1) The study surveyed cotton farms from 2001-2005 to determine alternate host plants, hibernation sites, and survival strategies of Cylas puncticollis, a cotton pest.
2) C. puncticollis was found on 8 plant families including Malvaceae. The highest damage ratings were on Ipomoea eriocarpa and related plants. Field trials found it preferentially fed on Hibiscus cannabinus (kenaf) over cotton, okra, and roselle.
3) Hibernation sites included cotton plant debris, exposed roots, and cracked soils up to 75cm deep. Pupae and adults were collected from soil depths up to 15
This document summarizes a study that characterized the virulence of Russian wheat aphid (RWA) populations from four locations in Kenya (Eldoret, Mau Narok, Njoro, Egerton) on four wheat genotypes. Seedlings of the wheat genotypes were infested with RWA populations from the different locations. The Egerton RWA population caused more damage to the resistant wheat lines compared to populations from other locations, indicating it was more virulent. Significant interactions between RWA population and wheat genotype on plant damage scores showed that populations varied in virulence depending on the wheat genotype and duration of infestation. The Njoro and Eldoret RWA populations were generally the most virulent.
Biological control of cassava green mites in AfricaJawwad Mirza
Typhlodromalus aripo, a predatory mite introduced from Brazil, has been established across Africa to biologically control the cassava green mite Mononychellus tanajoa, a serious pest of cassava. Studies in Benin show that T. aripo inhabits the apices of cassava plants during the day, providing it shelter, and forages on leaves at night where it preys on M. tanajoa. Since the introduction of T. aripo, densities of M. tanajoa have dropped significantly. Population dynamics of both species generally follow rainfall patterns, with two peaks per year. Long-term studies indicate T. aripo has persisted for years in
This study compared the phyllospheres of the invasive plant species Oxalis pes caprae and the native plant species Arctostaphylos glauca. Experiments found that O. pes caprae leaves had more bacterial colonies than A. glauca leaves, and the presence of bacteria on O. pes caprae inhibited the growth of fungi. This suggests the more abundant bacteria provides the invasive species with a competitive advantage over the native species in the same environment. Further research is needed to identify the bacteria and fungi species and determine the interactions between them.
This study compared the effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) on root-knot nematode infection in two tomato cultivars, Solanum lycopersicum cv. Moneymaker and cv. Monita. Tomato plants were inoculated with AMF and later infected with root-knot nematodes. AMF colonization of plant roots was confirmed. The study found that AMF promoted early growth in both cultivars but inhibited growth initially. Later, cv. Monita showed longer stem lengths, suggesting it is a more robust cultivar. Infection rates will be determined and compared between cultivars with and without AMF to study their interaction.
This document summarizes a study that evaluated potato selections for resistance to root galling caused by the powdery scab pathogen Spongospora subterranea. Over seven field trials from 2003-2007 in Washington and Idaho, 57 potato selections were tested and compared to four susceptible industry standard cultivars. Eight selections showed greater resistance to root galling than the standards in two or more trials: PA98NM38-1 in 5 trials, PO94A009-10 in 4 trials, PA95B2-4 and PA98N5-2 in 3 trials, POR00HG5-1 in 2 trials, PO94A009-7 in 3 trials, PO94A012-2 in
Activity of callosobruchus maculatus (f.) (coleoptera bruchidae) on selected ...Alexander Decker
This study evaluated the susceptibility of 3 bambara groundnut breeding lines (SSD5, SSD8, SSD9) and 3 landraces (Uniswa red, ASI7, OM1) to the cowpea weevil (Callosobruchus maculatus). The breeding lines had significantly larger and heavier seeds than the landraces. When infested with C. maculatus, SSD8 and OM1 had significantly more eggs laid and SSD8 suffered significantly higher damage. The landraces had a higher susceptibility index on average. Germination success of damaged seeds was significantly higher in the landraces (48.333%) than the breeding lines. The results indicate variability in
Diversity of plant parasitic nematodes associated with common beans (Phaseolu...Innspub Net
Common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) are the most important legume staple food in Kenya coming second to maize. In Central Highlands of Kenya, the 0.4-0.5ton ha-1 output is below the genetic yield potential of 1.5-2ton ha-1 partly due pests and diseases. Plant parasitic nematodes (PPN) have been reported to cause yield losses of up to 60% on beans. Though bean production is important in the Central highlands of Kenya, information on PPN associated with the beans in the region is lacking. This study was therefore undertaken to establish the diversity of PPN associated with common beans and to assess the root knot nematode damage on beans in the region. The study covered 50 farms (32 in Kirinyaga and 18 in Embu Counties) distributed in eight localities namely Kibirigwi (L1), Makutano (L2), Kagio (L3), Mwea (L4) and Kutus (L5) in Kirinyaga County and Nembure (L6), Manyatta (L7) and Runyenjes (L8) in Embu County and covering three Agro Ecological Zones (AEZs); UM2 (L1, L2, L3 & L4), UM3 (L5, L7 & L8) and UM4 (L6) AEZs. Manyatta (L7) and Nembure (L6), had the highest and second highest gall indices, respectively, while Kibirigwi (L1), Makutano (L2) and Mwea (L4) had some of the lowest gall indices. The most common PPN in bean roots were Meloidogyne spp. Pratylenchus spp. and Scutellonema spp. with a frequency of 94.38%, 78.25% and 59.13%, respectively. This further confirm the importance of these nematodes in bean production systems. Upper Midland 3 (UM3) AEZs and UM4 had higher nematode population densities and diversity than UM2. Disease severity and nematode composition and distribution were notably low in the irrigated areas Kibirigwi, Kagio and Mwea compared to rain-fed areas such as Makutano, Nembure and Manyatta.
This study tested potato germplasm for resistance to black dot, a disease caused by the fungus Colletotrichum coccodes. Forty-six potato selections were evaluated in field trials from 2006-2008. Resistance was determined by comparing disease severity on potato stems to three industry standard cultivars. Four selections - A0012-5, PA95B2-4, PA98NM38-1, and PO94A009-7 - had less black dot than the standards in all years. These selections also showed genetic stability. Heritability of resistance was estimated to be moderate. The selections with resistance were derived from an introgression program to incorporate resistance to other pathogens. These selections could help sustainable management of black dot
This document summarizes a study that characterized the virulence of Russian wheat aphid (RWA) populations from four locations in Kenya (Eldoret, Mau Narok, Njoro, Egerton) on four wheat genotypes. Seedlings of the wheat genotypes were infested with RWA populations from the different locations. The Egerton RWA population caused more damage to the resistant wheat lines compared to populations from other locations, indicating it was more virulent. Significant interactions between RWA population and wheat genotype on plant damage scores showed that populations varied in virulence depending on the wheat genotype and duration of infestation. The Njoro and Eldoret RWA populations were generally the most virulent.
Biological control of cassava green mites in AfricaJawwad Mirza
Typhlodromalus aripo, a predatory mite introduced from Brazil, has been established across Africa to biologically control the cassava green mite Mononychellus tanajoa, a serious pest of cassava. Studies in Benin show that T. aripo inhabits the apices of cassava plants during the day, providing it shelter, and forages on leaves at night where it preys on M. tanajoa. Since the introduction of T. aripo, densities of M. tanajoa have dropped significantly. Population dynamics of both species generally follow rainfall patterns, with two peaks per year. Long-term studies indicate T. aripo has persisted for years in
This study compared the phyllospheres of the invasive plant species Oxalis pes caprae and the native plant species Arctostaphylos glauca. Experiments found that O. pes caprae leaves had more bacterial colonies than A. glauca leaves, and the presence of bacteria on O. pes caprae inhibited the growth of fungi. This suggests the more abundant bacteria provides the invasive species with a competitive advantage over the native species in the same environment. Further research is needed to identify the bacteria and fungi species and determine the interactions between them.
This study compared the effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) on root-knot nematode infection in two tomato cultivars, Solanum lycopersicum cv. Moneymaker and cv. Monita. Tomato plants were inoculated with AMF and later infected with root-knot nematodes. AMF colonization of plant roots was confirmed. The study found that AMF promoted early growth in both cultivars but inhibited growth initially. Later, cv. Monita showed longer stem lengths, suggesting it is a more robust cultivar. Infection rates will be determined and compared between cultivars with and without AMF to study their interaction.
This document summarizes a study that evaluated potato selections for resistance to root galling caused by the powdery scab pathogen Spongospora subterranea. Over seven field trials from 2003-2007 in Washington and Idaho, 57 potato selections were tested and compared to four susceptible industry standard cultivars. Eight selections showed greater resistance to root galling than the standards in two or more trials: PA98NM38-1 in 5 trials, PO94A009-10 in 4 trials, PA95B2-4 and PA98N5-2 in 3 trials, POR00HG5-1 in 2 trials, PO94A009-7 in 3 trials, PO94A012-2 in
Activity of callosobruchus maculatus (f.) (coleoptera bruchidae) on selected ...Alexander Decker
This study evaluated the susceptibility of 3 bambara groundnut breeding lines (SSD5, SSD8, SSD9) and 3 landraces (Uniswa red, ASI7, OM1) to the cowpea weevil (Callosobruchus maculatus). The breeding lines had significantly larger and heavier seeds than the landraces. When infested with C. maculatus, SSD8 and OM1 had significantly more eggs laid and SSD8 suffered significantly higher damage. The landraces had a higher susceptibility index on average. Germination success of damaged seeds was significantly higher in the landraces (48.333%) than the breeding lines. The results indicate variability in
Diversity of plant parasitic nematodes associated with common beans (Phaseolu...Innspub Net
Common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) are the most important legume staple food in Kenya coming second to maize. In Central Highlands of Kenya, the 0.4-0.5ton ha-1 output is below the genetic yield potential of 1.5-2ton ha-1 partly due pests and diseases. Plant parasitic nematodes (PPN) have been reported to cause yield losses of up to 60% on beans. Though bean production is important in the Central highlands of Kenya, information on PPN associated with the beans in the region is lacking. This study was therefore undertaken to establish the diversity of PPN associated with common beans and to assess the root knot nematode damage on beans in the region. The study covered 50 farms (32 in Kirinyaga and 18 in Embu Counties) distributed in eight localities namely Kibirigwi (L1), Makutano (L2), Kagio (L3), Mwea (L4) and Kutus (L5) in Kirinyaga County and Nembure (L6), Manyatta (L7) and Runyenjes (L8) in Embu County and covering three Agro Ecological Zones (AEZs); UM2 (L1, L2, L3 & L4), UM3 (L5, L7 & L8) and UM4 (L6) AEZs. Manyatta (L7) and Nembure (L6), had the highest and second highest gall indices, respectively, while Kibirigwi (L1), Makutano (L2) and Mwea (L4) had some of the lowest gall indices. The most common PPN in bean roots were Meloidogyne spp. Pratylenchus spp. and Scutellonema spp. with a frequency of 94.38%, 78.25% and 59.13%, respectively. This further confirm the importance of these nematodes in bean production systems. Upper Midland 3 (UM3) AEZs and UM4 had higher nematode population densities and diversity than UM2. Disease severity and nematode composition and distribution were notably low in the irrigated areas Kibirigwi, Kagio and Mwea compared to rain-fed areas such as Makutano, Nembure and Manyatta.
