The Role of Sylepta Derogata[Lepidoptera: Pyralidae] In The Abscission And Defoliation of Okra Flowers, Seeds And Pods In Monocrop Gardens In Port Harcourt, Nigeria.
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences(IOSR-JPBS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of Pharmacy and Biological Science. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Pharmacy and Biological Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Micropropagation is applied to multiply those species which are difficult to produce conventionally. The purpose of this study was to access in vitro propagation of Hoya kerrii, an important ornamental plant to explore its potential for micro-propagation. Microprogation of Hoya kerrii was initiated using leaf, petiole, root and inter-nodal segments of the selected plant as explants on MS medium containing 2,4-D at 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 mg/L for callus induction. Leaf segments initiated callus earlier than inter-node, petiole and root. A significant amount of callus was produced in MS medium with 5.0 mg/L 2, 4-D and MS medium with 1.0 mg/L 2, 4-D gave the poorest callus.
Studies on the allelopathic effect of aquatic invasive plants on Cicer arieti...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Dormancy breaking and the influence of gibberellic acid on the early growth o...Innspub Net
The purpose of this study was to determine the appropriate methods of breaking seed dormancy, level of water uptake, and the influence of gibberellic acid on the early growth of Tamarindus indica seedlings. The scarification methods used included: concentrated sulphuric acid (H2SO4), manual scarification, flaming, hot and cold water treatments. The experiments were conducted in the laboratory on Petri dishes and in potting media. GA3 was used to optimize the production of seedlings by spraying the solution on the foliage. The treatment for 10 minutes with Conc. H2SO4 gave the maximum germination percentage and water uptake (80.41%). GA3 enhances the growth of the seedlings by increasing the height, the number of leaves and stem girth at eight weeks after sowing. In conclusion, all the scarification treatments applied to the seeds of T. indica proved effective. The ten (10) minutes treatment with concentrated H2SO4 was the best treatment for breaking seed dormancy of T. indica. And gibberellic acid enhanced early and fast seedling growth as it increase height, number of leaves and stem girth of T. indica.
Foraging Patterns of Some Common Butterflies on Lantana camara - An Exotic, I...debojyotyGhosh
From the present study it was revealed that, there are nineteen different types of butterflies
dependent on Lantana camara in the study area, within these months. The dominance of
Papilionidae butterflies were seen from the results. Important to note that, Nymphalidae
butterflies share a very good number in the community, followed by Papilionidae, Pieridae
and Lycaenidae butterflies. All these butterflies show a greater preference on yellow coloured
flowers, followed by white and pink flowers on a single floret. So many potential nectar
plants were present, but they choose Lantana mostly. The biochemical aspects of the nectar
sugar concentration and the nectar quality analysis of the Lantana plant is a thirst area for
further research purpose. The present work also shows that, the proboscis lengths of the
butterfly vary within and between same and different families.
Micropropagation is applied to multiply those species which are difficult to produce conventionally. The purpose of this study was to access in vitro propagation of Hoya kerrii, an important ornamental plant to explore its potential for micro-propagation. Microprogation of Hoya kerrii was initiated using leaf, petiole, root and inter-nodal segments of the selected plant as explants on MS medium containing 2,4-D at 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 mg/L for callus induction. Leaf segments initiated callus earlier than inter-node, petiole and root. A significant amount of callus was produced in MS medium with 5.0 mg/L 2, 4-D and MS medium with 1.0 mg/L 2, 4-D gave the poorest callus.
Studies on the allelopathic effect of aquatic invasive plants on Cicer arieti...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Dormancy breaking and the influence of gibberellic acid on the early growth o...Innspub Net
The purpose of this study was to determine the appropriate methods of breaking seed dormancy, level of water uptake, and the influence of gibberellic acid on the early growth of Tamarindus indica seedlings. The scarification methods used included: concentrated sulphuric acid (H2SO4), manual scarification, flaming, hot and cold water treatments. The experiments were conducted in the laboratory on Petri dishes and in potting media. GA3 was used to optimize the production of seedlings by spraying the solution on the foliage. The treatment for 10 minutes with Conc. H2SO4 gave the maximum germination percentage and water uptake (80.41%). GA3 enhances the growth of the seedlings by increasing the height, the number of leaves and stem girth at eight weeks after sowing. In conclusion, all the scarification treatments applied to the seeds of T. indica proved effective. The ten (10) minutes treatment with concentrated H2SO4 was the best treatment for breaking seed dormancy of T. indica. And gibberellic acid enhanced early and fast seedling growth as it increase height, number of leaves and stem girth of T. indica.
Foraging Patterns of Some Common Butterflies on Lantana camara - An Exotic, I...debojyotyGhosh
From the present study it was revealed that, there are nineteen different types of butterflies
dependent on Lantana camara in the study area, within these months. The dominance of
Papilionidae butterflies were seen from the results. Important to note that, Nymphalidae
butterflies share a very good number in the community, followed by Papilionidae, Pieridae
and Lycaenidae butterflies. All these butterflies show a greater preference on yellow coloured
flowers, followed by white and pink flowers on a single floret. So many potential nectar
plants were present, but they choose Lantana mostly. The biochemical aspects of the nectar
sugar concentration and the nectar quality analysis of the Lantana plant is a thirst area for
further research purpose. The present work also shows that, the proboscis lengths of the
butterfly vary within and between same and different families.
