The document discusses the science behind how planes fly. It explains that four main aerodynamic forces - lift, gravity, thrust, and drag - work together to enable flight. Lift is generated by the wings and counteracts gravity. Thrust from the engines overcomes drag. While Bernoulli's principle and Newton's laws both play a role in generating lift, modern research indicates lift requires power to divert air downward which creates an equal reaction upward. The angle of attack and design of the wings are also important for maintaining proper lift. Pilots control various surfaces like the ailerons, elevators, rudder, and flaps to maneuver the plane during flight.

1. The Science Behind How Planes Fly
Introduction
To understand how planes fly we need to understand the science behind flying because the
basic principles of flight apply to all planes. From the Wright Brother’s first machine to
modern Airbus, there has been no change in the science behind flying over the centuries.
A plane will maintain its flight if it maintains its control surfaces, that are mainly the ailerons,
elevator, rudder and the flaps. The elevators are located at the back of the plane and they
cause change in lift with small changes in movement. The ailerons control the longitudinal
axis and maintain the plane’s rolling activity. The rudder gives direction to the plane and is
located at the back of the plane. The flaps or the wings are the main reason behind the lift of
the plane and they are the most important for flight (Moore, 2008).
This paper tries to enumerate the different forces and laws behind the science of flying.
Aerodynamic Forces
Simply speaking, there are basically four forces that make flying possible for any plane.
These four forces are known as aerodynamic forces and they are lift, gravity, thrust and drag.

2. Thrust and lift are the forces that keep the plane flying in the air (Moore, 2008). Thrust is
generated by the engine of the plane while the design of the plane gives them the required lift.
Thrust is required to overcome the drag that slows the plane. Drag is the resistance of air that
is created against the lift. It is the friction that is generated by passing air (Phillips, 2004). To
reduce the drag, planes are generally in streamlined shape. The lift is created by the wings of
the plane and it must be greater than gravity to keep the plane airborne. The gravity is the
force that is created by earth’s pull and the weight of the plane. During take-off, the plane
must be in such a state so that the thrust is able to overcome drag and the lift must overcome
gravity to make the plane fly (Phillips, 2004). Again, during flight, all the four forces must be
in balance to keep the plane airborne. In such times, the thrust must be equal to the drag and
the lift must be exactly equal to the weight of the plane. Whereas during landing, the thrust
must be reduced compared to the drag and the lift should also be reduced in comparison to
the gravity (Phillips, 2004).
Now, let us look at the popular and disputed principles behind lift and the science behind
flying.
Bernoulli’s Principle
The top surface of the plane is more curved than the bottom to generate more lift than
opposing drag. This shape is known as aerofoil and it significantly helps in creating lift.

3. According to the principle of Bernoulli, when the air speeds up, a low pressure is created that
provides the necessary lift for flying the plane (Anderson and Eberhardt, 1999). It is stated
that the wind goes faster over the top of the wings. The region of low pressure is thereby
created below the wings that in turn generate the lift necessary for the plane flight.
However, these days, researchers believe that Bernoulli’s principle fails to explain lift
appropriately as it ignores the fact that lift requires power. This power is measured as work
per time.
Newton’s Laws and Lift
The argument reaches Newton’s first and third laws. According to Newton’s third law, an
opposite and equal reaction is generated against every action (Phillips, 2004). Thus, the air
that is deflected downwards by the lower surface of the wing creates an equal and opposite
reaction that pushes the airplane wings upwards.
The Wing as a Pump
According to Newton’s principle, the lift of a wing is generated as a reaction against the air
that is pushed down by the wings. This change in momentum that is created by the wing is a
product of mass and velocity. From Newton’s second law we know that Force (F) is equal to
Mass (m) into acceleration (a) - F=ma. Thereby we can derive the conclusion that more lift
the plane has to either increase its downward velocity or increase the amount of air that it

