This document discusses the agrarian crisis facing Indian farmers and proposes ways forward. It summarizes that smallholder farmers face issues like lack of bargaining power, declining land holdings, lack of access to credit and markets, unremunerative prices, and climate issues. This has led to over 270,000 farmer suicides in the past 17 years. Proposed solutions include increasing sustainable farming practices, improving access to credit and insurance, setting fair minimum support prices, reducing input-driven subsidies, and addressing issues of soil degradation and water contamination.
160312 agrarian crisis in india and way forward seattle 1.0Ramanjaneyulu GV
This document summarizes the agricultural crisis in India and proposes solutions. It discusses the economic, ecological, socio-political and climate crises facing Indian agriculture, including increasing costs, debt, monocropping, migration, and more frequent droughts/floods. Solutions proposed include adopting ecological practices like integrated farming and water harvesting, organizing farmers for production/marketing, increasing public/private investment, and diversifying crops and livelihoods through activities like sericulture and honey production. Overall the document analyzes the problems in Indian agriculture and advocates for making farming more sustainable and viable economically.
Ecologically and economically sustainable agricultureRamanjaneyulu GV
This document discusses ecologically and economically sustainable agriculture practices promoted by the Centre for Sustainable Agriculture. It summarizes that conventional farming is becoming unviable due to increased costs and risks, while sustainable practices organized by communities can increase farmer incomes through lower costs, higher productivity and additional income sources. Data shows these practices have led to reduced pesticide and fertilizer use while increasing yields and farmer incomes in Maharashtra and Andhra Pradesh. The approaches are considered replicable, scalable and able to sustain themselves after initial external support periods.
Ensuring Income Security for Agriculture HouseholdsRamanjaneyulu GV
The document discusses the need for measuring progress in agriculture based on growth in farm family incomes rather than just increases in food grain production. It notes that the number of people depending on agriculture has declined from 69.43% to 54.6% over 60 years in India but that farming remains the primary livelihood for many. Ensuring income security for agricultural households is important given stagnating farm incomes, rising costs of cultivation, and the limited employment growth in other sectors attracting those leaving farming. A basket of measures is needed, including fair prices, reduced costs, farmer collectives, credit, insurance and bonus programs for ecological/rainfed farming to boost farm incomes.
Dimensions of agrarian crisis and underlying policiesRamanjaneyulu GV
The document summarizes the dimensions of the agrarian crisis and underlying policies in India. It notes that farmers are trapped in unsustainable, high-risk agriculture with increasing costs and unremunerative prices. This is due to policies that promote high-external input agriculture favoring large farms over smallholders. As a result, many farmers are in debt, incomes are decreasing, and over 284,000 farmers have committed suicide in the past 18 years. The document calls for a shift in policy focus to prioritizing the incomes and livelihoods of small farmers for sustainable agriculture and rural development.
This document summarizes the presentation given by G. V. Ramanjaneyulu from the Centre for Sustainable Agriculture to students at the University of Seattle on May 30th, 2013. It discusses the status and concerns around GM crops globally and in India. Key points include: GM crops are only grown on 3.4% of global agricultural land, primarily in the US, Brazil, Argentina, Canada, and India for animal feed or fiber; concerns around biosafety, environmental impacts, intellectual property rights and market control; examples of Bt cotton in India and herbicide resistant weeds increasing in the US; and the need for transparent, democratic, and long term regulation that considers technical and social perspectives.
The document summarizes the work of the Centre for Sustainable Agriculture over 13 years in addressing the agrarian crisis in India through agroecological approaches like water harvesting, soil management and non-pesticidal management. It highlights model villages like Yenabavi which became fully organic and increased productivity, and Dorli where farmers returned to farming using 80% less external inputs. It also describes the organization's work in forming farmer cooperatives, operating retail outlets and e-commerce platforms to connect small farmers to markets, and its efforts to promote livelihood diversification. The document outlines ongoing challenges around access to credit and policy support for smallholder farmers.
This document summarizes key challenges facing Telangana agriculture, including rising farmer suicides, lack of remunerative prices, dependence on monsoon rains, and increasing costs of production. It notes that most farmer suicides are by small and marginal tenant farmers. Tables show the number of suicides by district and year. Direct income support schemes and improving governance of agricultural support systems are discussed as ways to address farmer distress.
160312 agrarian crisis in india and way forward seattle 1.0Ramanjaneyulu GV
This document summarizes the agricultural crisis in India and proposes solutions. It discusses the economic, ecological, socio-political and climate crises facing Indian agriculture, including increasing costs, debt, monocropping, migration, and more frequent droughts/floods. Solutions proposed include adopting ecological practices like integrated farming and water harvesting, organizing farmers for production/marketing, increasing public/private investment, and diversifying crops and livelihoods through activities like sericulture and honey production. Overall the document analyzes the problems in Indian agriculture and advocates for making farming more sustainable and viable economically.
Ecologically and economically sustainable agricultureRamanjaneyulu GV
This document discusses ecologically and economically sustainable agriculture practices promoted by the Centre for Sustainable Agriculture. It summarizes that conventional farming is becoming unviable due to increased costs and risks, while sustainable practices organized by communities can increase farmer incomes through lower costs, higher productivity and additional income sources. Data shows these practices have led to reduced pesticide and fertilizer use while increasing yields and farmer incomes in Maharashtra and Andhra Pradesh. The approaches are considered replicable, scalable and able to sustain themselves after initial external support periods.
Ensuring Income Security for Agriculture HouseholdsRamanjaneyulu GV
The document discusses the need for measuring progress in agriculture based on growth in farm family incomes rather than just increases in food grain production. It notes that the number of people depending on agriculture has declined from 69.43% to 54.6% over 60 years in India but that farming remains the primary livelihood for many. Ensuring income security for agricultural households is important given stagnating farm incomes, rising costs of cultivation, and the limited employment growth in other sectors attracting those leaving farming. A basket of measures is needed, including fair prices, reduced costs, farmer collectives, credit, insurance and bonus programs for ecological/rainfed farming to boost farm incomes.