4 ijfaf nov-2017-2-allelopathic effect of eucalyptusAI Publications
Laboratory and greenhouse experiments were carried out at the Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Gezira, Sudan in season 2014/15 to study the allelopathic effects of Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh) leaf on seed germination and seedling growth of some poaceous crops. Laboratory experiments were conducted to study the allelopathic effects of leaf aqueous extract of Eucalyptus on seed germination of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor [L.] Moench), millet (Pennisetum glaucum [L.] R. Br.), maize (Zea mays L.) and wheat (Triticum vulgare L.). Six concentrations (0, 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100%) of the leaf aqueous extract of Eucalyptus were prepared from the stock solution (50 g / l). Treatments, for each crop, were arranged in completely randomized design with four replicates. The seeds were examined for germination at three days after initial germination. Greenhouse experiments were conducted to study the allelopathic effects of Eucalyptus leaf powder on seedling growth of the same crops. The leaf powder of Eucalyptus was incorporated into the soil at rate of 0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5 and 3.0% on w/w bases in pots. Treatments, for each crop, were arranged in completely randomized design with four replicates. The experiments were terminated at 30 days after sowing and the plant height, number of leaves and root length of crop seedlings were measured as well as plant fresh and dry weight. Data were subjected to analysis of variance procedure. Means were separated for significance using Duncan`s Multiple Range Test at p 0.5. The results showed that the leaf aqueous extract of Eucalyptus significantly reduced seed germination of the tested poaceous crops and there was direct negative relationship between concentration and germination. Also, the results showed that incorporating leaf powder of Eucalyptus into the soil significantly decreased plant height, number of leaves and root length of crop seedlings as well as seedling fresh and dry weight. In addition, the reduction in seedling growth was increased as the leaf powder increased in the soil. Based on results supported by different studies, it was concluded that Eucalyptus has allelopathic effects on seed germination and seedling growth of the poaceous crops.
Evaluation of the Activity of Insecticides Plants in the Far North Region of ...IJEAB
This study proposes to assess the activity of insecticide plants in the far North region of Cameroon. The leaves or bark of four local plants (Azadirachtaindica, Boswelliadalzeilii, Khayasenegalensis and Ocimumcanum) were harvested, dried and powdered for the formulation of insecticidal chopsticks at different doses. Toxicity tests have been conducted on adult culicidae mosquitoes by fumigation. They reveal low levels of mortality after 15 minutes of exposure to the smoke of the chopsticks. Remanence due to chopsticks smoke leads to high rates of mortality after 6 and 24 hours of exposure. Mortality rates increase with the dose of each vegetable powder. Lethal doses were calculated 6 hours after exposure for each plant powder. Those of the leaves of Azadirachtaindica proved to be the most efficient thus with the lowest LD50 value of 36.14%. These vegetable powders can be used as natural insecticides instead of chemical insecticides.
Studies on the mycorrhiza of Geodorum densiflorum (Lam.) Schltr. from Western...IOSR Journals
Mycorrhizal association of Geodorum densiflorum (Lam.) Schltr. an endangered terrestrial orchid
in the Western Ghats of Karnataka has been investigated. Anatomical studies of the fully grown orchid have
revealed the presence of the fungal coils in the cells of the pseudobulb and in the cortical region of the root,
indicating the continued association of the fungus with the plant. The degree of colonisation was extensive in the
root . Pure culture of the fungus associated with the underground parts of the plant was obtained and identified
as Rhizoctonia solani, a common mycorrhiza forming species with many orchids. The rhizosphere soil analysis
of the nutrients was carried out which revealed the decreased level of phosphate when compared to nitrogen
and potassium. Nutrient analysis supports the fact that mycorrhizal association occurs under the deficiency of
soil nutrients like phosphate.
In vitro Shoot Micro Propagation of Medicinal Applications and Ornamental Val...Shafkat Shamim Rahman
Cestrum nocturnum L. a night Blooming jasmine belongs to Solanaceae family widely circulated all over tropical as well as subtropical areas of the World. It is mainly popular for ornamental fragrant flowering and hedge plant but also sometimes for traditional medicinal purpose. Due to strongest smelling characteristics of the plants, it is used in many industries for making Perfumes, essential Oils, Soaps, Candles, Body Oils, etc. The existence of natural plants of economic importance are threatened due to rapid urban development, including industrialization, residential development, educational, commercial etc., reduce the land for cultivation. Hence plant tissue culture protocol may be adapted for production and utilization of economically popular plants, including C. nocturnum involving limited space and short period of time. Shoot tip explants of naturally grown C. nocturnum were excised sterilized and endued on ‘Murashige and Skoog’ (MS) medium enriched changed concentration of BA, NAA, as well as GA3 singly or in combination. Excised micro shoots were examined for root development on 0.5 MS using IBA, NAA as well as IAA separately. The highest amount of multiple bud were observed in low concentration of BA (01.50 milligram × l-1), resulted no. of shoot 4.40 as well as 4.20/explant, no. of leaves 15.40 as well as 4.20/explant as well as size of different shoot 5.360 as well as 4.860 cm. The concentration of IBA and IAA were found to be best for root formation in micro shoots (13.20, 6.80 roots/micro shoots) as well as root size (8.39, 5.73 cm) individually. There are many opportunity of plant tissue culture which offer marvelous chances in plant propagation, plant development as well as creation of plants with necessary agronomical features. Finally often hardening plantlets were gradually adjusted to natural condition and acclimatized with 90% success. This established protocol could help plant cell biotechnology, horticulture, medical and industrial sector of the country.