This study tested potato germplasm for resistance to black dot, a disease caused by the fungus Colletotrichum coccodes. Forty-six potato selections were evaluated in field trials from 2006-2008. Resistance was determined by comparing disease severity on potato stems to three industry standard cultivars. Four selections - A0012-5, PA95B2-4, PA98NM38-1, and PO94A009-7 - had less black dot than the standards in all years. These selections also showed genetic stability. Heritability of resistance was estimated to be moderate. The selections with resistance were derived from an introgression program to incorporate resistance to other pathogens. These selections could help sustainable management of black dot
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Plants Influencing the Behavior of Large White ButterflyFayina19z
This study examined how different companion plants influence the oviposition behavior of Large White Butterflies (Pieris brassicae L.) on cabbage plants. French marigolds (Tagetes patula) and painted daisies (Chrysanthemum carinatum) reduced egg laying on cabbage compared to control plots with only cabbage. Butterflies were attracted to T. patula flowers for feeding but laid fewer eggs on surrounding cabbage plants. C. carinatum appeared repellent to butterflies. Painted sage (Salvia horminum) showed some repellent effects later in the summer. Calendula (Calendula officinalis) and onion (Allium cepa) did not significantly
Grain mold, considered the most important disease of sorghum, is associated with several fungal genera. The disease reduces both yield and quality. In this study, over 300 sorghum seed samples collected from Texas, Florida, and Georgia were evaluated for grain mold severity, seed weight, germination rate, and seed fungal community. Grain mold severity of the seed samples, except for those collected from Cameron, Texas, were rated 3 or higher, indicating that these sorghum lines were moderately susceptible under naturally-infected field conditions during the 2016 and 2017 growing seasons. Seed weight across surveyed locations ranged from 1.1 g to 4.0g for samples collected in Texas during the same period. Percent germination rates for samples collected in Texas ranged from 59.6% to 86.7%. Sorghum samples collected from Florida and Georgia exhibited moderately susceptible response to grain mold infection. Mean seed weight was 1.9 g for samples collected from Florida, while in Georgia, mean seed weight was 2.3 g. Germination rate was low for samples collected from Florida and Georgia. Mycological analysis of sorghum seed samples collected from farmers’ fields in Central and South Texas during the 2016 and 2017 growing seasons showed Alternaria species as the most frequently isolated fungal genus, accounting for 40% and 42 % in 2016 and 2017, followed by Fusarium incarnatum, F. acuminatum, F. equiseti, & F. semitectum Complex. In Florida and Georgia, Fusarium incarnatum, F. acuminatum, F. equiseti, & F. semitectum Complex was the most frequently recovered fungal species, accounting for 77% and 72% of the total. genera/species isolated from seed samples. Other fungal species, including Curvularia lunata, Bipolaris sp., Colletotrichum sublineola, F. verticillioides, Penicillium sp., Aspergillus flavus, F. thapsinum, F. oxysporum, F. sporotrichioides, F. graminearum, F. proliferatum, and Aspergillus niger were also isolated from sorghum seeds in various frequencies. In conclusion, the presence of large number of fungal genera associated with grain deterioration and their effect on other traits, makes management of this disease complex challenging. To identify grain mold resistant sources in a region, using the most dominant species in that region to screen the sorghum germplasm is recommended.
Agronomic evaluation of eight genotypes of hot pepper (capsicum spp l.) in a ...Alexander Decker
This document evaluates the agronomic performance of eight pepper genotypes, including six exotic and two local varieties, under rain-fed conditions in Ghana. The study found that exotic hybrid varieties matured earlier and had better fruit weight, length, and yield compared to the local varieties. However, the two local varieties, Anloga and Legon 18, produced the highest number of undamaged fruits. The results identify pepper genotypes suitable for cultivation in the local environment and provide information to plant breeders for developing new varieties adapted to local conditions.
This study aims to quantify populations of the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana in soil samples from kudzu patches infested with the invasive kudzu bug, Megacopta cribraria, in North Carolina. Soil samples were collected from seven kudzu patches and B. bassiana colony forming units (CFUs) were quantified over seven days. Preliminary results found low B. bassiana populations that decreased over time, with no difference between patch locations. Molecular identification using PCR and sequencing will determine pathogenic strains to evaluate for biocontrol of the kudzu bug.
Wheat stem sawflies are a major pest for wheat crops, causing over $350 million in damage annually. They lay eggs inside wheat stems, where the larvae feed and cut the stems. Native parasitoid wasps that feed on sawfly larvae can help reduce damage. This study explores using diverse plantings of native wildflowers along wheat field edges to increase parasitoid populations and lifespan through providing nectar, which could help decrease sawfly infestation. Results showed higher sawfly infestation near fallow fields, parasitoids living longer with nectar access, and lower infestation correlated with higher plant diversity along edges.
Mofo branco in tech-case-study_sclerotinia_sclerotiorum_genetic_diversity_a...Luciana Ramos
This document provides background information on Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, an important fungal pathogen. It discusses the pathogen's reproduction and disease cycle, as well as research examining its genetic diversity and population structure. Key points include:
1) S. sclerotiorum reproduces both sexually through self-fertilization and asexually via sclerotia formation. Its disease cycle involves ascospore and mycelial infection of host plants.
2) Population studies have found S. sclerotiorum populations to be mainly clonal, though some recombination occurs. Clonality is evidenced by association of genetic markers within populations.
3) Understanding the pathogen's genetic
Candidate attractants for bactrocera invadens male flies from gynandropsis gy...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that investigated the attractiveness of the plant Gynandropsis gynandra to the fruit fly Bactrocera invadens. Field observations found that male B. invadens were strongly attracted to G. gynandra plants from 6:30am to 12:30pm. Using gas chromatography and electroantennogram detection, two compounds - 4-methyl-3-penten-2-one and 4-hydroxy-4-methyl-2-pentanone - were identified from G. gynandra and B. invadens gut extracts that elicited antennae response in male B. invadens. Wind tunnel bioassays also found that these two
Assessment of Genetic Diversity in Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) Genotypes at B...Premier Publishers
Field experiment was conducted to assess the extent of genetic diversity in sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) genotypes to identify superior genotypes for further improvement program. A total of forty-nine sesame genotypes were evaluated at Bako and Uke during 2018 cropping season. Data were recorded and analyzed by SAS software. The combined analysis showed significant differences among the genotypes for all traits. Cluster analysis grouped 49 sesame genotypes into four clusters. The highest inter-cluster distance occurred between clusters three and four while the lowest was between clusters one and two. Principal components analysis showed that about 76.1% of the total variations among sesame genotypes were contributed by the first four PCs with eigen values greater than unity. Estimation of phenotypic diversity based on qualitative traits showed seed color and flower color were the highest divergent traits followed by stem color and leaf color. Generally, the result of the study showed existence of significant genetic variability among tested genotypes. Therefore, simple selection of promising genotypes and crossing of highly divergent group to produce best heterotic offspring could be recommended from the present study.
This study examined the decomposition of Norway maple leaves infected with the fungus Rhytisma acerinum (tar spot) compared to uninfected leaves. Leaf disks from infected, adjacent, and uninfected areas were incubated in a stream for 10 weeks. The exponential decay rate was 50% greater for uninfected disks than infected or adjacent disks, indicating tar spot infection slowed decomposition. Sporulation of aquatic fungi was lowest on infected disks and highest on uninfected disks. Nutrient (nitrogen and phosphorus) concentrations were initially highest in infected disks but decreased more slowly than the other disks during decomposition. The results show tar spot infection delays fungal colonization and decomposition of maple leaves in streams.
Diversity and seasonal variation of soil fungi isolated from surrounding area...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the diversity and seasonal variation of soil fungi isolated from the surrounding area of Upper Lake in Bhopal, India over a two year period. A total of 55 genera and 94 fungal species were identified. The highest numbers of fungi were observed in the summer season (64 and 56), followed by winter (54 and 38), with the lowest numbers in the rainy season (42 and 32). Fungal populations varied seasonally and were correlated with temperature, rainfall, and humidity. The majority of identified species were well-adapted to the local environment.
This report summarizes a study on the effects of insecticide applications on cranberry tipworm and parasitoid populations over two years (2013-2014) on three cranberry farms. In 2014, farms that applied Movento in 2013 had lower tipworm populations in the spring than farms using other insecticides. Movento applications in both years reduced tipworm numbers more than applications of Diazinon. Parasitoid populations, which depend on tipworm hosts, were also lower following Movento use. Extreme heat in August 2014 caused additional tipworm mortality. A prototype trap was developed to study tipworm emergence from soil overwintering sites.
28. Breeding for resistance to abiotic stresses – drought resistance – mechanisms of drought resistance (drought escape, avoidance, tolerance, and resistance) – features associated with drought resistance – sources of drought resistance – breeding methods for drought resistance – limitations – achievements; breeding for resistance to water logging – effects of water logging mechanism of tolerance – ideotype for flooded areas – breeding methods.
This document provides information on breeding methods for French beans. It discusses the center of origin, distribution, breeding objectives, and different breeding procedures used, including pedigree selection, bulk breeding, backcrossing, and marker-assisted selection. The document also covers breeding for disease resistance, insect resistance, environmental stress tolerance, canning quality, and yield improvement. It reviews molecular tools used in bean breeding, such as markers, genomics, and QTL mapping. Finally, it discusses current developments and issues regarding genetically modified beans.
Eriophyoid Mites as Weed Biological Control Agenteidmk230
This document summarizes research on using eriophyoid mites as biological control agents for weeds. It discusses how eriophyoid mites can reduce weed fitness and competitiveness with crops. Several species of eriophyoid mites have been released and established to control specific weed targets, including Aceria chondrillae for skeleton weed, Aceria malherbae for field bindweed, and Aculus hyperici for St. John's wort. Factors that influence the potential of eriophyoid mites as biological control agents are also reviewed, as well as prospects for future research on identifying new mite species that could help control problematic native and invasive weeds.