Dimensions of agrarian crisis and underlying policiesRamanjaneyulu GV
The document summarizes the dimensions of the agrarian crisis and underlying policies in India. It notes that farmers are trapped in unsustainable, high-risk agriculture with increasing costs and unremunerative prices. This is due to policies that promote high-external input agriculture favoring large farms over smallholders. As a result, many farmers are in debt, incomes are decreasing, and over 284,000 farmers have committed suicide in the past 18 years. The document calls for a shift in policy focus to prioritizing the incomes and livelihoods of small farmers for sustainable agriculture and rural development.
This document summarizes the presentation given by G. V. Ramanjaneyulu from the Centre for Sustainable Agriculture to students at the University of Seattle on May 30th, 2013. It discusses the status and concerns around GM crops globally and in India. Key points include: GM crops are only grown on 3.4% of global agricultural land, primarily in the US, Brazil, Argentina, Canada, and India for animal feed or fiber; concerns around biosafety, environmental impacts, intellectual property rights and market control; examples of Bt cotton in India and herbicide resistant weeds increasing in the US; and the need for transparent, democratic, and long term regulation that considers technical and social perspectives.
The document summarizes the work of the Centre for Sustainable Agriculture over 13 years in addressing the agrarian crisis in India through agroecological approaches like water harvesting, soil management and non-pesticidal management. It highlights model villages like Yenabavi which became fully organic and increased productivity, and Dorli where farmers returned to farming using 80% less external inputs. It also describes the organization's work in forming farmer cooperatives, operating retail outlets and e-commerce platforms to connect small farmers to markets, and its efforts to promote livelihood diversification. The document outlines ongoing challenges around access to credit and policy support for smallholder farmers.
This document summarizes key challenges facing Telangana agriculture, including rising farmer suicides, lack of remunerative prices, dependence on monsoon rains, and increasing costs of production. It notes that most farmer suicides are by small and marginal tenant farmers. Tables show the number of suicides by district and year. Direct income support schemes and improving governance of agricultural support systems are discussed as ways to address farmer distress.
Making information technology work for rural indiaRamanjaneyulu GV
The document discusses efforts to improve rural development in India through information technology. It focuses on areas like organic farming, climate change adaptation, livelihood diversification, and building producer organizations. Key activities include farmer field schools, developing "bio villages", creating alternative livelihoods, and incubating farmers' cooperatives and companies. A helpline called KisanMitra aims to improve access to services, credit, and resolve farmers' issues. The organization works in 6 states and focuses on making public support services more accessible to farmers through various initiatives.
This document discusses the challenges facing Indian farmers and proposes solutions to improve their livelihoods. It notes that over 318,000 farmers have committed suicide in India from 1995-2016 due to increasing costs of cultivation, stagnating yields, reduced subsidies, and declining incomes. The average income of Indian farmers is only Rs. 6,426 per year. It advocates for reducing farmers' costs, increasing prices for agricultural products, and diversifying farmers' income sources to improve their financial situation. The document also describes the work of the Sahaja Aharam social enterprise, which aims to connect farmers directly to consumers, ensure farmers receive over 50% of the sale price of crops, and build a cooperative model to boost rural economies.
1) The dairy industry has provided a stable source of income for rural communities in India, particularly small landholders and women.
2) Operation Flood, launched in 1970, organized dairy cooperatives across villages and linked them to urban consumers. This created a strong procurement and distribution network for milk.
3) Dairy farming plays a significant role in sustaining rural livelihoods and incomes. It provides employment for millions of people, especially women, and supports small farmers.
This document analyzes changes in rural labor markets in India based on data from various states. It finds that farm mechanization has led to a decrease in human labor use for crops like wheat, chickpeas and paddy, but labor use remains higher for cotton. Mechanization has increased labor productivity more than land productivity. There has also been a rise in casual labor across many states. Higher educated rural youth often remain unemployed due to a lack of job opportunities, despite households investing heavily in education. Demand exists for semi-skilled workers in activities like small businesses and equipment repair. Women's participation and earnings remain significantly lower than men's, with little influence from education. Some states like Punjab and Haryana have reached a
This document discusses the issues facing smallholder agriculture in India since the Green Revolution. It outlines how the Green Revolution led to monocropping, high external input usage, and viewed farms as factories. This has led to increasing farmer debt, suicide rates, and environmental degradation. The number of cultivators is declining and average landholding sizes are shrinking. Institutional credit to agriculture is declining and many farmers lack access. There is a need to shift away from unsustainable industrial models to more integrated, ecological farming systems suited to local conditions.
This document analyzes trends in labor use, mechanization, and labor productivity across major crops and states in India from 1997-2010. It finds that human labor use decreased for some crops like wheat, chickpeas and rice due to increased farm mechanization replacing human and animal labor. Labor productivity increased significantly in most states, though there are interstate differences, with states like Punjab and Haryana having much higher productivity than Orissa and Madhya Pradesh. The share of casual labor has increased in some states, indicating a trend of casualization of the agricultural workforce. The document concludes by discussing policy options to further increase mechanization and labor productivity, especially in less developed regions and crops.
Dr. Ranjit Kumar, ICAR-National Academy of Agricultural Research Management, Hyderabad, India
Presented at the ReSAKSS-Asia conference “Agriculture and Rural Transformation in Asia: Past Experiences and Future Opportunities”. An international conference jointly organized by ReSAKSS-Asia, IFPRI, TDRI, and TVSEP project of Leibniz Universit Hannover with support from USAID and Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) at the Dusit Thani Hotel, Bangkok, Thailand December 12–14, 2017.
The document discusses the work of the Centre for Sustainable Agriculture (CSA) in India, which works on issues related to farmers' distress through various programs promoting organic farming, building farmer organizations, improving policy support systems, and operating a helpline called Kisan Mitra to assist distressed farmers directly. CSA has offices in 6 states across India and works directly with over 50,000 farmers and indirectly with 200,000 farmers.
At the 74th Annual Conference of Indian Society of Agricultural Economics, Dr P K Joshi, Director of the IFPRI South Asia Office, gave a keynote address titled ”Has Indian Agriculture Become Crowded and Risky? Status, Implications and the Way Forward”.