Allelopathic effects of weeds extract on seed germination of Trachyspermum co...Innspub Net
Seed germination stage is one of the most basic growth stages in medicinal plants that may be adversely affected by the chemicals released from other plants in the soil environment. The present study was performed to investigate the allelopathic effects of weeds, including (Xanthium strumarium, Amaranthus retroflexus and Chenopodium album) as common weeds in medicinal plant's farms, on seed germination parameters, total dry weight and allometry coefficient of Trachyspermum copticum L., Foeniculum vulgare and Cuminum cyminum L. in laboratory conditions. Treatments included extracts of all organs of three weed species, applied on the seeds of the medicinal plants at three concentrations of zero (distilled water), 50 and 100% by volume. The results showed that the extracts of mentioned weed species had a significant inhibitory effect on germination characteristics of the studied medicinal plants. The greatest negative impact on seed germination was recorded for the extract of Amaranthus retroflexus, but Trachyspermum copticum L. showed a better resistance to the extract of Amaranthus retroflexus as compared to Foeniculum vulgare and Cuminum cyminum. Get the full articles at: http://bit.ly/1NaHI5u
Management Of Apple Scab (Venturia Inaequalis) In Albania Based On Mills Tabl...irjes
The Fungus Venturia Inaequalis Infects Members Of The Maloideae, And Causes The Disease
Apple Scab, The Most Important Disease Of Apple Worldwide. Apple Scab Venturia Inaequalis (Cke) Wint., Is
A Major Problem In Albanian Apple Orchards And Is Responsible For Serious Economic Losses. The Purchase
Of Spraying Equipment And Phytopharmaceutical Products Is Very Expensive In Comparison To The Income
Of Local Apple Growers. In Several Apple Production Areas, Most Fungicide Sprays Applied To Orchards
Target Apple Scab Management. This Is One Of The Reasons Why Reduced Fungicide Sprayings Are
Becoming More And More Important
The Experiment Is Carried Out At Qerret (Puka Region), During The Years 2010-2013 At The Islam
Djaloshi Farm. The Experiment Is Set Up In Randomised Block Where The Main Effects Factor (Factor A Is
The Cultivar) Are Seen In Two Levels (Cv. Starking And Golden Delicious). Second Factor (Application TimeThe
Factor B) In Two Levels (Taking In Consider Traditional Treatments And Table Of Mills). Third Factor
(Fungicidal Treatment – The Factor C) In Four Levels (1. Amicarb 100; 2. Kresoxim – Metil; 3. Pencozeb DG;
Thoughts on Ailanthus altissima: biological and chemical eradication methodshacuthbert
This presentation will show that Ailanthus altissima is easy to kill by a volunteer safe chemical method. At the same time a naturally occurring bioeradication system has been observed that is effectively killing Ailanthus altissima. This serves as a model for finding bioeradication systems for other invasive non-native organisms and ending the scientifically unsound practice of introducing more non-native organisms to control current problems only to become problems themselves.
4 ijfaf nov-2017-2-allelopathic effect of eucalyptusAI Publications
Laboratory and greenhouse experiments were carried out at the Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Gezira, Sudan in season 2014/15 to study the allelopathic effects of Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh) leaf on seed germination and seedling growth of some poaceous crops. Laboratory experiments were conducted to study the allelopathic effects of leaf aqueous extract of Eucalyptus on seed germination of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor [L.] Moench), millet (Pennisetum glaucum [L.] R. Br.), maize (Zea mays L.) and wheat (Triticum vulgare L.). Six concentrations (0, 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100%) of the leaf aqueous extract of Eucalyptus were prepared from the stock solution (50 g / l). Treatments, for each crop, were arranged in completely randomized design with four replicates. The seeds were examined for germination at three days after initial germination. Greenhouse experiments were conducted to study the allelopathic effects of Eucalyptus leaf powder on seedling growth of the same crops. The leaf powder of Eucalyptus was incorporated into the soil at rate of 0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5 and 3.0% on w/w bases in pots. Treatments, for each crop, were arranged in completely randomized design with four replicates. The experiments were terminated at 30 days after sowing and the plant height, number of leaves and root length of crop seedlings were measured as well as plant fresh and dry weight. Data were subjected to analysis of variance procedure. Means were separated for significance using Duncan`s Multiple Range Test at p 0.5. The results showed that the leaf aqueous extract of Eucalyptus significantly reduced seed germination of the tested poaceous crops and there was direct negative relationship between concentration and germination. Also, the results showed that incorporating leaf powder of Eucalyptus into the soil significantly decreased plant height, number of leaves and root length of crop seedlings as well as seedling fresh and dry weight. In addition, the reduction in seedling growth was increased as the leaf powder increased in the soil. Based on results supported by different studies, it was concluded that Eucalyptus has allelopathic effects on seed germination and seedling growth of the poaceous crops.