Diversity of hymenopteran parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Chalcididae) associated w...arboreo.net
This research evaluated the diversity of hymenopteran
parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Chalcididae) at different
reforestation sites of Tectona grandis. Insects were collected with Malaise traps from October 2009 to September 2010.
One collected a total of 414 Chalcididae specimens
distributed in 3 genera and 16 species. Brachymeria and
Conura were the most representative genera with 14 species.
The site bordered by pasture vegetation presented a higher
number of collected specimens when compared to the other sites. Brachymeria pandora and Ceyxia ventrispinosa
occurred as super dominant, super abundant, super frequent and constant species.
This study evaluated the relative resistance of 5 safflower cultivars against the black aphid pest Uroleucon compositae. Cultivar PI-40/477 was found to be relatively resistant, with the lowest recorded aphid population of 25.47 insects per 6 plants. Cultivar PI-405994 was highly susceptible, with the highest aphid population of 100.04 insects per 6 plants. The other 3 cultivars PI-26993, PI-292000 and Thori-78 were susceptible but had intermediate aphid populations. The aphid populations generally increased over time on the plants but were consistently lowest on the resistant PI-40/477 cultivar.
Fungal assemblages were studied around isolated Pinus muricata trees of different ages using ingrowth bags buried under the tree canopy. For ectomycorrhizal (EM) fungi, higher richness was found in bags from the inner canopy of old trees compared to other locations and tree ages. Non-EM fungi showed higher richness and distinct communities in outer canopy bags, especially of old trees. Exploration types did not differ by location. While some spatial partitioning of fungi was observed, root density did not appear to drive patterns. Sampling techniques like ingrowth bags provide insights into soil fungi but may not fully represent EM communities associated with tree roots.
Some of the Causes of Decay of Brazil Nuts; by Edwin Rollin Spencer (1920)FalXda
This document discusses the causes of decay in Brazil nuts. It notes that Brazil nuts often reach consumers with 10-25% being spoiled due to fungal growth during harvesting, transport, and storage. This results in an estimated annual loss of $861,526.80 for the consumer. The document aims to isolate and identify the most important fungi and bacteria causing Brazil nut deterioration. It describes methods used to study nuts obtained from various sources, isolate organisms, and determine if isolated fungi are responsible for observed diseases. Seven distinct organisms were isolated and are described.
SPICE MODEL of SSM3J35CT (Standard+BDS Model) in SPICE PARKTsuyoshi Horigome
This document provides a device modeling report for a MOSFET transistor with part number SSM3J35CT manufactured by Toshiba. It includes SPICE model parameters for the MOSFET and its internal body diode. Measurement data and PSpice simulation results are given for key electrical characteristics of the MOSFET, including transconductance, drain current, gate charge, capacitance, switching time and reverse recovery. The report also provides a SPICE model for the zener voltage characteristic of the internal body diode.
Presentation given at the Food & Beverage Conference in Athens, November 2008. Based on insights research done in Greece, we present 10 topics to (make you) think about, with a focus on customer centric marketing and innovation.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Plants Influencing the Behavior of Large White ButterflyFayina19z
This study examined how different companion plants influence the oviposition behavior of Large White Butterflies (Pieris brassicae L.) on cabbage plants. French marigolds (Tagetes patula) and painted daisies (Chrysanthemum carinatum) reduced egg laying on cabbage compared to control plots with only cabbage. Butterflies were attracted to T. patula flowers for feeding but laid fewer eggs on surrounding cabbage plants. C. carinatum appeared repellent to butterflies. Painted sage (Salvia horminum) showed some repellent effects later in the summer. Calendula (Calendula officinalis) and onion (Allium cepa) did not significantly
Grain mold, considered the most important disease of sorghum, is associated with several fungal genera. The disease reduces both yield and quality. In this study, over 300 sorghum seed samples collected from Texas, Florida, and Georgia were evaluated for grain mold severity, seed weight, germination rate, and seed fungal community. Grain mold severity of the seed samples, except for those collected from Cameron, Texas, were rated 3 or higher, indicating that these sorghum lines were moderately susceptible under naturally-infected field conditions during the 2016 and 2017 growing seasons. Seed weight across surveyed locations ranged from 1.1 g to 4.0g for samples collected in Texas during the same period. Percent germination rates for samples collected in Texas ranged from 59.6% to 86.7%. Sorghum samples collected from Florida and Georgia exhibited moderately susceptible response to grain mold infection. Mean seed weight was 1.9 g for samples collected from Florida, while in Georgia, mean seed weight was 2.3 g. Germination rate was low for samples collected from Florida and Georgia. Mycological analysis of sorghum seed samples collected from farmers’ fields in Central and South Texas during the 2016 and 2017 growing seasons showed Alternaria species as the most frequently isolated fungal genus, accounting for 40% and 42 % in 2016 and 2017, followed by Fusarium incarnatum, F. acuminatum, F. equiseti, & F. semitectum Complex. In Florida and Georgia, Fusarium incarnatum, F. acuminatum, F. equiseti, & F. semitectum Complex was the most frequently recovered fungal species, accounting for 77% and 72% of the total. genera/species isolated from seed samples. Other fungal species, including Curvularia lunata, Bipolaris sp., Colletotrichum sublineola, F. verticillioides, Penicillium sp., Aspergillus flavus, F. thapsinum, F. oxysporum, F. sporotrichioides, F. graminearum, F. proliferatum, and Aspergillus niger were also isolated from sorghum seeds in various frequencies. In conclusion, the presence of large number of fungal genera associated with grain deterioration and their effect on other traits, makes management of this disease complex challenging. To identify grain mold resistant sources in a region, using the most dominant species in that region to screen the sorghum germplasm is recommended.
Agronomic evaluation of eight genotypes of hot pepper (capsicum spp l.) in a ...Alexander Decker
This document evaluates the agronomic performance of eight pepper genotypes, including six exotic and two local varieties, under rain-fed conditions in Ghana. The study found that exotic hybrid varieties matured earlier and had better fruit weight, length, and yield compared to the local varieties. However, the two local varieties, Anloga and Legon 18, produced the highest number of undamaged fruits. The results identify pepper genotypes suitable for cultivation in the local environment and provide information to plant breeders for developing new varieties adapted to local conditions.
This study aims to quantify populations of the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana in soil samples from kudzu patches infested with the invasive kudzu bug, Megacopta cribraria, in North Carolina. Soil samples were collected from seven kudzu patches and B. bassiana colony forming units (CFUs) were quantified over seven days. Preliminary results found low B. bassiana populations that decreased over time, with no difference between patch locations. Molecular identification using PCR and sequencing will determine pathogenic strains to evaluate for biocontrol of the kudzu bug.
Wheat stem sawflies are a major pest for wheat crops, causing over $350 million in damage annually. They lay eggs inside wheat stems, where the larvae feed and cut the stems. Native parasitoid wasps that feed on sawfly larvae can help reduce damage. This study explores using diverse plantings of native wildflowers along wheat field edges to increase parasitoid populations and lifespan through providing nectar, which could help decrease sawfly infestation. Results showed higher sawfly infestation near fallow fields, parasitoids living longer with nectar access, and lower infestation correlated with higher plant diversity along edges.
Mofo branco in tech-case-study_sclerotinia_sclerotiorum_genetic_diversity_a...Luciana Ramos
This document provides background information on Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, an important fungal pathogen. It discusses the pathogen's reproduction and disease cycle, as well as research examining its genetic diversity and population structure. Key points include:
1) S. sclerotiorum reproduces both sexually through self-fertilization and asexually via sclerotia formation. Its disease cycle involves ascospore and mycelial infection of host plants.
2) Population studies have found S. sclerotiorum populations to be mainly clonal, though some recombination occurs. Clonality is evidenced by association of genetic markers within populations.
3) Understanding the pathogen's genetic
Candidate attractants for bactrocera invadens male flies from gynandropsis gy...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that investigated the attractiveness of the plant Gynandropsis gynandra to the fruit fly Bactrocera invadens. Field observations found that male B. invadens were strongly attracted to G. gynandra plants from 6:30am to 12:30pm. Using gas chromatography and electroantennogram detection, two compounds - 4-methyl-3-penten-2-one and 4-hydroxy-4-methyl-2-pentanone - were identified from G. gynandra and B. invadens gut extracts that elicited antennae response in male B. invadens. Wind tunnel bioassays also found that these two
Assessment of Genetic Diversity in Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) Genotypes at B...Premier Publishers
Field experiment was conducted to assess the extent of genetic diversity in sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) genotypes to identify superior genotypes for further improvement program. A total of forty-nine sesame genotypes were evaluated at Bako and Uke during 2018 cropping season. Data were recorded and analyzed by SAS software. The combined analysis showed significant differences among the genotypes for all traits. Cluster analysis grouped 49 sesame genotypes into four clusters. The highest inter-cluster distance occurred between clusters three and four while the lowest was between clusters one and two. Principal components analysis showed that about 76.1% of the total variations among sesame genotypes were contributed by the first four PCs with eigen values greater than unity. Estimation of phenotypic diversity based on qualitative traits showed seed color and flower color were the highest divergent traits followed by stem color and leaf color. Generally, the result of the study showed existence of significant genetic variability among tested genotypes. Therefore, simple selection of promising genotypes and crossing of highly divergent group to produce best heterotic offspring could be recommended from the present study.
This study examined the decomposition of Norway maple leaves infected with the fungus Rhytisma acerinum (tar spot) compared to uninfected leaves. Leaf disks from infected, adjacent, and uninfected areas were incubated in a stream for 10 weeks. The exponential decay rate was 50% greater for uninfected disks than infected or adjacent disks, indicating tar spot infection slowed decomposition. Sporulation of aquatic fungi was lowest on infected disks and highest on uninfected disks. Nutrient (nitrogen and phosphorus) concentrations were initially highest in infected disks but decreased more slowly than the other disks during decomposition. The results show tar spot infection delays fungal colonization and decomposition of maple leaves in streams.
Diversity and seasonal variation of soil fungi isolated from surrounding area...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the diversity and seasonal variation of soil fungi isolated from the surrounding area of Upper Lake in Bhopal, India over a two year period. A total of 55 genera and 94 fungal species were identified. The highest numbers of fungi were observed in the summer season (64 and 56), followed by winter (54 and 38), with the lowest numbers in the rainy season (42 and 32). Fungal populations varied seasonally and were correlated with temperature, rainfall, and humidity. The majority of identified species were well-adapted to the local environment.
This report summarizes a study on the effects of insecticide applications on cranberry tipworm and parasitoid populations over two years (2013-2014) on three cranberry farms. In 2014, farms that applied Movento in 2013 had lower tipworm populations in the spring than farms using other insecticides. Movento applications in both years reduced tipworm numbers more than applications of Diazinon. Parasitoid populations, which depend on tipworm hosts, were also lower following Movento use. Extreme heat in August 2014 caused additional tipworm mortality. A prototype trap was developed to study tipworm emergence from soil overwintering sites.