This document discusses challenges facing India's agricultural sector. It notes that around 70% of Indians live in rural areas and are dependent on agriculture for their livelihood. However, agricultural growth has slowed to around 3.5% annually in recent decades, and crop yields have increased by only 1.4% per year. The three main challenges are: 1) raising agricultural productivity on limited land and water resources, 2) reducing rural poverty through inclusive strategies that create non-farm jobs, and 3) ensuring agricultural growth supports food security needs as population and incomes rise. Specific issues include outdated research and extension systems, poor irrigation infrastructure, and increasing competition for water.
The document discusses the current state and potential of Indian agriculture and rural marketing. It notes that India is a major global producer of tea, milk, cattle, sugarcane, fruits and vegetables, but yields remain low due to issues like low mechanization, heavy fertilizer use, and poor infrastructure. It outlines opportunities to improve efficiency through reducing waste, increasing processing, and developing the rural market through improved availability, affordability, acceptability and awareness of products. A three-tier model of "Food Marts", "Agri Marts" and "Kissan" centers is proposed to better serve rural communities.
The document discusses the exploitation of irrigation water for sugarcane cultivation in Maharashtra. It finds that sugarcane utilizes over 60% of irrigation water but takes up only 3% of cropped area. Sugarcane production has grown primarily through increased area rather than yield improvements. Maharashtra requires twice as much water as Uttar Pradesh to produce 1 kg of sugar. The Adsali season, which accounts for the longest duration crop, has the highest water requirements. While drip irrigation can save water, it alone will not reduce overexploitation and needs to be accompanied by other policies.
How can the small farmer's income in India be increased?Yogesh Upadhyaya
The document discusses ways to increase the income of small farmers in India. It notes that over 263 million Indians are farmers and 430 million depend on farming for their livelihood. However, the majority (69%) of farmers have less than 1 hectare of land, and their incomes are very low - between Rs. 8,000-50,000 per year. It then examines two ways for farmers to increase their income: 1) growing more crops on their existing land and 2) getting a better price for their crops. Under growing more, it discusses improving irrigation through watershed development, irrigation projects, groundwater tapping, and other methods. It also addresses increasing crop yields through better seeds, fertilizers, and techniques. However,
This document discusses the role of digital agriculture within India's Digital India initiative. It defines digital agriculture as using ICT and data to support farming. The study examines the impact of digitalization on India's agricultural sector through secondary sources. Key objectives are to study the impact of digitalization and government schemes promoting it. Digital technologies like IoT, sensors, big data analytics and AI are improving access to information on soil, crops and equipment. Government schemes promote precision farming, insurance, markets and financial inclusion. Digital trends include vertical farming, supply chain innovation, and use of drones and remote sensing. The conclusion states that a comprehensive digital platform can help improve yields and meet growing food demand in India.
Farmers' suicides are a major problem in India. Some key points:
- Indebtedness is the main reason for 93% of farmer suicides. High interest rates from money lenders and crop failures lead to mounting debts.
- Other major causes include lack of irrigation, unpredictable monsoons, rising input costs, and social issues like dowry for daughters.
- On average, 38 Indian farmers commit suicide every day - one every 30 minutes. Suicides have ripple effects on families and communities.
- To prevent further suicides, long term solutions are needed like income guarantees, crop insurance, access to credit, and promoting sustainable agriculture practices. The government must address the root
Agriculture in India has historically been dependent on monsoon rains, leading to failures and droughts that cause farmer suicides. The Green Revolution introduced high-yielding seeds and fertilizers in the 1960s, increasing food production but also debt and health issues for farmers. Despite economic reforms, farmers now face global competition and receive little support, resulting in over 100,000 suicides since 1997 as farmers struggle with debt and crop failures in states like Maharashtra. Improving conditions requires greater government support, risk management, and cooperation across sectors.
Rural transformation in Eastern India: Still lagging behind? ICRISAT
Bihar, Jharkhand and Odisha states- fast growing economies • Still, about 85% of total population (26.7 million) staying back in rural area and still growing • Rural population mostly depending on farm sector for their livelihood, but farm size too small • Abode of resource-poor people, but dismal presence of infrastructure and service delivery • Pace of transformation fast but needs further boost to alleviate mass poverty in the region.
Shenggen Fan discusses the need to reshape agri-food systems in India to achieve multiple UN Sustainable Development Goals. He argues that the global food system is increasingly vulnerable due to issues like climate change, resource constraints, and changing diets. A new agri-food system is needed that is productive, sustainable, inclusive, and nutrition-driven. Reshaping agri-food systems through sustainable intensification, rural-urban linkages, and other solutions can help address challenges like hunger, poverty, climate change impacts, and land degradation. With investments and partnerships, achieving a world without hunger is possible.
Presented on Prospects for the convergence of the lagging regions with the more progressive regions of India at the International Conference of Agricultural Economists (ICAE) from 07-15 August 2015 at Milan, Italy
This document discusses the issues facing smallholder agriculture in India since the Green Revolution. It outlines how the Green Revolution led to monocropping, high external input usage, and viewed farms as factories. This has led to increasing farmer debt, suicide rates, and environmental degradation. While the government initially supported agriculture through public institutions and subsidies, this support has reduced over time. Credit access remains low for smallholders, prices are often unremunerative, and insurance programs have problems. Alternative approaches are needed that focus on integrated farming systems, soil health, water conservation, locally-adapted crops, and reducing agrochemical usage.
130707 Agrarian crisis and way forward Andhra PradeshRamanjaneyulu GV
This document summarizes the agricultural crisis and farmer suicides in Andhra Pradesh between 1995-2012. It finds that farmer suicides increased dramatically during this period, with over 35,000 total suicides reported. The key drivers identified are increasing costs of cultivation combined with stagnating yields, declining prices, and failure of cotton crops due to pests. At the same time, land holdings are fragmenting and most farmers have less than 1 hectare of land. Access to formal credit is also decreasing for small farmers. The government has failed to adequately address the root causes of the crisis.