Evaluation of the Activity of Insecticides Plants in the Far North Region of ...IJEAB
This study proposes to assess the activity of insecticide plants in the far North region of Cameroon. The leaves or bark of four local plants (Azadirachtaindica, Boswelliadalzeilii, Khayasenegalensis and Ocimumcanum) were harvested, dried and powdered for the formulation of insecticidal chopsticks at different doses. Toxicity tests have been conducted on adult culicidae mosquitoes by fumigation. They reveal low levels of mortality after 15 minutes of exposure to the smoke of the chopsticks. Remanence due to chopsticks smoke leads to high rates of mortality after 6 and 24 hours of exposure. Mortality rates increase with the dose of each vegetable powder. Lethal doses were calculated 6 hours after exposure for each plant powder. Those of the leaves of Azadirachtaindica proved to be the most efficient thus with the lowest LD50 value of 36.14%. These vegetable powders can be used as natural insecticides instead of chemical insecticides.
Studies on the mycorrhiza of Geodorum densiflorum (Lam.) Schltr. from Western...IOSR Journals
Mycorrhizal association of Geodorum densiflorum (Lam.) Schltr. an endangered terrestrial orchid
in the Western Ghats of Karnataka has been investigated. Anatomical studies of the fully grown orchid have
revealed the presence of the fungal coils in the cells of the pseudobulb and in the cortical region of the root,
indicating the continued association of the fungus with the plant. The degree of colonisation was extensive in the
root . Pure culture of the fungus associated with the underground parts of the plant was obtained and identified
as Rhizoctonia solani, a common mycorrhiza forming species with many orchids. The rhizosphere soil analysis
of the nutrients was carried out which revealed the decreased level of phosphate when compared to nitrogen
and potassium. Nutrient analysis supports the fact that mycorrhizal association occurs under the deficiency of
soil nutrients like phosphate.
In vitro Shoot Micro Propagation of Medicinal Applications and Ornamental Val...Shafkat Shamim Rahman
Cestrum nocturnum L. a night Blooming jasmine belongs to Solanaceae family widely circulated all over tropical as well as subtropical areas of the World. It is mainly popular for ornamental fragrant flowering and hedge plant but also sometimes for traditional medicinal purpose. Due to strongest smelling characteristics of the plants, it is used in many industries for making Perfumes, essential Oils, Soaps, Candles, Body Oils, etc. The existence of natural plants of economic importance are threatened due to rapid urban development, including industrialization, residential development, educational, commercial etc., reduce the land for cultivation. Hence plant tissue culture protocol may be adapted for production and utilization of economically popular plants, including C. nocturnum involving limited space and short period of time. Shoot tip explants of naturally grown C. nocturnum were excised sterilized and endued on ‘Murashige and Skoog’ (MS) medium enriched changed concentration of BA, NAA, as well as GA3 singly or in combination. Excised micro shoots were examined for root development on 0.5 MS using IBA, NAA as well as IAA separately. The highest amount of multiple bud were observed in low concentration of BA (01.50 milligram × l-1), resulted no. of shoot 4.40 as well as 4.20/explant, no. of leaves 15.40 as well as 4.20/explant as well as size of different shoot 5.360 as well as 4.860 cm. The concentration of IBA and IAA were found to be best for root formation in micro shoots (13.20, 6.80 roots/micro shoots) as well as root size (8.39, 5.73 cm) individually. There are many opportunity of plant tissue culture which offer marvelous chances in plant propagation, plant development as well as creation of plants with necessary agronomical features. Finally often hardening plantlets were gradually adjusted to natural condition and acclimatized with 90% success. This established protocol could help plant cell biotechnology, horticulture, medical and industrial sector of the country.
Allelopathic effects of weeds extract on seed germination of Trachyspermum co...Innspub Net
Seed germination stage is one of the most basic growth stages in medicinal plants that may be adversely affected by the chemicals released from other plants in the soil environment. The present study was performed to investigate the allelopathic effects of weeds, including (Xanthium strumarium, Amaranthus retroflexus and Chenopodium album) as common weeds in medicinal plant's farms, on seed germination parameters, total dry weight and allometry coefficient of Trachyspermum copticum L., Foeniculum vulgare and Cuminum cyminum L. in laboratory conditions. Treatments included extracts of all organs of three weed species, applied on the seeds of the medicinal plants at three concentrations of zero (distilled water), 50 and 100% by volume. The results showed that the extracts of mentioned weed species had a significant inhibitory effect on germination characteristics of the studied medicinal plants. The greatest negative impact on seed germination was recorded for the extract of Amaranthus retroflexus, but Trachyspermum copticum L. showed a better resistance to the extract of Amaranthus retroflexus as compared to Foeniculum vulgare and Cuminum cyminum. Get the full articles at: http://bit.ly/1NaHI5u
Management Of Apple Scab (Venturia Inaequalis) In Albania Based On Mills Tabl...irjes
The Fungus Venturia Inaequalis Infects Members Of The Maloideae, And Causes The Disease
Apple Scab, The Most Important Disease Of Apple Worldwide. Apple Scab Venturia Inaequalis (Cke) Wint., Is
A Major Problem In Albanian Apple Orchards And Is Responsible For Serious Economic Losses. The Purchase
Of Spraying Equipment And Phytopharmaceutical Products Is Very Expensive In Comparison To The Income
Of Local Apple Growers. In Several Apple Production Areas, Most Fungicide Sprays Applied To Orchards
Target Apple Scab Management. This Is One Of The Reasons Why Reduced Fungicide Sprayings Are
Becoming More And More Important
The Experiment Is Carried Out At Qerret (Puka Region), During The Years 2010-2013 At The Islam
Djaloshi Farm. The Experiment Is Set Up In Randomised Block Where The Main Effects Factor (Factor A Is
The Cultivar) Are Seen In Two Levels (Cv. Starking And Golden Delicious). Second Factor (Application TimeThe
Factor B) In Two Levels (Taking In Consider Traditional Treatments And Table Of Mills). Third Factor
(Fungicidal Treatment – The Factor C) In Four Levels (1. Amicarb 100; 2. Kresoxim – Metil; 3. Pencozeb DG;
Thoughts on Ailanthus altissima: biological and chemical eradication methodshacuthbert
This presentation will show that Ailanthus altissima is easy to kill by a volunteer safe chemical method. At the same time a naturally occurring bioeradication system has been observed that is effectively killing Ailanthus altissima. This serves as a model for finding bioeradication systems for other invasive non-native organisms and ending the scientifically unsound practice of introducing more non-native organisms to control current problems only to become problems themselves.