28. Breeding for resistance to abiotic stresses – drought resistance – mechanisms of drought resistance (drought escape, avoidance, tolerance, and resistance) – features associated with drought resistance – sources of drought resistance – breeding methods for drought resistance – limitations – achievements; breeding for resistance to water logging – effects of water logging mechanism of tolerance – ideotype for flooded areas – breeding methods.
This document provides information on breeding methods for French beans. It discusses the center of origin, distribution, breeding objectives, and different breeding procedures used, including pedigree selection, bulk breeding, backcrossing, and marker-assisted selection. The document also covers breeding for disease resistance, insect resistance, environmental stress tolerance, canning quality, and yield improvement. It reviews molecular tools used in bean breeding, such as markers, genomics, and QTL mapping. Finally, it discusses current developments and issues regarding genetically modified beans.
Eriophyoid Mites as Weed Biological Control Agenteidmk230
This document summarizes research on using eriophyoid mites as biological control agents for weeds. It discusses how eriophyoid mites can reduce weed fitness and competitiveness with crops. Several species of eriophyoid mites have been released and established to control specific weed targets, including Aceria chondrillae for skeleton weed, Aceria malherbae for field bindweed, and Aculus hyperici for St. John's wort. Factors that influence the potential of eriophyoid mites as biological control agents are also reviewed, as well as prospects for future research on identifying new mite species that could help control problematic native and invasive weeds.
Diversity of hymenopteran parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Chalcididae) associated w...arboreo.net
This research evaluated the diversity of hymenopteran
parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Chalcididae) at different
reforestation sites of Tectona grandis. Insects were collected with Malaise traps from October 2009 to September 2010.
One collected a total of 414 Chalcididae specimens
distributed in 3 genera and 16 species. Brachymeria and
Conura were the most representative genera with 14 species.
The site bordered by pasture vegetation presented a higher
number of collected specimens when compared to the other sites. Brachymeria pandora and Ceyxia ventrispinosa
occurred as super dominant, super abundant, super frequent and constant species.
This study evaluated the relative resistance of 5 safflower cultivars against the black aphid pest Uroleucon compositae. Cultivar PI-40/477 was found to be relatively resistant, with the lowest recorded aphid population of 25.47 insects per 6 plants. Cultivar PI-405994 was highly susceptible, with the highest aphid population of 100.04 insects per 6 plants. The other 3 cultivars PI-26993, PI-292000 and Thori-78 were susceptible but had intermediate aphid populations. The aphid populations generally increased over time on the plants but were consistently lowest on the resistant PI-40/477 cultivar.
Fungal assemblages were studied around isolated Pinus muricata trees of different ages using ingrowth bags buried under the tree canopy. For ectomycorrhizal (EM) fungi, higher richness was found in bags from the inner canopy of old trees compared to other locations and tree ages. Non-EM fungi showed higher richness and distinct communities in outer canopy bags, especially of old trees. Exploration types did not differ by location. While some spatial partitioning of fungi was observed, root density did not appear to drive patterns. Sampling techniques like ingrowth bags provide insights into soil fungi but may not fully represent EM communities associated with tree roots.
Some of the Causes of Decay of Brazil Nuts; by Edwin Rollin Spencer (1920)FalXda
This document discusses the causes of decay in Brazil nuts. It notes that Brazil nuts often reach consumers with 10-25% being spoiled due to fungal growth during harvesting, transport, and storage. This results in an estimated annual loss of $861,526.80 for the consumer. The document aims to isolate and identify the most important fungi and bacteria causing Brazil nut deterioration. It describes methods used to study nuts obtained from various sources, isolate organisms, and determine if isolated fungi are responsible for observed diseases. Seven distinct organisms were isolated and are described.
SPICE MODEL of SSM3J35CT (Standard+BDS Model) in SPICE PARKTsuyoshi Horigome
This document provides a device modeling report for a MOSFET transistor with part number SSM3J35CT manufactured by Toshiba. It includes SPICE model parameters for the MOSFET and its internal body diode. Measurement data and PSpice simulation results are given for key electrical characteristics of the MOSFET, including transconductance, drain current, gate charge, capacitance, switching time and reverse recovery. The report also provides a SPICE model for the zener voltage characteristic of the internal body diode.
Presentation given at the Food & Beverage Conference in Athens, November 2008. Based on insights research done in Greece, we present 10 topics to (make you) think about, with a focus on customer centric marketing and innovation.
1. As tendências de moda para noivas seguem o que é apresentado nas principais semanas de moda mundiais, adaptando os estilos às noivas.
2. No evento Casa Moda Noivas, foram apresentadas tendências como pepluns, estilo clean e romantismo, representadas em vestidos e designers como Danielle Benício e André Lima.
3. Pepluns, estilo clean e romantismo devem influenciar os vestidos de noiva nas próximas estações.
Este documento describe los aspectos involucrados en la formulación de un Plan Estratégico de Sistemas de Información (PE de SI), incluyendo recursos económicos, humanos, tecnológicos y de equipos, así como la planificación de procesamiento de información, proyectos y seguridad. El objetivo del PE de SI es aprovechar al máximo las capacidades de la organización mediante el uso de tecnología de computación y comunicaciones para reducir costos, generar eficiencia y contribuir a los objetivos estratégicos de la empresa.
El documento habla sobre el Día Mundial contra el Trabajo Infantil del 12 de junio de 2012. Explica que los convenios de la OIT buscan proteger a los niños del trabajo infantil y de sus peores formas. También describe los esfuerzos internacionales para eliminar el trabajo infantil para el 2016 a través de políticas y programas nacionales. Finalmente, invita a unirse a la causa en contra del trabajo infantil en este día mundial.
Este documento apresenta uma emenda à Norma PETROBRAS N-108 REV. C, que padroniza os tipos de suspiros e drenos para tubulações e equipamentos industriais da PETROBRAS. As alterações incluem substituições de itens para especificar diâmetros mínimos, materiais e tipos de válvulas permitidos. Também são atualizadas as figuras no anexo que ilustram os arranjos padronizados de suspiros e drenos.
El documento discute la importancia de la ética profesional para los contadores públicos, ya que un contador poco ético nunca será contratado para realizar auditorías o llevar la contabilidad de una empresa. También señala que los contadores deben actuar como agentes de cambio para facilitar tareas como el pago de impuestos y desarrollar nuevas formas de analizar la información contable de manera más sencilla y exacta, con el fin de mejorar y aumentar la visión de su profesión.
[1] O documento descreve os oito estádios do desenvolvimento humano segundo a teoria de Erik Erikson, desde a infância até à velhice. [2] Cada estádio é caracterizado por uma crise psicossocial entre uma vertente positiva e uma negativa. [3] O documento fornece detalhes sobre as características-chave de cada estádio e as vertentes positivas e negativas associadas.
El documento define conceptos clave relacionados con esfuerzos mecánicos como esfuerzo normal, esfuerzo de cizalladura, deformación elástica y plástica. Explica que el esfuerzo se define como la fuerza interna por unidad de área y depende de factores como la carga aplicada y las propiedades del material. También cubre temas como la ley de Hooke, fatiga de materiales, rigidez y diferentes tipos de esfuerzos como flexión y torsión.
Diagnóstico de competencias investigativaseducation
Este documento analiza las competencias investigativas en las instituciones de educación superior privadas, tomando como caso la UNIDEP. Plantea que la falta de interés de los alumnos en las materias de investigación puede deberse a que no se han desarrollado sus competencias investigativas. El objetivo es diagnosticar cómo las instituciones y docentes forman a los alumnos en estas competencias y así mejorar la cultura de investigación.
El documento resume los eventos de los capítulos 1 al 3 del libro de Deuteronomio. Relata cómo Dios le dijo al pueblo que había estado demasiado tiempo en el monte Horeb y que debían continuar su viaje para poseer la tierra prometida. Sin embargo, cuando enviaron espías a explorar la tierra, estos desanimaron al pueblo con sus informes sobre los gigantes que habitaban allí. A pesar de las advertencias de Moisés, el pueblo se negó a entrar en la tierra. Tras cuarenta años de vagar
Catalogo de Productos - Grupo Financiero InteraccionesBurrén Moreira
Página 18 del catalogo de productos del Banco Interacciones propiedad de Hank Rhon se muestra como parte de sus tarjetas prepagadas la "Tarjeta del Hogar" que funciona en Coahuila como parte de los programas sociales del gobierno del estado.
http://www.interacciones.com/storage/BROCHURE_INTERACCIONES.pdf
El documento describe el comercio electrónico (e-commerce), incluyendo que permite a los clientes acceder a productos y servicios de una empresa desde cualquier lugar las 24 horas del día. Explica los tipos principales de e-commerce como B2C, B2B, B2G y C2C. También detalla algunas ventajas del e-commerce para las empresas como expandir la base de clientes y mejorar la comunicación con ellos.
El documento presenta información sobre el debido proceso y el derecho de defensa en el ámbito judicial y administrativo en Perú. Explica que el debido proceso tiene expresiones formales y sustantivas, e incluye principios como el juez natural, el procedimiento preestablecido y el derecho a la defensa. También describe aspectos del derecho de defensa como no quedar en estado de indefensión y poder presentar pruebas. Finalmente, resume normas peruanas sobre notificaciones judiciales, días y horas hábiles, y competencias de diferentes órganos en estos
El documento describe la historia de las computadoras desde las primeras herramientas para registrar datos hasta el desarrollo de los ordenadores electrónicos modernos. Explica que la evolución histórica se divide en cuatro fases principales: técnicas de registro, dispositivos de cálculo, programas de tarjetas perforadas y computadores electrónicos. También describe brevemente el desarrollo de Linux y las redes de computadoras como Internet.
El documento resume las principales filosofías y enfoques de control de calidad, incluyendo las filosofías de Deming, Juran, Crosby e Ishikawa. También describe el enfoque Six Sigma, cuyo objetivo es medir y mejorar la calidad mediante la reducción de la variación. Six Sigma utiliza un conjunto de herramientas estadísticas y un proceso de cinco fases (Definir, Medir, Analizar, Mejorar y Controlar) para identificar y solucionar problemas relacionados con la calidad.
Este documento describe un método para resolver ecuaciones lineales no homogéneas llamado variación de parámetros. El método implica reemplazar la solución desconocida por dos funciones u y v, y luego elegir estas funciones para que se cancelen ciertos términos y simplificar el proceso. Aplicando este método a una ecuación dada, se obtienen dos ecuaciones algebraicas que pueden resolverse para encontrar expresiones para u y v. Estas expresiones, integradas, dan la solución completa de la ecuación original.
