Jean-Jacques Rousseau was a French philosopher born in 1712 who developed important political and educational theories. He believed that humans in a state of nature are good but are corrupted by society. His major works examined the origins of inequality and proposed the social contract as the basis of legitimate political authority. He argued that the goal of education should be to allow students to develop naturally according to their interests. Rousseau faced criticism and exile for his controversial ideas and died in 1778.