Similar to The Role of Sylepta Derogata[Lepidoptera: Pyralidae] In The Abscission And Defoliation of Okra Flowers, Seeds And Pods In Monocrop Gardens In Port Harcourt, Nigeria.
Anatomical and Palynological Studies on Napoleona imperialis P. Beauv. (Lecy...Scientific Review SR
Napoleona imperialis P. Beauv is the most widespread Napoleona in Nigeria. It belongs to the family Lecythidaceae,
a small tropical family that grows in all regions of Nigeria and other parts of West Africa. However, scientific data
concerning this species are scarce. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to conduct an anatomical and
palynological assessment of this plant species. For the anatomical evaluation, the leaves and stems were fixed and
subjected to common plant anatomy techniques. The acetolysis method was used for Palynology study. Result for
palynological study showed that N. imperialis is characterized by tricolpate pollen, oval in shape,with
microspinulose type of exine ornamentationand Pollen fertility and viabiligy is 84.66%. Anatomical characters such
as periderm cylinder, phellem cells and primary and secondary vascular bundles of leaf and stem explains typical
features of dicotyledonous plants that have undergone secondary growth. This study provides valuable information
for reference and correct identification of this species.
Yield Performances of Pleurotus ostreatus on Different Growth Substrates as I...IOSRJPBS
This study was carried out to investigate the effects of some vegetables (Diplazium sammatii, Moringa oleifera, and Justicia insularis) as additives on the growth parameters of Pleurotus ostreatus cultivated on two substrates; banana leaves (BL) and banana leaves/sawdust (BL/SD). The substrates were amended with these vegetables at different concentration levels (0 g, 5 g, 10 g and 15 g). Spawn running was completed in 30, 35, and 40 days in banana leaves, banana leaves/sawdust and the control respectively. Parameters assessed included area of pileus, number of fruit bodies, fresh weight, dry weight, length of stipe and girth of stipe. Higher mean values for fresh weight (21.69 g), area of pileus (42.58 cm2 ), length of stipe (5.10 g) and girth of stipe (4.30 g) were obtained from BL substrate treated to 5 g M. oleifera leaf powder. These values were significantly different from values obtained for other plant additives. Considering the number of fruit bodiesthat emerged on BL/SD substrates, the control produced more fruit bodies than the substrates with additives. The best performance in BL/SD substrates was observed when the substrate was treated to 10 g J. insularis in some of the parameters assessed. These included fresh weight (20.64 g), number of fruit bodies (8.00) and stipe girth (3.44 cm).Other parameters like area of pileus (36.08 cm2 ) and dry weight (2.39 cm), control had a better performance. While for length of stipe, 15 g M. oleifera leaf powder had the highest mean value that was significantly different (P≤0.05) from what was observed in substrates amended with other additives. It is therefore evident that these vegetables have high potential for utilization as additives or supplements for growing of Pleurotus ostreatus especially when using BL as substrates. In addition, substratesadditive concentration combination played a significant role in selective organ growth of the test mushroom.
Microbiological Investigations on Gryllotalpa Africana [Orthoptera: Gryllotal...iosrjce
This paper reports for the first time the bacterial distribution on Gryllotalpa africana, a mole cricket
and one of the edible hexapods of the Niger Delta region of Nigeria. Children hunt it during the rainy and also
at dry seasons and it is harvested as snacks in the rural settings of the region. It is eaten raw, boiled, fried or
roasted along with other condiments including onions and pepper. It is a delicacy enjoyed in many other parts
of Nigeria. Assessments were made to identify bacteria that are associated with different external structures of
the edible mole cricket.