Este documento presenta el proyecto de un horno parrilla con disco para cocinar de tres formas diferentes (horno, parrilla y disco) en un solo artefacto. El objetivo general es facilitar la forma de cocinar y aprovechar el tiempo. Se detallan las diferentes etapas de construcción a lo largo de 51 semanas, incluyendo materiales, herramientas, maquinarias, mediciones y normas de seguridad. Finalmente, se presentan planos y tablas con detalles técnicos del proyecto.
Este documento describe varios servicios en línea. Explica que la administración electrónica permite realizar trámites a través de Internet de manera segura con o sin certificación digital. También describe el comercio electrónico, incluidos servicios bancarios en línea y tiendas virtuales. Finalmente, cubre otros servicios como e-learning, trabajo en línea y e-salud.
This document summarizes a study on the population dynamics of the pod-sucking bug (Anopnocnemis curvipes) on pigeonpea crops under different planting densities and sowing times in Nigeria. The study found that the pest population was significantly higher on crops planted closer together (15cm x 35cm spacing) compared to those spaced farther apart (30cm x 60cm). It also found that the pest population was only present and highest on crops sown in October; it was absent on crops sown in April and July. Based on these findings, the study recommends that farmers in the region plant the improved pigeonpea cultivar at a wider spacing of 30cm x 60cm, sowing
Activity of callosobruchus maculatus (f.) (coleopteraAlexander Decker
This study evaluated the susceptibility of 3 bambara groundnut landraces and 3 breeding lines to infestation by the cowpea weevil (Callosobruchus maculatus). Seeds were exposed to C. maculatus adults and the number of eggs laid, adult emergence, damage levels, and germination success were measured. The breeding lines tended to have larger seeds than the landraces. SSD5 and SSD9 had the lowest egg counts and adult emergence, indicating greater resistance. Germination of damaged seeds was significantly lower than undamaged seeds and was higher for landraces than breeding lines. The study identified varietal resistance that could help reduce post-harvest losses from C. mac
The document summarizes a study on the ecology and life cycle of the sorghum chafer beetle (Pachnoda interrupta) in Ethiopia. Key findings include:
- The beetle has one generation per year. Eggs hatch within 15 days on average. Larval and pupal stages last around 60 and 18 days, respectively.
- Adults emerge in September and mate in June. Females lay around 1.3 eggs per day for 11 days.
- Beetles hibernate from December to June in moist, shaded soil under trees at depths from 5-43cm. Potential hibernation areas include forests and riversides.
- Breeding occurs
The pattern of field infestation by the flea beetles, Podagrica spp., was assessed in okra-kenaf intercrop system with a view to determining a cropping pattern that would assist in controlling the pest problem. Okra and kenaf were intercropped in row combinations of 1:1, 1:2, 2:1 and 2:2 while sole-cropped okra and kenaf served for comparison. Field sampling for flea beetles commenced three weeks after planting and it lasted till the 12th week, a period that extended to the postharvest stage of okra. There was a significant difference (P Ë‚ 0.01) between the population of the two Podagrica spp. (with P. uniforma being more abundant than P. sjostedti) and among the six planting patterns. The pest population also differed (P Ë‚ 0.05) between the two crops and among (P Ë‚ 0.001) the vegetative, reproductive and postharvest stages of okra. Sole kenaf had a significantly higher level of infestation by the flea beetles followed by sole okra and two rows of okra intercropped with one row of kenaf in descending order. All the other three intercrop patterns had a significantly lower infestation level. Kenaf attracted more flea beetles than okra at the vegetative stage while stumps of okra left in the field after harvesting was over sustained a significantly higher population of flea beetles. Obtained results showed that intercropping could be used, especially by poor rural farmers, as a pest control strategy against Podagrica spp. Due to the considerable population of flea beetles sustained by okra stumps, farmers should be encouraged to get rid of leftovers after harvesting as a way of further controlling Podagrica spp. The combination of intercropping and farm sanitation would assist in reducing reliance on synthetic chemical insecticides.
Identification of Species of genus Zootecus on the basis of morphologySafi Ur Rehman Qamar
This study identified 3 species of land snails belonging to the genus Zootecus found in soils in Faisalabad, Pakistan. A total of 100 snail specimens were collected from various areas and identified based on morphological characteristics. The 3 identified species were Zootecus insularis, Zootecus chion, and Zootecus agrensis. Detailed descriptions of each species' shell morphology were provided. This was the first study to systematically identify Zootecus species in Pakistan.
Evaluation of rice genotypes for resistance to the stalk-eyed fly (Diopsis lo...Innspub Net
Globally, rice production is limited by abiotic and biotic factors. Of the insect pests attacking rice, the stalk-eyed fly is the most abundant. Major rice growing districts in Uganda are affected, and varieties grown by farmers are susceptible. The objective of this study was to identify sources of resistance to stalk-eyed flies among improved rice genotypes in Uganda. Fifty genotypes from the Africa Rice Centre, IRRI, South Korea and the National Crops Resources Research Institute (NaCRRI) in Uganda were screened under cage and field conditions at NaCRRI. Trials were laid out in an alpha lattice design, with 3 replications, for both experiments. Natural infestation (D. longicornis or D. apicalis) was used in the field while cage trials utilized artificial infestation with D. longicornis. Data on deadhearts were collected from seedling to tillering stages, at 7, 14, 21 and 28 days. Analyses of variance were performed using restricted maximum likelihood. Infestation levels for 31 (62%) rice genotypes were the same under both field and cage conditions, 4 (8%) genotypes showed higher susceptibility in the cage than in the field and 15 (30%) were more resistant in the cage than in the field. Genotypes NERICA 4, TXD306, NM7-22-11-B-P-1-1 and K85 were identified as the most resistant varieties. F3 genotypes (GSR IR1- 5-S14-S2-Y1 x K85, Gigante x NERICA4, NERICA4 x Gigante, NERICA1x NERICA4, NERICA4 x NERICA6, and NERICA4 x SUPA) were also found resistant. These genotypes were recommended for release and further advancement, respectively.
This study evaluated the effects of the slug repellent nemaslug on three common garden invertebrate species: slugs, snails, and earthworms. Specimens of each species were collected and divided into tanks, with half receiving nemaslug treatment and half serving as controls. The specimens were observed over time, and any deaths or changes in weight were recorded. Nemaslug only caused mortality in slugs and did not significantly impact the weight of earthworms. While nemaslug is effective against slugs as intended, the study found that snail populations actually increased the most with nemaslug application. As earthworms are generally beneficial to soil health, the
Ingoldian Fungi in Kigga Falls, Chikmagalur District, KarnatakaIOSR Journals
Fungi are the ubiquitous organism.The exist in diverse forms in a range of habitats, arboreal,
freshwater, marine, subterranean and terrestrial. In fresh water we concentrated only Ingoldian fungi. The
selected study sites of foam samples and decaying debris were collected in the same study area and kept for
screening and incubation respectively. The conidia developing on decayingdebris were screened using
microscope. The collected foam samples were revealed Ingoldian fungi. In this contribution of occurrence and
abundance of Ingoldian fungi were enumerated. A total of 24 species were isolated twelve genera were
identified.
Impact of climate on seed morphology and plant growth of Caesalpinia bonduc L...Innspub Net
This study evaluated the impact of climate on seed morphology and plant growth of Caesalpinia bonduc L. in West Africa. Four seed morphotypes were identified based on seed traits like color, length, width, thickness and weight. Morphotypes 1 and 3 consisted mainly of green seeds from the Sudanian zone, while morphotypes 2 and 4 consisted mainly of grey seeds from the Guinean zone. Morphotype 3, with the largest green seeds from the Sudanian zone, showed superior seedling and plant growth compared to the other morphotypes. The results indicate that climate shapes the morphology of C. bonduc seeds and that morphotype 3 is best suited for propagation due to its growth performance.
This paper examines the effects of planting date (early planting, mid-season planting and late-season planting) and weeding regimes (two weeding before harvesting, three weeding before harvesting and weed free plots) on yield of Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench) in the Tolon district of Northern Ghana. The results show that different weed species, categorized as broad leaves, grasses and sedges, were dominant depending on the planting date and weeding regime. While there was no significant interaction (p>0.05) between planting date and weeding regime on fruit yield, nor significant impact of planting date as a sole treatment on fruit yield, the results showed the existence of significant effect of weeding regime as a sole treatment on yield and yield parameters of okra (p<0.05). Triple weeding resulted in okra yields comparable to the weed-free treatments (mean of 6000 kg/ha to 6300 kg/ha, p>0.05) but significantly higher (p<0.05) and about triple the yield observed in the treatments with double weeding regimes (mean of 1800 kg/ha to 2300 kg/ha). As cost of production, besides the cost of weeding, remains same for all treatments, Triple weeding is recommended for the small-holder farmer. It is associated with less labor cost compared to continuous weeding in the weed free treatments, and the triple gains in yield could offset the additional labor cost incurred in the triple weeding compared to the double weeding regimes.
This document summarizes two field studies that evaluated how well different invertebrate taxa performed as environmental or biodiversity indicators compared to plants, vertebrates, and each other. The studies were conducted on restored bauxite and mineral sand mines in Western Australia. At both sites, ant assemblage composition reflected trends in other taxa to a greater degree than plants, vertebrates, or birds. Taking into account data yield per unit effort, ants performed moderately well as environmental indicators and extremely well as biodiversity indicators. Overall, most invertebrate groups provided a better return on effort than vertebrates as bioindicators.
Ijoear jul-20Influence of secondary host plants on the embryonic and larval d...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— The aim of this research was to investigate the influence of secondary host plants on the embryonic and larval development of C.maculatus. The influences of three secondary host plants were compared to the influence of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.), the primary host plant in the life cycle of C. maculatus. For the experiments, C.maculatus adults were extracted from cowpea seeds and transferred to the seeds of the two secondary host plants used in this study: striped or white Bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea (L.) Verdc.) and pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.). Transferred insects were maintained for two years on the seeds of these plants by regular rearings before being used in each of the different experiments. To determine embryonic development time, couples were brought into contact with different seeds for laying. The eggs that were laid were then observed until they hatched. To identify the different larval stages and determine their respective development time, the seeds were first infested and then dissected at specific intervals in time. The results show a reduction in the embryonic development time in white Bambara groundnut seeds compared to the seeds of the other plants. Development time of the two early instars for all strains was significantly long on the three secondary host plant seeds than on cowpea seeds. However the opposite trend was observed for the pupalstage. Of the three plants used in this experiment, pigeon pea provides the worst conditions for larval and pupalinstar development. These results lead to better understanding of post-embryonic development of C. maculates occurring within the seeds of secondary host plants. This research provides valuable insight into developing appropriate methods for pest control.
