version of history spoon-fed with nationalistic agendas, have perpetuated the dehumanization, mythification, and further marginalization of Native Americans in the present day.
- 7. Research Questions How has film played an important role in the public perception of Native Americans? What role has public education played in shaping public perception of Native Americans? Why have Native Americans as a collective been simplified and stereotyped? How does this stereotype apply to the game of football? How does the ongoing Redskins mascot controversy, and the NFL’s official defense of the status quo, reflect racial hegemonies that serve to further marginalize Native Americans from public discourse?
- 8. Data film
- 9. Literature Review, Or How I’ll Be Spending Winter Break… Dancing at Halftime by Carol Spindel Contesting Constructed Indian-ness by Michael Taylor Hollywood’s Indian by Peter C. Rollins Lies My Teacher Told Me by James W. Loewen Manifest Manners: Narritives on Postindian Survivance by Gerald Vizenor
- 10. Faculty Interviews Jolie Sheffer Spintz Harrison Peg Yacobucci
- 11. Significance of Research - Who cares? It’s just a football team… (The Native American mascot issue in perspective) The Native American community currently has much more drastic social issues to deal with, however the Redskins controversy is arguably its most public social problem. Many within the community view a respectful solution to this problem as a crucial first step toward being considered “human again” within public discourse, rather than being seen as a marginalized ethnicity that all but “disappeared” ages ago. - This country has come a long way in terms of race relations in the past fifty years or so, but long-established racial hegemonies are still playing themselves out in more covert ways. This is an important example of how the history of race in this country still manifests itself in the present day. - Exploring the formation and perpetuation of stereotypes while contrasting the much more complicated realities of marginalized groups should theoretically serve to further humanize these identities within public discourse. A society in which everyone’s voice is heard is beneficial to everyone who lives within it, which is a mentality that can be applied to any number of groups who view themselves as oppressed, misrepresented, or somehow mythified.
- 12. Limitations
- 13. - Number of films - Time - A comprehensive survey to gauge “general public’s” interest level on this issue
- 14. Q & A