This document discusses farmers' suicide in India. It provides statistics showing that over 296,466 farmer suicides occurred from 2003-2014, with the highest rates in Maharashtra, Karnataka, and Bihar. Common factors for suicide include financial indebtedness, climate change impacts, and being small-scale farmers with low incomes. Major causes identified are bankruptcy (39%), family problems (12%), farming issues (19%), and illness (10%). Preventive measures proposed include agricultural extensions, financial literacy, alternative livelihoods, and various stakeholder roles in support of farmers.
Making information technology work for rural indiaRamanjaneyulu GV
The document discusses efforts to improve rural development in India through information technology. It focuses on areas like organic farming, climate change adaptation, livelihood diversification, and building producer organizations. Key activities include farmer field schools, developing "bio villages", creating alternative livelihoods, and incubating farmers' cooperatives and companies. A helpline called KisanMitra aims to improve access to services, credit, and resolve farmers' issues. The organization works in 6 states and focuses on making public support services more accessible to farmers through various initiatives.
This document discusses the challenges facing Indian farmers and proposes solutions to improve their livelihoods. It notes that over 318,000 farmers have committed suicide in India from 1995-2016 due to increasing costs of cultivation, stagnating yields, reduced subsidies, and declining incomes. The average income of Indian farmers is only Rs. 6,426 per year. It advocates for reducing farmers' costs, increasing prices for agricultural products, and diversifying farmers' income sources to improve their financial situation. The document also describes the work of the Sahaja Aharam social enterprise, which aims to connect farmers directly to consumers, ensure farmers receive over 50% of the sale price of crops, and build a cooperative model to boost rural economies.
1) The dairy industry has provided a stable source of income for rural communities in India, particularly small landholders and women.
2) Operation Flood, launched in 1970, organized dairy cooperatives across villages and linked them to urban consumers. This created a strong procurement and distribution network for milk.
3) Dairy farming plays a significant role in sustaining rural livelihoods and incomes. It provides employment for millions of people, especially women, and supports small farmers.
This document analyzes changes in rural labor markets in India based on data from various states. It finds that farm mechanization has led to a decrease in human labor use for crops like wheat, chickpeas and paddy, but labor use remains higher for cotton. Mechanization has increased labor productivity more than land productivity. There has also been a rise in casual labor across many states. Higher educated rural youth often remain unemployed due to a lack of job opportunities, despite households investing heavily in education. Demand exists for semi-skilled workers in activities like small businesses and equipment repair. Women's participation and earnings remain significantly lower than men's, with little influence from education. Some states like Punjab and Haryana have reached a
This document discusses the issues facing smallholder agriculture in India since the Green Revolution. It outlines how the Green Revolution led to monocropping, high external input usage, and viewed farms as factories. This has led to increasing farmer debt, suicide rates, and environmental degradation. The number of cultivators is declining and average landholding sizes are shrinking. Institutional credit to agriculture is declining and many farmers lack access. There is a need to shift away from unsustainable industrial models to more integrated, ecological farming systems suited to local conditions.
This document analyzes trends in labor use, mechanization, and labor productivity across major crops and states in India from 1997-2010. It finds that human labor use decreased for some crops like wheat, chickpeas and rice due to increased farm mechanization replacing human and animal labor. Labor productivity increased significantly in most states, though there are interstate differences, with states like Punjab and Haryana having much higher productivity than Orissa and Madhya Pradesh. The share of casual labor has increased in some states, indicating a trend of casualization of the agricultural workforce. The document concludes by discussing policy options to further increase mechanization and labor productivity, especially in less developed regions and crops.
Dr. Ranjit Kumar, ICAR-National Academy of Agricultural Research Management, Hyderabad, India
Presented at the ReSAKSS-Asia conference “Agriculture and Rural Transformation in Asia: Past Experiences and Future Opportunities”. An international conference jointly organized by ReSAKSS-Asia, IFPRI, TDRI, and TVSEP project of Leibniz Universit Hannover with support from USAID and Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) at the Dusit Thani Hotel, Bangkok, Thailand December 12–14, 2017.
The document discusses the work of the Centre for Sustainable Agriculture (CSA) in India, which works on issues related to farmers' distress through various programs promoting organic farming, building farmer organizations, improving policy support systems, and operating a helpline called Kisan Mitra to assist distressed farmers directly. CSA has offices in 6 states across India and works directly with over 50,000 farmers and indirectly with 200,000 farmers.
At the 74th Annual Conference of Indian Society of Agricultural Economics, Dr P K Joshi, Director of the IFPRI South Asia Office, gave a keynote address titled ”Has Indian Agriculture Become Crowded and Risky? Status, Implications and the Way Forward”.
This document discusses challenges facing India's agricultural sector. It notes that around 70% of Indians live in rural areas and are dependent on agriculture for their livelihood. However, agricultural growth has slowed to around 3.5% annually in recent decades, and crop yields have increased by only 1.4% per year. The three main challenges are: 1) raising agricultural productivity on limited land and water resources, 2) reducing rural poverty through inclusive strategies that create non-farm jobs, and 3) ensuring agricultural growth supports food security needs as population and incomes rise. Specific issues include outdated research and extension systems, poor irrigation infrastructure, and increasing competition for water.
The document discusses the current state and potential of Indian agriculture and rural marketing. It notes that India is a major global producer of tea, milk, cattle, sugarcane, fruits and vegetables, but yields remain low due to issues like low mechanization, heavy fertilizer use, and poor infrastructure. It outlines opportunities to improve efficiency through reducing waste, increasing processing, and developing the rural market through improved availability, affordability, acceptability and awareness of products. A three-tier model of "Food Marts", "Agri Marts" and "Kissan" centers is proposed to better serve rural communities.
The document discusses the exploitation of irrigation water for sugarcane cultivation in Maharashtra. It finds that sugarcane utilizes over 60% of irrigation water but takes up only 3% of cropped area. Sugarcane production has grown primarily through increased area rather than yield improvements. Maharashtra requires twice as much water as Uttar Pradesh to produce 1 kg of sugar. The Adsali season, which accounts for the longest duration crop, has the highest water requirements. While drip irrigation can save water, it alone will not reduce overexploitation and needs to be accompanied by other policies.