Distribution of ground dwelling spider genera among berseem crop at Okara dis...Innspub Net
The present study was designed to record the distribution of ground dwelling spider genera among berseem crop at Okara district. Sampling was made from Trifolium crop on fortnight basis through pitfall traps. Equal number of traps were placed in three rows e.g. along the boundary, middle of the field and centre of the field. Each trap was filled with mixture solution of alcohol and glycerin (70:30%) along with few drops of kerosene oil. After 5 days interval sample traps was collected and spider specimens were washed with distilled water and permanently stored in labeled glass vials, and brought into the Pest Control Laboratory, Departmentof Zoology, Wildlife and Fisheries, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad. Thereafter, each spider specimen was identified according to the taxonomic material and internet source. Identified data was analyzed statistically to quantify their spatial distribution. Overall maximum spatial distribution of spider population was documented in middle transect than boundary and centre of the berseem crop. It was also observed that temperature, humidity, vegetation and prey availability were the major factors that effecting the spider population. Population variations were recorded during the months of February, March and April in 2015, due to rise of temperature, decrease of humidity and availability of prey. It was concluded that despite to cosmopolitan nature, spiders have some correlation with suitable local conditions or habitat. More over, spiders are cost effective, functionally significant and play a key role in regulating decomposer population. Get the full articles at: http://www.innspub.net/jbes/distribution-of-ground-dwelling-spider-genera-among-berseem-crop-at-okara-district-pakistan/
Response of potential stored grain insect pests to bfl 225 multi attractant l...Alexander Decker
This study evaluated the effectiveness of BFL 225 multi-attractant lure baited traps for monitoring stored grain insect pests in commercial warehouses over 10 months in Southern Nigeria. Traps baited with BFL 225 captured significantly more insects than unbaited traps, including Sitophilus spp., Plodia interpunctella, Tribolium castaneum, Callosobruchus maculatus, Alphitobius laevigatus and Rhyzopertha dominica. The results suggest that BFL 225 baited traps could be useful for early detection and monitoring of potential stored grain pests migrating into warehouses, and help inform integrated pest management strategies in tropical Africa.
seeds potentialities of medicks in sub humid area to be used in steppe zoneIJEAB
New pulse crops varieties more productive as medics should be made available to breeders located in semi-arid region of Algeria. So, and through two years of testing, pods yield and seeds production of twenty populations belonging to species M.intertexta , M.ciliaris, M.polymorpha , M.Truncatula and an introduced population M.muricoleptis is an Australian cultivar (Jemalong) are appreciated.Pods’ yields of year 2013 vary between 78,66g/m² with poly27 and 3637,33g/m² with I107. Values of the second essay (2015) are different, they vary between 40,89g /m² with Poly236 and 464,36 g/m² with I11.The cultivar Jemalong offers a yield of 172,4 g/m². The corresponding seed yields also show a low production in year 2015. The ratio leaf / stem varies between 1,03 and 5. The average of yields in dry matter of 27 populations in 2013 was of 457,79g/m2 against 127,41 g/m² in 18 populations in 2015. Jemalong cultivar records a yield of 12,8g/m². For the same dose of seed, number of plants by square meter varies between 44 and 112. Number of stems by square meter varies between 136 in C204 and 420 in I52..The average width of population’s ramifications varies between 13cm in Tr334 and 44 cm in I52, The Jemalong cultivar offers an average of 17cm. So, production results of medicks depend of weather conditions in littoral zone of lower altitude than 600-700m. In steppe zones, we recommend to make tests in situ with these same populations.
IRJET- Diversity of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) in Selected Phoenix SP...IRJET Journal
This study analyzed the diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) associated with date palms in Bhuj Taluka, Kachchh District, Gujarat, India. Soil samples were collected from two sites and analyzed for physical parameters and AMF spore composition. The soil was moderately alkaline with a moisture content of 6.4-11.5% and water holding capacity of 90-90.75%. AMF root colonization and spore density were higher in one site compared to the other. Nine AMF species were identified, with Glomus mosseae being the most abundant. The study aims to understand AMF diversity and relationships with date palms and soil properties in
Similar to Alternate host plants, hibernation sites and survival (20)
Abnormalities of hormones and inflammatory cytokines in women affected with p...Alexander Decker
Women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) have elevated levels of hormones like luteinizing hormone and testosterone, as well as higher levels of insulin and insulin resistance compared to healthy women. They also have increased levels of inflammatory markers like C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, and leptin. This study found these abnormalities in the hormones and inflammatory cytokines of women with PCOS ages 23-40, indicating that hormone imbalances associated with insulin resistance and elevated inflammatory markers may worsen infertility in women with PCOS.
A usability evaluation framework for b2 c e commerce websitesAlexander Decker
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Alternate host plants, hibernation sites and survival
1. Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3208 (Paper) ISSN 2225-093X (Online)
Vol.3, No.2, 2013
Alternate host plants, hibernation sites and survival
strategy of Cylas puncticollis Boh.: A new pest of cotton
Malgwi, M. Anna1* and Onu, Isa2.
1. Department of Crop Protection, Federal University of Technology, PMB 2076, Yola, Nigeria.
2. Dept. of Crop Protection, Institute for Agric. Research/Ahmadu Bello University, PMB 1044, Samaru ,Zaria.
* E-Mail of the Corresponding Author: annamalgwi@yahoo.co.uk
Abstract
Survey and field experiments from 2001 – 2005 were carried out on cotton farms and surroundings to determine the
alternate host plants, hibernation and survival strategy of Cylas puncticollis Boh. (Coleoptera: Brentidae) in the
Northern Guinea Savannah zone of Nigeria. Trials were also conducted on five malvaceous crops (cotton, kenaf, okra,
red and white calyx roselle) in a completely randomised block design in three replications at Ngurore the ‘hot spot’
zone for the weevils. C.puncticollis was found on the following plants Astripomeoa lachnosperma, Ipomoea
eriocarpa, Corchorus spp., Celeosia spp., Commelina spp., Boerhavia spp., Hibiscus spp. and Abelmoschus spp. Peak
period C. puncticollis was Nov. 1st with about 12 weevils/5plants. Hibernation for the adult weevils were cotton bracts,
exposed roots of cotton, thrash debris and cracked soils. Pupae and adults of C. puncticollis were found within 1 –
15cm cracked soil depths around cotton and Ipomoea weeds. Adult weevils prefers dark corners and when disturbed
moves at a faster speed or fain/fake death to escape enemies.
Keywords: Alternate hosts, survival, hibernation, Cylas, Ipomoea, pests
1. Introduction
The major host plant of Cylas spp. has been the sweet potato, Ipomoea batatas, but it has
been reported that 27 other Ipomoea spp and a few related genera serve as alternate host plants (Sutherland, 1986;
Wolfe, 1991; Smit, 1997). However, Capinera (1998) reported that some members of family Convolvulaceae are
possible alternate host plants such as I. pes-caprae, I. penduratea, with a range of others reported by Smit (1997) in
Eastern Africa but no attempt has been made to verify whether Cylas spp breed on any of them. Besides, most of other
Ipomoea spp do not form swollen storage roots and population build-up on the vines is usually slow (Smit, 1997). He
also observed that only through vertisols or sandy soils that Cylas could move upward but cannot dig 1 cm beneath soil
surface. So possible infestation could be through females gaining access to exposed root or cracked soil (Sutherland,
1986 and Smit, 1997). It has not been recorded anywhere that cotton, Gossypium spp, is a host plant, nor members of
the family Malvaceae. However, Chandler and Wright (1990) found kenaf, okra, Hibiscus spp as alternate host plant of
Anthonomus grandis (Boh.) which are of the same author with C. puncticollis Boh. (Boheman, 1843). Therefore, this
study attempts to investigate the alternate hosts of C. puncticollis, its pest status on the alternate hosts and also
determine its survival strategies from one season to the other.
2. Survey of Alternate Host Plants
During the course of survey from 2001-2005 and field experimentation, some weeds in and around cotton farms were
carefully observed to determine the presence of Cylas spp. Such weeds were collected, photographed and were
identified at the herbarium maintained by the Dept of Biological Sciences, A.B.U., Zaria. The surveys which were
conducted during the rainy and dry seasons, were also extended to Fadama areas. The damage potential ratings on the
alternate hosts were determined and ranked on a scale of 1 – 4, similar to Adamu, et al. (2000) and Malgwi and Onu
(2004). Where 1 = few and little or not important; 2 = causes little and occasional damage; 3 = common and causes
little damage and 4 = common and causes serious damage.
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2. Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3208 (Paper) ISSN 2225-093X (Online)
Vol.3, No.2, 2013
2.1 Trial on some Malvaceae Plants
The trial were conducted at Ngurore (AFCOTT Company Research farm given to cotton farmers) during the rainy
seasons in 2001 to 2003. There were five types of Malvaceae, plants which served as the treatments. These included,
cotton, (SAMCOT 8), white calyx roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.), red calyx roselle (H. sabdariffa L.), kenaf,
(Hibiscus cannabinus L.) and day length sensitive okra (Abelmoschus esculentus). The choice of these five plant
spp. which cotton is inclusive for comparative investigation was that:
i) They are from the same family.
ii) They share the same flower structure and most times petal.
iii) Phenotypically they are of similar morphology
iv) They easily grow together.
v) Flower position and fruits formation are almost similar.
vi) SAMCOT 8, is the recommended cotton variety in the Eastern cotton zone.
The land was ploughed, harrowed and ridged five days before planting. The five crop varieties were sown in the first
week of July from 2001 – 2003 on a plot size of 3 x 4 m in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) replicated
thrice, with 1.5 m between each block. About six seeds per hole were planted on a broad crown ridge of 0.75 m
inter-row spacing and 0.5 cm intra-row spacing was adopted. Seedlings were later thinned to 2 plants/stand after plant
establishment at 2 weeks after germination. NPK fertilizer (20:10:10) at the rate of 30 kg N/ha was applied followed
with a top dressing of urea at 45 kg N/ha was supplied immediately after the 2nd weeding at four (4) and eight (8) week
after planting respectively. No insecticide or herbicides was used. Supplementary hoe weeding was done three times
before harvesting. The various treatments were observed weekly beginning from crop germination at 2 weeks after
sowing to determine the presence and activities of C. puncticollis. The damage potential ratings was determined and
ranked on a scale of 1 – 4 as described by Admau, et al. (2000); Malgwi and Onu (2004). Where 1 = little or not
important; 2 = causes little and occasional damage; 3 = common and causes little damage and 4 = common and causes
serious damage. The data collected was subjected to Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Student-Newman-Keuls
(SNK) test of variables was used for means separation at 5 %.