4. diverts with its wings (Anderson and Eberhardt, 1999). The upward lift is known as upwash
while the downward velocity is known as downwash. The following diagram shows the true
picture of the airflow over a wing that generates lift.
True airflow over a wing with lift, showing upwash and downwash
The question that next arises is that how can the wing divert so much air to create the
required lift. The answer is that air while rotating around the wind creates a bound vortex that
helps the wing to generate enough power to lift the plane (Phillips, 2004).
It is a known fact that air has viscosity. Thus, when air comes in contact with a moving
surface that is curved in any particular shape then it will follow that shape. This tendency of
air and water to follow any curved surface is known as Coanda effect and this too plays an
important role in helping the plane fly (Anderson and Eberhardt, 1999).
Angle of Attack
The angle of attack is another important factor in lift generation. This angle is the pitch at
which the wing is situated with relation to the horizontal airflow and as this angle increases
so does the lift of the plane (Schmidt, 1998). It has been proved that above 15 degree of
angle, the lift begins to decrease and at such point the pilot needs to correct the situation by
increasing the speed of the airplane to maintain its flight (Anderson and Eberhardt, 1999).

5. Otherwise, the plane would be wing stalled due to the sudden loss in lift. It can be said that
the angle of attack is more important than viscosity of air. It is required to understand the
dynamics behind why planes fly.
Lift Requires Power
For a plane to sustain its speed and height there must be a lot of power involved. The wings
cannot generate enough lift unless there are strong engines to supply the necessary power.
The lift of a wing is proportional to the amount of air diverted down times the velocity of
squared of that diverted air (Anderson and Eberhardt, 1999). Simple speaking, as the speed of
the plane is increased, the amount of air that is diverted down by the wings also increases,
providing a subsequent upward pressure to lift the plane. Drag of the plane is also dependent
on power and it equals power divided by speed (Anderson and Eberhardt, 1999).
Generally, the wings of the plane are designed to reduce the drag of the plane and increase its
lift. During takeoff and landing, the flaps behind the wings extend to divert more air so that
they would create more lift by generating air pressure.
Controlling Flight of Plane
The pilot of the plane has to control the flight of the plane. He uses special control to make
the plane fly and keep it airborne. By using the throttle the pilot increases or decreases the
power of the engine. This in turn increases the speed of the plane and helps it to maintain
height. The pilot also uses the ailerons of the plane to make the plane roll while he uses the
rudder to control the yaw of the plane. Yaw is the turning of the plane while pitch is to make
the plane descend or climb altitude (Schmidt, 1998). The pilot controls the elevators located
at the back of the plane to maintain the pitch of the plane and he pushes the pedals to use the

6. brakes of the plane. All these controls are important to maintain the flight of the plane
(Schmidt, 1998).
Conclusion
In conclusion, we can state that there are several important laws behind the science of flying.
Firstly, the Newtonian principle describes that upward lift is derived by accelerating air mass
downward. Secondly, the power needed to lift the plane is dependent on the vertical velocity
of the air (Anderson, 1997). Thirdly, drag is incurred by accelerating the air mass forward.
Lastly, forward propulsion is gained by the power generated by the engines. There are several
other reasons behind safe flight that have been described above (Anderson, 1997). Moving air
has power to lift things up that has been seen from hot air balloons and this theory also
applies to plane flight (Moore, 2008). Overall, it can be stated that Newtonian principles
behind flight explains a lot of things but Bernoulli’s principle still holds true because without
generating air pressure the plane cannot lift and without lift there can be no flight.
References
Anderson, J. (1997). A History of Aerodynamics. Cambridge University Press.
Anderson, David. Eberhardt, Scott. (1999). How Airplanes Fly: A Physical Description of
Lift Level 3. Retrieved December 9, 2011, from http://www.allstar.fiu.edu/aero/airflylvl3.htm
Moore, Rob. (2008). Why Does It Fly? Cambridge Young Readers.
Phillips, W. F. (2004). Mechanics of Flight. J. Wiley & Sons.
Schmidt, L. (1998). Introduction to Aircraft Flight Dynamics. AIAA Press.