How can the small farmer's income in India be increased?Yogesh Upadhyaya
The document discusses ways to increase the income of small farmers in India. It notes that over 263 million Indians are farmers and 430 million depend on farming for their livelihood. However, the majority (69%) of farmers have less than 1 hectare of land, and their incomes are very low - between Rs. 8,000-50,000 per year. It then examines two ways for farmers to increase their income: 1) growing more crops on their existing land and 2) getting a better price for their crops. Under growing more, it discusses improving irrigation through watershed development, irrigation projects, groundwater tapping, and other methods. It also addresses increasing crop yields through better seeds, fertilizers, and techniques. However,
This document discusses the role of digital agriculture within India's Digital India initiative. It defines digital agriculture as using ICT and data to support farming. The study examines the impact of digitalization on India's agricultural sector through secondary sources. Key objectives are to study the impact of digitalization and government schemes promoting it. Digital technologies like IoT, sensors, big data analytics and AI are improving access to information on soil, crops and equipment. Government schemes promote precision farming, insurance, markets and financial inclusion. Digital trends include vertical farming, supply chain innovation, and use of drones and remote sensing. The conclusion states that a comprehensive digital platform can help improve yields and meet growing food demand in India.
Farmers' suicides are a major problem in India. Some key points:
- Indebtedness is the main reason for 93% of farmer suicides. High interest rates from money lenders and crop failures lead to mounting debts.
- Other major causes include lack of irrigation, unpredictable monsoons, rising input costs, and social issues like dowry for daughters.
- On average, 38 Indian farmers commit suicide every day - one every 30 minutes. Suicides have ripple effects on families and communities.
- To prevent further suicides, long term solutions are needed like income guarantees, crop insurance, access to credit, and promoting sustainable agriculture practices. The government must address the root
Agriculture in India has historically been dependent on monsoon rains, leading to failures and droughts that cause farmer suicides. The Green Revolution introduced high-yielding seeds and fertilizers in the 1960s, increasing food production but also debt and health issues for farmers. Despite economic reforms, farmers now face global competition and receive little support, resulting in over 100,000 suicides since 1997 as farmers struggle with debt and crop failures in states like Maharashtra. Improving conditions requires greater government support, risk management, and cooperation across sectors.
Rural transformation in Eastern India: Still lagging behind? ICRISAT
Bihar, Jharkhand and Odisha states- fast growing economies • Still, about 85% of total population (26.7 million) staying back in rural area and still growing • Rural population mostly depending on farm sector for their livelihood, but farm size too small • Abode of resource-poor people, but dismal presence of infrastructure and service delivery • Pace of transformation fast but needs further boost to alleviate mass poverty in the region.
Shenggen Fan discusses the need to reshape agri-food systems in India to achieve multiple UN Sustainable Development Goals. He argues that the global food system is increasingly vulnerable due to issues like climate change, resource constraints, and changing diets. A new agri-food system is needed that is productive, sustainable, inclusive, and nutrition-driven. Reshaping agri-food systems through sustainable intensification, rural-urban linkages, and other solutions can help address challenges like hunger, poverty, climate change impacts, and land degradation. With investments and partnerships, achieving a world without hunger is possible.
Presented on Prospects for the convergence of the lagging regions with the more progressive regions of India at the International Conference of Agricultural Economists (ICAE) from 07-15 August 2015 at Milan, Italy
This document discusses the issues facing smallholder agriculture in India since the Green Revolution. It outlines how the Green Revolution led to monocropping, high external input usage, and viewed farms as factories. This has led to increasing farmer debt, suicide rates, and environmental degradation. While the government initially supported agriculture through public institutions and subsidies, this support has reduced over time. Credit access remains low for smallholders, prices are often unremunerative, and insurance programs have problems. Alternative approaches are needed that focus on integrated farming systems, soil health, water conservation, locally-adapted crops, and reducing agrochemical usage.
130707 Agrarian crisis and way forward Andhra PradeshRamanjaneyulu GV
This document summarizes the agricultural crisis and farmer suicides in Andhra Pradesh between 1995-2012. It finds that farmer suicides increased dramatically during this period, with over 35,000 total suicides reported. The key drivers identified are increasing costs of cultivation combined with stagnating yields, declining prices, and failure of cotton crops due to pests. At the same time, land holdings are fragmenting and most farmers have less than 1 hectare of land. Access to formal credit is also decreasing for small farmers. The government has failed to adequately address the root causes of the crisis.
This document discusses farmers' suicide in India. It provides statistics showing that over 296,466 farmer suicides occurred from 2003-2014, with the highest rates in Maharashtra, Karnataka, and Bihar. Common factors for suicide include financial indebtedness, climate change impacts, and being small-scale farmers with low incomes. Major causes identified are bankruptcy (39%), family problems (12%), farming issues (19%), and illness (10%). Preventive measures proposed include agricultural extensions, financial literacy, alternative livelihoods, and various stakeholder roles in support of farmers.
Rural labour markets in transforming agricultural economies the case of ethiopiaessp2
This document summarizes findings from research on rural labor markets and off-farm income in Ethiopia's transforming agricultural economy. Key findings include:
1) Off-farm income makes up 18% of total rural household income, with wage income contributing 10%. Off-farm income is especially important for poorer households.
2) Rural wages have increased by 70% between 2004-2018, driven by agricultural growth. Higher wages provide incentives for mechanization and use of herbicides in agriculture.
3) Wage increases are linked to poverty reduction, as wages and poverty are negatively correlated. Policy implications include supporting skills development and adoption of technologies to maintain Ethiopia's low-wage advantage as wages rise.
Pakistan's major agricultural issues since independence and how agriculture's contributions has drastically declined in comparison with manufacturing and services businesses.