2.2 Hibernation sites, behaviour, movement and survival
During the cropping season, the activities of C. puncticollis were observed on different parts of the cotton plants and
weeds on the farm. The habit in terms of movement, distance moved and general behaviour were observed in the
hours of 0700-0900, 1200-1400, and 1700-1800. This observation was made at 75% boll formation during the rainy
season in October 3 in 2004 (first week of October) and at the off-season (dry season) in 1st week of June, 2005 just
after the first two rains giving an interval of 10-14 days maximum. The observations were made at Ngurore on cotton
plant alone, cotton entwined with Ipomoea weed and cotton entwined with Ipomoea and Celosia weed. During the
off-season, observation was on cotton alone and cotton entwined with Ipomoea weed, no Celosia weed was found in
the dry season at time observations were carried out.
At the end of the rainy season, sites were searched round the farm. Soil samples were collected from the top 1-5 cm,
5-10 cm and 10-15 cm including cracked portions using soil auger of 0.9m2 capacity. This was replicated thrice on
different fields at Ngurore. The samples were taken to laboratory, dissolved in water inside a bucket and sieved using a
screen mesh of 20 and 30, so as to extract the pupae and adults of Cylas spp. Also the roots of cotton were dug out and
examined for the presence of larvae, pupae or adults and if there were entry points at the end of rains and later at the
off-season towards beginning of rainfall. The roots and stems were split open using a pen knife. The number of life
stages of C. puncticollis found were recorded.
3. Alternate host plants
Cylas was found on the plants belonging to one order (Dicotyledonaceae and seven families (Table 1 and Plates 1 –
10). C. puncticollis were found feeding (nibbling and cutting holes or punctures) on various plant parts which included
young flowers, buds and the soft apical growing points. The damage was rated on a scale of 1 – 4, where 1= few and
little or not important, 2 = causes little and occasional damage; 3= common and cause little damage and 4 = common
and causes serious damage. The highest damage rating was on I. eriocarpa (4), followed by A. lachnosperma, C.
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ISSN 2224-3208 (Paper) ISSN 2225-093X (Online)
Vol.3, No.2, 2013
argenta and H. cannabinus, having (3), followed by C. oliotorius, C. benghalensis, H. sabdaiffa and A. esculentus with
(2) each while the least was C. falcata with (1).
3.1 Preferential host plant
Hibiscus cannabinus plant maintained significantly a higher population of C. puncticollis between 1st week in October
and second week in November. The figure ranged from 6.3 to 10.00. At the early part of the year, Cylas spp. was not
found from seedling up to fruiting stage in September on the experimental plots, except on farmers’ field. Tables 2 – 4
showed the trend of Cylas number within the period sampled. SAMCOT 8, showed a consistent low number of Cylas
compared to others, and okra. There was steady increase in number from 2001-2003 (Fig.1) the peak period being 1st
week in November, with 5.67 weevils per 5 sampled plants in 2003 followed by 5.33 weevils in 2002, while 4.4
weevils were obtained in 2001 irrespective of the five crop plant types. There was a significant difference on kenaf and
the other crop plants (okra, roselle and cotton). Kenaf harbours more Cylas spp., having 12 weevils/5 plants followed
by red roselle (5.0 plants), white roselle (4.4/5plants) cotton (3.1/5 plants) and okra (0.8/5 plants) in a decreasing order
(Fig.2). 1st week of November was the peak period of Cylas spp, based on the crop plants irrespective of the years
(2001 – 2003) on the average basis as shown in Fig.2, while the weevils decreased beginning 3rd week of Nov. the 15th.
3.2 Hibernation site
Cylas spp. was found in the root of exposed cotton roots, thrash, debris and in cracked soils. The average depth of
cracked soil where adult cylas was found, was 35cm as it crawls or roles into the cracked soil in December middle,
while by March, average soil depth increased to about 70-75 cm with a width of 1-5cm maximum. Length of cracked
soil ranges was between 20-100 cm. Plates 11–13, showed cracked soil, roots of plants where adult Cylas spp. were
found and its survival in the root line within the soil cracked.
The results showed that 5.33 pupae and 6.67 adults were found at the depth of 1-5 cm, while about 1.67 and 2.33 pupae
and adults were found in 5-10 cm soil respectively, and also 0.67 and 0.33 pupae and adult were found in 10-15 cm
(Table 6). However, for pupae, there was no significant difference between 5-10 and 10-15 cm soil depth ,while there
was a significant difference for number of adults found.
3.3 Behaviour, movement and survival strategy of Cylas spp.
In this study, it was consistently observed that adult Cylas spp. males, move faster than the females. It was easier
catching the females than the males of Cylas spp. At a sound or disturbance, Cylas will pause noting probably direction
of disturbance and will drop and feign death, while some drop and on continuous disturbance will crawl and hide under
thrash or fall into a cracked soil. Immediately after rains, when sampled, higher number was found in bracts of cotton
up to 20-25 adults/bracts. When disturbed, adult will crawl at the rate of 1-1.2cm/30 sec., while undisturbed it moves
slowly, grubbing on plant part at the rate of 30cm/90 sec, on top soil to the tip of cotton plant or host where found. In
cracked soil, on when disturbed the weevils spend between 120-150 seconds in the soil crevices before emerging on the
top of soil surface.
Higher number of C. puncticollis were collected in unweeded farms surrounded by bushes in shaded areas by noon, but
they were more uniformly distributed by 0730 hours. Nineteen (19/5 plants) Cylas adults were recorded on cotton
entwined by Ipomoea weed alone. While twenty six (26/5 plants) of Cylas was recorded on cotton entwined with
Ipomoea and Celosia weeds (Table 7, Plates 14 and 15).
There was no significance difference on cotton plant alone than observed at 0700 – 0900 (12.67) and 1700 – 1800
(1300) hours but the number was significantly lower at 1200 – 1400 hours. A similar trend followed but higher
numbers when cotton was entwined with Ipomoea weed having 19.0/5 plants and 18.67/5 plants at 0700 – 0900 and
1700 – 1800 hours respectively. The value was significantly lower at 1200 – 1400 hours (6.33). The same trend was
observed also where cotton, Ipomoea and Celosia inclusive entwined together with higher numbers of 26.0 and 26.67
at 0700 – 0900 and 1700 - 1800 hours, while at 1200 – 1400 hours the number decreased significantly to 7.33 weevils
/5 plants. There was a steady increase on cotton alone, cotton entwined with Ipomoea weed to cotton entwined with
celosia and Ipomoea weed with all the hours observed as presented on Table 7. During the dry season, a similar trend
was observed, but the abundance or numbers of C. puncticollis was lower than in the dry season. Where the highest
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ISSN 2224-3208 (Paper) ISSN 2225-093X (Online)
Vol.3, No.2, 2013
number of weevils were 9.33 and 9.67 at 1700 – 1800 and 0700 – 0900 hours was recorded on cotton entwined with
Ipomeoa weed than on cotton alone having 5.67 at same hours recorded. Lower number was recorded at 1200 – 1400
which was 3.33 on cotton alone and 5.00 on cotton entwined with Ipomeoa weed.
4. Discussion
About 10 species of weed and crop plants were identified to be potential alternate host plants for Cylas spp. Out of all
these, only two weeds A. lachnosperma and I. eriocarpa are members of the family Convolvulaceae, but are not listed
in literature as alternate host plants of Cylas, but it corroborates the earlier work of Sutherland (1986), Wolfe (1991)
Capinera (1998) and Smit (1997) that members of the wild relatives of the family Convolvulaceae, are potential hosts
or alternate host plants of Cylas which could serve as source of carryover from one season to the other.
Also members of the family Malvaceae could be potential hosts of Cylas and although this was not reported in
literature, but in this study, they were found feeding on them. It may be assumed that since Cylas is of the same family
curculionidae formerly with Anthonomus grandis which has members of the Malvaceae family as its alternate host
plants, that is the closest resemblance recorded in literature. It may be that Cylas has been in existence but might have
been overshadowed by the most destructive pest in the U.S.A on cotton which was A. grandis. It could be that Cylas is
increasing it host plants. (Boheman, 1843; Chandler and Wright, 1990). This is the first time Corchorus spp, and
Boerhavia spp are reported as alternate hosts of Cylas. Therefore additional studies is required on these weeds along
side with all members of the Malvaceae. On all the plants observed Cylas spp. were found on the growing tips and
reproductive structures, where nibbling and feeding punctures were the notable signs of damage by Cylas spp.
The results obtained on hibernating sites in soils, showed that, Cylas spp, actually completes its life-cycle in thrash, and
open roots of cotton in soil that are partially cracked or loose in 1-5 cm depth. This is similar to the findings of
Sutherland (1986) and Smit (1997) that Cylas cannot dig below 1cm of soil thickness, its probable way of gaining
access to roots of plants is when it is exposed or when soil cracks. This may suggest why they were found mainly in
cracked soil pathways, and soil surfaces. In the earlier findings of Sutherland (1986) and Smit (1997), Cylas moves
faster from soil beneath to top and not from top to bottom. The snout or ovipositor is probably not sharp enough to dig
heavy vertisol soils or it could be a natural habit for adaptation and that is why lower number was found in cracked soil
depths not more than 15cm in this study.
Cylas puncticollis showed no special behavioural exception to other insects. Every organism desires shelter and
protection and will do anything possible to protect itself by evolving different kinds of defensive mechanisms which in
most cases results in the development of camouflage mimicking or feigning death to escape potential enemies. It is
normal for insects to seek for shelter in harsh weather by hiding in dark corners, thus it is not surprising that Cylas was
found exhibiting these characteristics, hiding in concealed locations and in bracts of cotton after a heavy rainfall. These
insects are easily swept by rains, and this might have form one of its dispersal strategies, through thrash or water
runoffs from field to field. This further corroborates Sakuratani et al. (1994) and Smit (1997) findings, that C.
puncticollis aggregates together during the day but becomes active in the dark. Talekar (1982), reported that the major
means of Cylas dispersal is through the movement of debris or planting materials from neighbouring fields. In the
present study no sweet potato field was found within 1 km distance from cotton farms, and sweet potato has been
recorded as the initial host plant of Cylas. Movement of Cylas to places as Gombi and Mubi could only have been
achieved through the movements of plant parts to these areas through the sale of cotton seeds from AFCOTT, Ngurore
which the present study has confirmed to be a hot-spot zone for the weevils. Weevils generally could fly only short
distances according to Chalfant et al. (1990), however even those short flights was not observed during the cause of
this study, probably because Cylas puncticollis are more active at night as earlier reported by Smit (1997).