Effect of Integrated Nutrient Management on Growth and Yield of Barley Hordeu...ijtsrd
Arundo donax was screened for their allelopathic potential to the growth of barley seedlings. The 3 aqueous leachate was tested for seed germination of barley in laboratory bioassay. The Arundo donax was found to enhance the growth of barley seedlings. The aqueous leachate of Bg parts was more pronounced growth of barley seedlings than Ag parts. This study suggested the future prospects of the integrated management of barley crop using the allelopathic potential of A. donax. Dr. Rajendra Kumar "Effect of Integrated Nutrient Management on Growth and Yield of Barley (Hordeum Vulgare) by using Arundo Donax in Integrated Management of Barley Crop" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-4 , June 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd50193.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/botany/50193/effect-of-integrated-nutrient-management-on-growth-and-yield-of-barley-hordeum-vulgare-by-using-arundo-donax-in-integrated-management-of-barley-crop/dr-rajendra-kumar
Genetic characterization of morphological and yield traits in ten genotypes of Celosia argentea L. was evaluated
at the Research Farm of the Department of Botany, University of Ibadan, Nigeria. The experiment was laid out
in a randomized complete block design with four replicates. The results of analysis of variance carried out on
early morphological characters of C. argentea L. at 3, 4, and 5weeks after sowing showed significant
(p<0.05 /><0.01) effects except for number of leaves per plant and leaf width at 3 and 5 weeks after sowing,
respectively. The replicates in blocks produced varying observable effects on the genotypes while genotype x
replicate showed significant variation on morpho-agronomic and yield traits except number of days to flowering
at 50 days and fruit length at maturity. Also, from the result of the mean separation, it is shown that
NG/MAY/09/015 performed the best for plant height at flowering, leaf length at flowering, leaf width at
flowering, and root biomass. NG/SA/07/213 produced the highest mean values of number of flowers per plant,
leaf biomass and pod weight at maturity. The highest values of number of primary branches and fruit length at
maturity (FLM) were observed for NG/TO/MAY/09/015, while NG/AO/MAY/09/015 had the highest for pod
weight at maturity. The result of principal component axis also showed that Prin 1 accounted for highest Eigen
Vector of 38.62% from the total variation. NG/MAY/09/015 (R2) genotype produced the highest Eigen Vector
of 6.705 from Prin 1. The correlation result showed that plant height had a significant positive association with
seed weight at maturity, pod weight at maturity, number of primary branches and fruit length at maturity, while
similar association existed between leaf biomass, number of primary branches and pod weight at maturity, as
well as between plant height at flowering and pod weight at maturity. Again, the number of primary branches is
also positive and significantly correlated with plant height, root biomass and leaf length. Furthermore, the
results of dendrogram and minimum spanning tree revealed variations in genetic relatedness and distance,
respectively, which exist among the population of the C. argentea L.
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The Role of Sylepta Derogata[Lepidoptera: Pyralidae] In The Abscission And Defoliation of Okra Flowers, Seeds And Pods In Monocrop Gardens In Port Harcourt, Nigeria.
1. IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences (IOSR-JPBS)
e-ISSN: 2278-3008, p-ISSN:2319-7676. Volume 10, Issue 6 Ver. II (Nov - Dec. 2015), PP 134-138
www.iosrjournals.org
DOI: 10.9790/3008-1062134138 www.iosrjournals.org 134 | Page
The Role of Sylepta Derogata[Lepidoptera: Pyralidae] In The Abscission
And Defoliation of Okra Flowers, Seeds And Pods In Monocrop Gardens
In Port Harcourt, Nigeria.
1
Ogbalu, O. K., 2
Bob Manuel, R. B. And 3
Gbarakoro, T.
1.
Entomology Unit, Department of Applied and Environmental Biology,Rivers State University of Science and
Technology, P. M. B. 5080, Port Harcourt, Nigeria.
2.
Ignatius Ajuru University of Education, Rumuoluemeni, Port Harcourt, Nigeria.
3.
Department of Animal and Environmental Biology, University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria.
Abstract: Syleptaderogata, a prominent pest of Okra in the Niger Delta of Nigeria causes both defoliation of
Okra leaves and abscission of pods and seeds during the rainy seasons. Okra pods were eaten up by the Pyralid
leaving the pods on the soil along with the seeds. Abscission was up to 92.4% under heavy infestation of the
rainy season of 2013. The feeding activities of S. derogate affected the viability of okra seeds as 64.5% of okra
seeds did not germinate. Data on the effects of their feeding activities on flowers, pods, leaf abscission are
presented.
Keywords: Syleptaderogata, abscission, defoliation okra pods, seeds, flowers, seed viability.
I. Introduction
Okra is attacked by quite an array of insects prominent among them areSylepta derogata, Dysdercus
superstitiosus, Podagrica uniforma and P. sjostedti, others includeAnomis flava,Earias biplaga, Aphis gossypii,
A. craccivora and others.Attacks on okra leaves starts as early as the germination stage by termites
[Macrotermesspp]andPodagrica species that create circular, irregular and spherical holes on okra leaves of all
ages apart from punctures they make on pods. D. superstitiosuscauses punctures on okra fruits especially during
the dry seasons in Niger Delta of Nigeria. Some hemipterans including Acanthocorisspp, Leptoglossus australis
infest okra attacking its pods. Reports on the biology of S. derogatain the eastern states of Nigeria had been
provided [1]. He reported that S. derogata is a defoliator but the present work assesses the role of the Pyralid as
a defoliator, a leaf roller and itsposition in the abscission of pods, flowers, seeds and leaves of okra. Other
authors listed species of okra pests within the tropics and temperate zones [2, 3].The object of this study is to
investigate whether the feeding activities ofSylepta derogataare associated with the abscission of flowers, leaves
and pods of okra.
II. Materials And Methods
Field trials were conducted during the rainy season and of 2013in the Research Farm of the Department
of Applied and Environmental Biology of the Rivers State University of Science and Technology, Port
Harcourt. We used early-maturing variety of okra;chuku-chuku obtained from the Ministry of Agriculture Port
Harcourt was used. The variety is the okra commonly grown and eaten throughout Rivers State and Niger Delta
as a whole. Okra seeds were sown on ridges constructed on a sandy loam soil in a landscape of 20.4 by 5 metres
with 14 rows at plant spacing of 62 x 48cm. After germination, thinning was allowed to establish only one plant
per stand making up to 20 plants per row and there were ten rows per plot. There were ten plots altogether and
the soil around each plant was fertilized with 15g of N P K [15: 15 :15] compound fertilizer applied to each
plant as a side dressing two weeks after germination [4]. Each plot was screened with a mosquito cotton mesh.