Doubling Farmers’ Income through animal agriculture: Need for policy changeILRI
Presented by Habibur Rahman, Vijayalakshmy Kennady and Braja B Swain (ILRI), at the International Conference on Doubling the Farmers Income, Assam Agricultural University, Assam, India, 27–28 February 2019
This document discusses challenges facing increased global rice production to meet growing demand. Urbanization is contributing to labor shortages on rice farms as people migrate to cities for work, leaving more responsibility to women farmers. Mechanization and other innovations are needed to boost productivity as labor costs rise. The International Rice Research Institute aims to address these issues through research and promote gender equity in the rice value chain.
Non-farm income and labor markets in rural Ethiopia essp2
1) Off-farm income makes up 18% of rural household income in Ethiopia, with wage income contributing 10%. Agricultural wages are twice as important as non-agricultural wages.
2) Off-farm income and wages are most important for poorer households and play a significant role in livelihoods.
3) Rural wages have increased substantially in recent years, driven partly by agricultural growth performance. Real wages were 54% higher in 2015 compared to 2004.
India has seen significant increases in food grain production but agriculture's contribution to GDP is declining. Farm mechanization has helped improve productivity but challenges remain due to small land holdings and lack of access to machinery. While tractor use is growing, much agricultural work remains done manually, particularly for crops besides rice and wheat. Expanding mechanization could further increase yields and incomes while reducing labor shortages and drudgery, but access and economic barriers remain for many small farmers.
Agricultural transformation in PNG can be understood from an agri-food system perspective. This involves (1) rising farm productivity to increase food production and consumption for subsistence farmers, (2) linking farmers to local markets so they can sell surpluses to raise incomes and create local jobs, and (3) engaging the rural non-farm economy so farmers and others start businesses that generate demand and incomes across rural areas. Together these steps can help harness urban markets where urban consumer demand drives more value-addition of agricultural products and diversification opportunities. Currently, PNG's industry and service sectors have contributed more to economic growth than agriculture, but slow agricultural output growth suggests little improvement in rural welfare. Analyzing the full ag
1. The document discusses strategies and policies for doubling Indian farmers' incomes by 2022, as directed by the Prime Minister. It outlines various schemes and initiatives implemented to support this goal.
2. Key challenges in measuring and monitoring farm incomes are discussed, including defining the appropriate income metric (gross vs. net, per cultivator vs. per household). Historical estimates of farm incomes across Indian states are presented.
3. Projections of future farm incomes under different scenarios accounting for inflation, the declining number of cultivators, and potential growth in the agriculture sector are modeled to assess progress towards doubling incomes by 2022.
Rural marketing in India has evolved over several phases from agricultural marketing to marketing of inputs and now all products and services. It faces many challenges including low literacy, income and infrastructure in rural areas. However, the rural market also has great potential due to its large population and rising prosperity. Successful rural marketing requires understanding rural consumers, improving infrastructure, and employing appropriate media and promotion strategies tailored to rural needs and culture.
The document discusses farm loan waivers in India. It provides background on agricultural issues like declining GDP share but high dependency, marginalization of land holdings, and monsoon dependence. It then summarizes the history of farm loan waivers in India since 1990, their large costs, and inclusion/exclusion errors. Critics argue waivers undermine credit culture and have adverse economic impacts. Alternatives proposed include risk mitigation measures, formalizing informal credit, and increasing investment in rural infrastructure and agriculture.
Rural marketing issues, opportunity and challengesMD SALMAN ANJUM
This document discusses the rural marketing landscape in India. It notes that the rural market has grown significantly, with over 740 million rural residents accounting for more than urban consumers. Key opportunities in rural marketing include low product penetration, growing incomes and expenditure among certain demographic segments. Challenges include reaching remote villages, increasing incomes overall, and making effective use of existing rural infrastructure. New forms of large-scale rural retail are emerging as corporates increase long-term commitments to rural areas through dedicated strategies and partnerships.
India has the largest livestock population in the world, including cattle, buffalo, sheep, goats, pigs, and poultry. Livestock makes significant economic contributions, providing 25.6% of agricultural GDP and supporting the livelihoods of over two-thirds of rural people. However, livestock productivity is low compared to global averages, with much potential for improvement. Increased demand for animal products presents opportunities for the livestock sector, but challenges remain around feed, health, infrastructure, and market access. Addressing these challenges through policies, technology, and financing could further enhance livestock's role in poverty alleviation and the rural economy.
Jobs and Ethiopia’s agri-food system: Reviewing the evidenceessp2
This document reviews evidence on jobs and Ethiopia's agri-food system. It finds that agriculture remains extremely important for employment in Ethiopia, accounting for over 75% of jobs, though this share is declining slowly. Labor productivity in agriculture is increasing over time but remains low, with larger, more commercial farms showing higher productivity. Hired agricultural wage labor constitutes a small share of total agricultural labor. Wages are increasing in rural areas but remain low internationally. Food processing, trade, and transportation make up sizable shares of non-farm employment in Ethiopia's agri-food system.
It gives an outlook to the position of Indian farmers and indian agriculture . It provides an idea about the measures that can be adopted in order to double thefarmers' income by 2022.
Ramesh_Chand_Agriculture_Stanford_Idea_India_The_India_Dialog_2024.pptxDr. Amit Kapoor
Presentation done by Ramesh Chand,Member NITI Ayog, Government of India on "Role and Place of Agriculture in Meeting Aspirations of Viksit Bharat " at #TheIndiaDialog on February 29, 2024 at Stanford University. The #TheIndiaDialog was organised by Institute for Competitiveness and US Asia Technology Management Center at Stanford University.
#TheIndiaDialog looks at inviting the world’s leading experts and intellectuals in the areas of economics, business, policy, social development, science, technology, art and culture to provide their perspectives and foster an understanding of India. There would be a series of keynote addresses, panel discussions, and fireside chats during the dialog.
Similar to Indian Agrarian Crisis and way forward AID conference (20)
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 6DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 6. In this session, we will cover Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI.
UiPath Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI webinar offers an in-depth exploration of leveraging cutting-edge technologies for test automation within the UiPath platform. Attendees will delve into the integration of generative AI, a test automation solution, with Open AI advanced natural language processing capabilities.