The observation in the present study showed that a high number of Cylas were observed on the wild relatives of
Ipomoea on the fields towards the end of the cropping season, which suggest that complete weeding off of such plants
on and around the fields of cotton may greatly reduce the incidences of Cylas.
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Vol.3, No.2, 2013
5. Conclusion
This study clearly determined the possible alternate hosts of Cylas , their survival and how carryover to the next season.
This probably will provide the initial means of eradication of Cylas puncticollis or reducing their numbers appreciably.
The present findings also indicated that, members of Malvacae family other than cotton as potential hosts of Cylas. It is
suggested here as a first step in the control, not to mix crop of such family members with cotton or even rotate them on
designated cotton fields, as this will increase their host range multiplication and dispersal and survival of C.
puncticollis which is developing into a major pest of cotton.
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Talekar, N.S. (1987). Resistance in sweetpotato to sweet potato weevil. Insect Science and Its Application 8: 819-823.
Wolfe, G.W. (1991). The origin and dispersal of the pest species of Cylas with a key to the pest species groups in the
world, pp. 13-44. In: Sweet potato pest management. A Global Perspective (edited by R.K. Jasson and K.V. Raman).
Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, USA.
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Plate 11: Live adult Cylas in ratoon cotton stem with cracked soil Plate 12: Hibernation site Cylas on cotton
beneath which provides shelter, hibernation and pupation site for stem cut 1cm below soil surface
next planting season at the end of the rainy season.
Plate 13: Cracked soil showing root lines where Cylas hibernate and
completes its life-cycle to adulthood.
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Plate 14: Ipomoea weed entwined Celosia on a Cotton farm
infested with Cylas puncticollis mating with a lot of Plate 15: Ipomoea weed entwined round cotton
oviposition site on plant stem plant on the field infested with Cylas
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2001
6
2002
5 2003
Cylas populations
4
3
2
1
0
S ampling date 1(4 O ct.) S ampling date 2(18 O ct.) S ampling date 3(1 N ov .) S ampling date 4(15
N ov .)
Sampling dates
Fig. 1: Seasonal Fluctuation of Cylas puncticollis sampled/5 plants for 3 years (2001 - 2003) at Ngurore,
F ig.4.1 Av erage number of Cylas puncticollis sampled /5 plants for 3 y ears (2001-2003) at N gurore,
Adamaw a state, State, Nigeria.
Adamawa N igeria.
14
White roselle
12 Red roselle
Kenaf
10
Okra
Population
8 Cotton
6
4
2
0
Sampling date 1(4oct.) Sampling date Sampling date Sampling date
2(18oct.) 3(1Nov .) 4(15Nov .)
Sampling dates
Fig. 2: Seasonal Fluctuation of Cylas puncticollis/5 plants sampled fortnightly on five Malvaeae crop plants for 3
Fig. 4.2 Average number of Cylas puncticollis / 5 plants sampled fortnightly on five
years (2001 - 2003) cropping season at Ngurore, Adamawa State, Nigeria.
Malvaceae crop plants for 3 years (2001-2003) cropping season at Ngurore, Adamawa state,
Nigeria.
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Table 1: Alternate Host Plants of C. puncticollis
Order Family Scientific names Part of Plant Damage
Found/Damaged ratings
1. Dicotyledonae Convolvulaceae Astripomea Flower buds, 3
lachnosperma developing fruit
and leaves
2. Dicotyledonae Convolvulaceae Ipomoea eriocarpa Same 4
3. " Teliaceae Corchorus oliotorios Same 2
Linn.
4. " Amaranthaceae Celosia argentea Linn. Same and stem also 3
5. " Leguminoseae Crotalaria falcata vahl. Flower & 1
Ex. De developing fruit
6. " Commelinaceae Commelina Flower buds, and 2
benghalensis Bengha leaves
7. " Myctaginaceae Boerhavia coccinea Same 2
8. " Malvaceae Hibiscus cannabinus Flower bud and 3
Linn. developing fruit
9. " " Hibiscus sabdariffa Same 2
Linn.
10. " " Abelmoschus esculentus Same 2
Linn.
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Table 2: Abundance of Cylas spp on some selected Malvaceae crops at Ngurore in 2001
rainy season
Host Plants Sampling dates (number/5 plants)
1st Week, Oct. 3rd Week, 1st Week, 3rd Week,
Oct. Nov. Nov.
1. White Roselle Hibiscus sabdariffa( L) 1.3b (1.3ab) 1.3b (1.3b) 4.0b(2.1b) 2.7a(1.7a)
2.Red roselle H. sabdariffa (L.) 2.7b(1.7ab) 2.7b(1.8ab) 4.7b(2.3b) 2.0ab(1.6a)
3. Kenaf, H. cannabinus (L.) 6.0a (2.5a) 5.3ab(2.4a) 10.0a(3.2a) 2.7a(1.8a)
4. Okra,Abelmoschus esculentus 1.4b(1.3ab) 2.3b(1.7ab) 0.0c(0.7c) 0.3c(0.9c)
5. Cotton (SAMCOT 8) Gossypium 0.0b (0.7b) 1.3(a.3b) 3.3b(1.9b) 1.0bc(1.2b)
hirsitum
Mean 2.27(1.50) 2.60(1.69) 4.40 (2.05) 1.73(1.44)
CV (%) 72.9(34.9) 44.9(23.1) 27.5(11.40 3.33(11.7)
Means followed by the same letters in a column are not significantly different at P=0.05 SNK
(Student-Newman-Keuls) test for variables. Figures in parenthesis are square root transformation of number
of Cylas on different sampling dates
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Table 3: Abundance of Cylas spp. on some selected Malvaceae crops at Ngurore in 2002 rainy season
Host Plant Sampling dates (number/5 plants)
1st Week, Oct 3rd Week Oct 1st Week 3rd Week, Nov
Nov
1. White roselle Hibiscus sabdariffa (L.) 1.0b(1.2a) 2.7b(1.8a) 5.0b(2.3b) 1.7a91.4a)
2.Red Roselle H. sabdariffa (L.) 1.3b(1.29ab) 3.0b(1.8a) 5.3b(2.4b) 1.3ab(1.3a)
3. Kenaf, H. cannabinus (L.) 2.7a(1.8a) 5.0b(2.3a) 12.0b(3.5a) 2.0a91.6a)
4. Okra, Abelmoschus esculentus 2.0ab(1.6a) 3.3b(1.9ab) 0.7c(1.1c) 0.0b(0.7b)
5. Cotton (SAMCOT 8) Gossypium hirsitum 0.0c(0.7b) 3.0b(1.9b) 3.7b(2.0a) 1.0ab(1.2a0
Mean 2.40(1.32) 4.40(1.9) 5.33(2.3) 1.20(1.3)
CV (%) 36.9(16.7) 21.1(10.7) 15.5(9.0) 50.5(15.9)
Means followed by the same letters in a column are not significantly different at P=0.05 SNK
(Student-Newman-Keuls) test for variables. Figures in parenthesis are square root transformation of Cylas on
different sampling dates
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Table 4: Abundance of Cylas spp. on some selected Malvaceae crops at Ngurore in
2003 rainy season
Host Plant Sampling dates (number/5 plants)
1st Week, 3rd Week Oct 1st Week 3rd Week, Nov
Oct Nov
1. White roselle Hibiscus sabdariffa (L.) 1.7ab(1.5ab) 4.3b(2.2b) 4.7b(2.3b) 1.0a(1.2a)
2.Red roselle H. sabdariffa (L.) 1.7ab(1.5ab) 4.7b(2.3b) 4.7b(2.3b) 1.0a(1.2a)
3. Kenaf, H. cannabinus (L.) 2.0a(1.6a) 9.3a(3.1a) 12.7a(3.6a) 1.3a(1.3a)
4. Okra, Abelmoschus esculentus 2.0a(1.6a) 4.7b(2.3b) 1.0c(1.2c) 0.0b(0.7b)
5. Cotton (SAMCOT 8) Gossypium 0.7a(1.1b) 3.0b(1.9b) 5.3b(2.4b) 1.0a(1.2a)
hirsitum
Mean 1.60(1.4) 5.20(2.3) 5.67(2.6) 0.87(1.14)
CV (%) 27.7(12.9) 20.5(10.2) 3.3(5.4) 29.8(8.0)
Means followed by the same letters in a column are not significantly different at P=0.05 SNK
(Student-Newman-Keuls) test for variables. Figures in parenthesis are square root transformation of Cylas
on different sampling dates
Table 5: Damage assessment of C. puncticollis on some Malvaceae plants
Common names Scientific names Parts found Pest
damage
rating
1. White roselle Hibiscus sabdariffa (L.) Flowers, buds, and 2
developing bolls
2. Red Roselle Hibiscus sabdariffa (L.) “ 2
3. Kenaf Hibiscus cannabinus (L.) “ 3
4. Okra Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Flowers, buds, 2
developing fingers
5. Cotton,SAMCOT 8 Gossypium hirsutum (L.) Flowers, bracts, buds, 2
developing bolls
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Table 6: Number of pupae and adult Cylas spp. at different soil depth on cotton farm
at the end of the rainy season, 2005 at Ngurore
Soil depth (cm) Number of pupae Number of adult
a
1.0-5.0 5.33 6.67a
b
5.0-10.0 1.67 2.33b
10.0-15.0 0.67b 0.33c
Mean 2.56 3.11
CV (%) 26.09 21.43
Means followed by the same letters in a column are not significantly different at P=0.05
SNK (Student-Newman-Keuls) test for variables.
Table 7: Abundance of C. puncticollis (number/5 plants) at different times of the day on farmers’ field at
Ngurore, at 75% boll formation of cotton
Time of the Rainy (cropping) Season 2005 Off (Dry) Season 2006
day
(hrs) Cotton Cotton Cotton Cotton Cotton Cotton
alone entwined with entwined with alone entwined entwined
Ipomoea weed Ipomoea & with Ipomoea with
Celosia weed weed Ipomoea
& Celosia
weed
a a a a a
0700 – 0900 12.67 19.00 26.00 5.67 9.67 -
1200 – 1400 4.67a 6.33b 7.33b 3.33a 5.00 b -
1700 – 1800 13.00a 18.67a 26.67a 5.67a 9.33 a -
Mean 10.11 14.67 20.00 4.89 8.00 -
C. V(%) 30.39 7.87 16.33 25.96 16.14
Means followed by the same letters in a column are not significantly different at P < 0.05 Student-Newman keuls
(SNK) test for variable.
At the off season no Celosia weed was observed, it normally comes towards end of rains in September – October.
22
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