1. Farm size distributions are rapidly changing in Africa, with the number of smallholder farms growing slowly while medium-scale farms between 10-100 hectares are growing quickly, now making up over 40% of farms. 2. Medium-scale farmers are increasingly urban-educated investors using non-farm income to acquire land, aided by rising land and food prices. 3. This is driven by population growth reducing average land sizes combined with speculators and youth seeking alternative livelihoods, straining customary land inheritance systems.