Throughout the session, participants will discover how this synergy empowers testers to automate repetitive tasks, enhance testing accuracy, and expedite the software testing life cycle. Topics covered include the seamless integration process, practical use cases, and the benefits of harnessing AI-driven automation for UiPath testing initiatives. By attending this webinar, testers, and automation professionals can gain valuable insights into harnessing the power of AI to optimize their test automation workflows within the UiPath ecosystem, ultimately driving efficiency and quality in software development processes.
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into integrating generative AI.
2. Understanding how this integration enhances test automation within the UiPath platform
3. Practical demonstrations
4. Exploration of real-world use cases illustrating the benefits of AI-driven test automation for UiPath
Topics covered:
What is generative AI
Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI.
UiPath integration with generative AI
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
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Ocean Lotus cyber threat actors represent a sophisticated, persistent, and politically motivated group that poses a significant risk to organizations and individuals in the Southeast Asian region. Their continuous evolution and adaptability underscore the need for robust cybersecurity measures and international cooperation to identify and mitigate the threats posed by such advanced persistent threat groups.
Taking AI to the Next Level in Manufacturing.pdfssuserfac0301
Read Taking AI to the Next Level in Manufacturing to gain insights on AI adoption in the manufacturing industry, such as:
1. How quickly AI is being implemented in manufacturing.
2. Which barriers stand in the way of AI adoption.
3. How data quality and governance form the backbone of AI.
4. Organizational processes and structures that may inhibit effective AI adoption.
6. Ideas and approaches to help build your organization's AI strategy.
Cosa hanno in comune un mattoncino Lego e la backdoor XZ?Speck&Tech
ABSTRACT: A prima vista, un mattoncino Lego e la backdoor XZ potrebbero avere in comune il fatto di essere entrambi blocchi di costruzione, o dipendenze di progetti creativi e software. La realtà è che un mattoncino Lego e il caso della backdoor XZ hanno molto di più di tutto ciò in comune.
Partecipate alla presentazione per immergervi in una storia di interoperabilità, standard e formati aperti, per poi discutere del ruolo importante che i contributori hanno in una comunità open source sostenibile.
BIO: Sostenitrice del software libero e dei formati standard e aperti. È stata un membro attivo dei progetti Fedora e openSUSE e ha co-fondato l'Associazione LibreItalia dove è stata coinvolta in diversi eventi, migrazioni e formazione relativi a LibreOffice. In precedenza ha lavorato a migrazioni e corsi di formazione su LibreOffice per diverse amministrazioni pubbliche e privati. Da gennaio 2020 lavora in SUSE come Software Release Engineer per Uyuni e SUSE Manager e quando non segue la sua passione per i computer e per Geeko coltiva la sua curiosità per l'astronomia (da cui deriva il suo nickname deneb_alpha).
Unlock the Future of Search with MongoDB Atlas_ Vector Search Unleashed.pdfMalak Abu Hammad
Discover how MongoDB Atlas and vector search technology can revolutionize your application's search capabilities. This comprehensive presentation covers:
* What is Vector Search?
* Importance and benefits of vector search
* Practical use cases across various industries
* Step-by-step implementation guide
* Live demos with code snippets
* Enhancing LLM capabilities with vector search
* Best practices and optimization strategies
Perfect for developers, AI enthusiasts, and tech leaders. Learn how to leverage MongoDB Atlas to deliver highly relevant, context-aware search results, transforming your data retrieval process. Stay ahead in tech innovation and maximize the potential of your applications.
#MongoDB #VectorSearch #AI #SemanticSearch #TechInnovation #DataScience #LLM #MachineLearning #SearchTechnology
Let's Integrate MuleSoft RPA, COMPOSER, APM with AWS IDP along with Slackshyamraj55
Discover the seamless integration of RPA (Robotic Process Automation), COMPOSER, and APM with AWS IDP enhanced with Slack notifications. Explore how these technologies converge to streamline workflows, optimize performance, and ensure secure access, all while leveraging the power of AWS IDP and real-time communication via Slack notifications.
In the rapidly evolving landscape of technologies, XML continues to play a vital role in structuring, storing, and transporting data across diverse systems. The recent advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) present new methodologies for enhancing XML development workflows, introducing efficiency, automation, and intelligent capabilities. This presentation will outline the scope and perspective of utilizing AI in XML development. The potential benefits and the possible pitfalls will be highlighted, providing a balanced view of the subject.
We will explore the capabilities of AI in understanding XML markup languages and autonomously creating structured XML content. Additionally, we will examine the capacity of AI to enrich plain text with appropriate XML markup. Practical examples and methodological guidelines will be provided to elucidate how AI can be effectively prompted to interpret and generate accurate XML markup.
Further emphasis will be placed on the role of AI in developing XSLT, or schemas such as XSD and Schematron. We will address the techniques and strategies adopted to create prompts for generating code, explaining code, or refactoring the code, and the results achieved.
The discussion will extend to how AI can be used to transform XML content. In particular, the focus will be on the use of AI XPath extension functions in XSLT, Schematron, Schematron Quick Fixes, or for XML content refactoring.
The presentation aims to deliver a comprehensive overview of AI usage in XML development, providing attendees with the necessary knowledge to make informed decisions. Whether you’re at the early stages of adopting AI or considering integrating it in advanced XML development, this presentation will cover all levels of expertise.
By highlighting the potential advantages and challenges of integrating AI with XML development tools and languages, the presentation seeks to inspire thoughtful conversation around the future of XML development. We’ll not only delve into the technical aspects of AI-powered XML development but also discuss practical implications and possible future directions.
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In this blog post, we'll delve into the intersection of AI and app development in Saudi Arabia, focusing on the food delivery sector. We'll explore how AI is revolutionizing the way Saudi consumers order food, how restaurants manage their operations, and how delivery partners navigate the bustling streets of cities like Riyadh, Jeddah, and Dammam. Through real-world case studies, we'll showcase how leading Saudi food delivery apps are leveraging AI to redefine convenience, personalization, and efficiency.
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We’ll kick things off by showcasing the most commonly used event-based triggers, introducing you to various automation workflows like manual triggers, schedules, directory watchers, and more. Plus, see how these elements play out in real scenarios.