Each plot was replicated four times, and therewas also one unscreened [control] plot for each of the
replicated four plots.
A laboratory culture of fifty paired adults of Sylepta derogatacollected from traditional okra plots
within the University campus, were maintained [for rainy seasons cultures]in ten sleeve wooden cages
[80x80x50 cm] gauzed with transparent mosquito net on a diet of 20% honey solution [1] absorbed in cotton
wools hanged at different angles of the sleeve cages. Also cotton wools absorbed in a diet mixture of dry baker’s
yeast, sugar and water were hung in the same cage in order to enhance egg production in the moths [4, 5].Ten
cotton wool balls absorbed in 20ml of water were hung in each of the ten cages. After 48hours of mating and
feeding, twenty paired adults were released into each of the screened ten plots at eight weeks after planting. The
control plots were exposed to natural infestation by S. derogata.A damage assessment on okra by S. derogata
was recorded 14 days from the introduction of the moths.We also sampled from four adjoining traditional farms
during the rainy of the same year to assess some of the factors already listed above.
2. The Role of Sylepta Derogata[Lepidoptera: Pyralidae] In The Abscission And Defoliation of Okra…
DOI: 10.9790/3008-1062134138 www.iosrjournals.org 135 | Page
Observations commenced 24 hours after the release of the mated adults. Counts and measurements
were made of daily eggs laid, number of larvae and number of pupae. Observations also commenced as early as
10 weeks after planting to assess for number of leaves rolled per plant as well as leaf, flower and pod
abscissions. Records were taken of the losses of the aforementioned parts. At harvest, dry pods with dry mature
seeds which were deseeded and sown for germination tests both in the laboratory and in the field [n=20-50];
depending on the number of seeds per pod]. Records were also made of the number of okra seeds that dropped
from the podsand recovery of seeds was made on the soil. Marketable pods were harvested from each of the 30
plants per row/plot every 7 days. Mature green pods that are without blemish were regarded as marketable.
Statistical Analysis. The experimental Design was a Randomized Complete Block Design [RCBD]. Most of the
data were analyzed using analysis of variance [ANOVA] and t-test analysis was used at 5% level of significance
to establish significant difference in marketable or unmarketable pods.
III. Results And Discussion
Records and data from the present study confirmedS.derogata as a defoliator, a leaf roller and a
skeletonizer. These roles as well as abscission are caused by the larval stages of S. derogata. They leaf roll prior
to pupation and this factor causes a reduction in the photosynthetic sites of the okra leaves.Most punctures they
make on okra leaves are of different shapes. Earlier, many workers established that theokra flea beetles
[Podagrica species] made circular holes on okra leaves, however in a more recent study, Ogbalu and Sigalo
[2015] showed that shapes of punctures made on okra leaves by S. derogatawere ellipsoidal, irregular and
spherical punctures. Punctures or feeding punctures made byPodagrica species are circular, ellipsoidal and
spherical in shapes. Most of the leaf punctures are subjected to wear and tear under heavy winds and they
further cause reduction in photosynthetic activities in okra.There was a significant difference between
marketable and unmarketable pods; the number of punctures and blemishes on unmarketable was significantly
higher than those on marketable pods [t-test,0.95].
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 R6 R7 R8 R9 R10
%LeafAbscission
Rows of okra plants per plot
Fig.1. Assessment of Leaf Abscission in okra plots containing
Sylepta derogata adults and its developmental stages.
3. The Role of Sylepta Derogata[Lepidoptera: Pyralidae] In The Abscission And Defoliation of Okra…
DOI: 10.9790/3008-1062134138 www.iosrjournals.org 136 | Page
Abscission of okra leaves occurred in all plots [Figs.1-2]. Mean percentage abscission was significantly
high in rows 2 and 5 although there was no significant difference in leaf abscission between the aforementioned
rows [DMRT; P < 0.05]. Apparently,the voracious feeding activities of the Pyralid moth caused abscission since
as many as 28-131 larvae of different ages were recovered on plants per row during rainy season. Releases made
into okra screened plots caused the gravid females having located suitable oviposition sites on both the abaxial
and adaxial sides to deposit their eggs; most females preferred the adaxial sides of the okra leaves to lay their
eggs. The gregarious populations of early instars feeding activities caused irregular and ellipsoidal holes on okra
leaves and later larval instars initiated total skeletonization of okra leaves so that any slightest force such as
wind will aid the already-torn leaves to drop. The older instars are also involved in leaf consumption and in the
destruction of leaf veins and petioles. S. derogata caused up to 28.4 % abscission of okra leaves in screened
plots.The relationship between percentage leaf rolls and number of larvae was shown in Fig. 4, a positive linear
relationship that signified larval feeding affected leaf rolling. In the unscreened plots, infestation was
unrestricted and other phytophagous pests of okra might have aided leaf abscission due to their added feeding
activities. Other destructive pests of okra leaves in the Niger Delta included the okra flea beetles [Podagrica
uniforma and P. sjostedti], Aspidomorpha species [tortoise beetles], Aphis gossypii, A.craccivora and Anomis
flava apart from D. superstitiosus, the cotton stainer that cause blemishes on okra pods along with its multi-
coloured nymphs especially during the dry seasons.
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
0 2 4 6
% Flower Abscission
% Flower Abscission
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 R6 R7 R8 R9 R10
Mean%Leafrolls
ROWS OF PLANTS IN OKRA PLOTS.
Fig. 2. Assessment of leaf rolls in screened okra plots with
S. derogata.
4. The Role of Sylepta Derogata[Lepidoptera: Pyralidae] In The Abscission And Defoliation of Okra…
DOI: 10.9790/3008-1062134138 www.iosrjournals.org 137 | Page
Leaf rolling occurred in control plots indicating the abundance of S. derogatapopulations within the
environment where trials were carried out. Farmers grow okra plants along with other crops like maize, pepper,
tomatoes, yamsand other vegetables for consumption. Many okra plantations were available around the trial
plots. It was not therefore surprising as leaf rolls in the adjoining farmers’ plots were equally high. In some
cases in those adjoining farms, leaf rolls and leaf abscission were high; they grew their okra with chicken
droppings and other farm yard manure that attracted the phytophagous pests including grasshoppers, Zonocerus
variegatus. Earlier reports [6] maintained that most vegetables grown with chicken manure attracted insect
pests. In the screened plots, the pyralids kept mating and ovipositing for the period that thetrials lasted. The last
instar larvae[ 5th
or 6th
instars] have the imprint behavior of leaf- rolling in order to conceal and protect
themselves from predator, hot climate and extreme weather conditions prior to pupation In flower abscission,
other pests such as thrips were collected. It appeared they also contributed toabscission in okra flowers. We
collected up to 8-14 flower thrips per okra inflorescence identified as Megalurothrips sjostedti, Haplothrips
gowdeyi and M. ventralis. Other authors identified more thrips in vegetables grown in the eastern states of
Nigeria [7].
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 R6 R7 R8 R9 R10
Mean%Leafrolls/Row
Rows of okra plants /plot.
Fig. 3. Assessment of leaf rolls in okra control
plot.
y = 1.729x + 27.11
R² = 0.823
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
%LeafRolls
Number of Larvae
Fig. 4. Relationship between percentage leaf
rolls and Number of Larvae on okra plants.
5. The Role of Sylepta Derogata[Lepidoptera: Pyralidae] In The Abscission And Defoliation of Okra…
DOI: 10.9790/3008-1062134138 www.iosrjournals.org 138 | Page
Aging tissues (especially senescing leaves) and nodes of stems produce ethylene. The best known
effect of the hormone, however, is the promotion of fruit ripening. Ethylene stimulates the conversion of starch
and acids to sugars [8]. Some people store unripe fruits, such as avocados, pawpaw, mangoes, banana and
oranges in a sealed paper bag to accelerate ripening; the gas released by the first fruit to mature will speed up the
maturation of the remaining fruit. Elucidating the mechanisms involved in ripening of climacteric fruit and the
role that ethylene plays in the process are key to understanding fruit production and quality [9]. Ethylene also
triggers leaf and fruit abscission, flower fading and dropping, and promotes germination in some cereals and
sprouting. Apart from the role of ethylene in the abscission of both leaves and pods, the positive role of the
feeding activities of S. derogata cannot be over emphasized. They feed on the basal portions of the okra pods
causing dislodgements of tissues and regional porosity presenting a tendency to abscission. The feeding
activities of other insects may also account for defoliation and abscission [e.g.Eariasspp, Zonocerus variegatus]
but this study examined the role of the feeding impact of S. derogata and that was the reason for carrying out the
study in a gauzed environment. A strong correlation exists between number of larvae and number of fruits
abscised [r = 0.92]. Also a high correlation exists between number of larvae and percentage of leaves rolled [r =
0.82]. Leaf rolling is usually higher in okra plantations grown near gas-flared stations in the Niger Deltaas early
instar larvae protect themselves from external heat as gas flares[10] and in farms of okra grown during the dry
seasons.Under heavy infestation by S.derogata at rainy seasons, all the aforementioned parameters of abscission
of leaves and pods, defoliation of leaves, leaf rolling and skeletonization of leaf areas [are factors that cause
reduction in photosynthetic activities]. Also the oviposition patterns of femalesS. derogataon okra leaves
reduced photosynthetic activities as the deposited eggs cover a reasonable area of the leaf. On the effect of the
larval feeding activities on seeds; 64.5% of the seeds lost their viability and could not germinate[n=200]. Under
heavy infestation, larvae resort to feedingon tender fresh pods in the absence of leaves which had been
defoliated by early instars. Other authors [11, 12, 13, 14,15]reported on other types of pests on okra and
damage.
IV. Conclusion
It is concluded that although S. derogata may not be the only pest that causes defoliation on okra
plants, however its feeding affect germination of seeds, causes defoliation, abscission of leaves and pods. Its
presence on okra leaves even as early as after germination affects photosynthetic activities of the plant. The
feeding activities affect the reproductive potentials of the seeds as most seeds they fed on lost their
viability.Farmers should endeavor to plant okra early in the seasons and harvest early prior to the periods of high
temperatures and when S. derogata populations may be high.
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