Whether you’re tweaking your current setup or building from the ground up, this session will arm you with the tools and insights needed to transform your FME usage into a powerhouse of productivity. Join us to discover effective strategies that simplify complex processes, enhancing your productivity and transforming your data management practices with FME. Let’s turn complexity into clarity and make your workspaces work wonders!
Your One-Stop Shop for Python Success: Top 10 US Python Development Providersakankshawande
Simplify your search for a reliable Python development partner! This list presents the top 10 trusted US providers offering comprehensive Python development services, ensuring your project's success from conception to completion.
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Presented at the CAiSE 2024 Forum, Intelligent Information Systems, June 6th, Limassol, Cyprus.
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Paper: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-61000-4_16
Monitoring and Managing Anomaly Detection on OpenShift.pdfTosin Akinosho
Monitoring and Managing Anomaly Detection on OpenShift
Overview
Dive into the world of anomaly detection on edge devices with our comprehensive hands-on tutorial. This SlideShare presentation will guide you through the entire process, from data collection and model training to edge deployment and real-time monitoring. Perfect for those looking to implement robust anomaly detection systems on resource-constrained IoT/edge devices.
Key Topics Covered
1. Introduction to Anomaly Detection
- Understand the fundamentals of anomaly detection and its importance in identifying unusual behavior or failures in systems.
2. Understanding Edge (IoT)
- Learn about edge computing and IoT, and how they enable real-time data processing and decision-making at the source.
3. What is ArgoCD?
- Discover ArgoCD, a declarative, GitOps continuous delivery tool for Kubernetes, and its role in deploying applications on edge devices.
4. Deployment Using ArgoCD for Edge Devices
- Step-by-step guide on deploying anomaly detection models on edge devices using ArgoCD.
5. Introduction to Apache Kafka and S3
- Explore Apache Kafka for real-time data streaming and Amazon S3 for scalable storage solutions.
6. Viewing Kafka Messages in the Data Lake
- Learn how to view and analyze Kafka messages stored in a data lake for better insights.
7. What is Prometheus?
- Get to know Prometheus, an open-source monitoring and alerting toolkit, and its application in monitoring edge devices.
8. Monitoring Application Metrics with Prometheus
- Detailed instructions on setting up Prometheus to monitor the performance and health of your anomaly detection system.
9. What is Camel K?
- Introduction to Camel K, a lightweight integration framework built on Apache Camel, designed for Kubernetes.
10. Configuring Camel K Integrations for Data Pipelines
- Learn how to configure Camel K for seamless data pipeline integrations in your anomaly detection workflow.
11. What is a Jupyter Notebook?
- Overview of Jupyter Notebooks, an open-source web application for creating and sharing documents with live code, equations, visualizations, and narrative text.
12. Jupyter Notebooks with Code Examples
- Hands-on examples and code snippets in Jupyter Notebooks to help you implement and test anomaly detection models.
HCL Notes and Domino License Cost Reduction in the World of DLAUpanagenda
Webinar Recording: https://www.panagenda.com/webinars/hcl-notes-and-domino-license-cost-reduction-in-the-world-of-dlau/
The introduction of DLAU and the CCB & CCX licensing model caused quite a stir in the HCL community. As a Notes and Domino customer, you may have faced challenges with unexpected user counts and license costs. You probably have questions on how this new licensing approach works and how to benefit from it. Most importantly, you likely have budget constraints and want to save money where possible. Don’t worry, we can help with all of this!
We’ll show you how to fix common misconfigurations that cause higher-than-expected user counts, and how to identify accounts which you can deactivate to save money. There are also frequent patterns that can cause unnecessary cost, like using a person document instead of a mail-in for shared mailboxes. We’ll provide examples and solutions for those as well. And naturally we’ll explain the new licensing model.
Join HCL Ambassador Marc Thomas in this webinar with a special guest appearance from Franz Walder. It will give you the tools and know-how to stay on top of what is going on with Domino licensing. You will be able lower your cost through an optimized configuration and keep it low going forward.
These topics will be covered
- Reducing license cost by finding and fixing misconfigurations and superfluous accounts
- How do CCB and CCX licenses really work?
- Understanding the DLAU tool and how to best utilize it
- Tips for common problem areas, like team mailboxes, functional/test users, etc
- Practical examples and best practices to implement right away
Unlocking Productivity: Leveraging the Potential of Copilot in Microsoft 365, a presentation by Christoforos Vlachos, Senior Solutions Manager – Modern Workplace, Uni Systems
Fueling AI with Great Data with Airbyte WebinarZilliz
This talk will focus on how to collect data from a variety of sources, leveraging this data for RAG and other GenAI use cases, and finally charting your course to productionalization.
“An Outlook of the Ongoing and Future Relationship between Blockchain Technologies and Process-aware Information Systems.” Invited talk at the joint workshop on Blockchain for Information Systems (BC4IS) and Blockchain for Trusted Data Sharing (B4TDS), co-located with with the 36th International Conference on Advanced Information Systems Engineering (CAiSE), 3 June 2024, Limassol, Cyprus.
Indian Agrarian Crisis and way forward AID conference
1. Indian Agrarian Crisis and Way Forward
Ramanjaneyulu
Centre for Sustainable Agriculture
…caring for those who feed the nation
Andhra Pradesh Maharashtra Punjab
2. Centre for Sustainable Agriculture
• is an independent agriculture institution working to
establish sustainable models of production through a
community managed learning, management and
marketing system.
• strive for a policy change which promote sustainable
models of production and bring restrictions on
ecologically and economically unsustainable
practices and polices
• Working in Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra and Punjab
3. Agrarian Crisis
Farmer
Policies Markets
• Small holdings
• Lack of bargaining power
• Increased tenancy
• Lack of knowledge and skills
• Low investments in
agril
• Against small
holders
• Support high extrnl
input agril
• Monocultured
and monopolised
markets
• More cost
addition than
value addition
5. • two-thirds of the suicides are
occurring in half-a-dozen
States that account for just
about one-third of the
country’s population
State Farmer Suicides Difference
1995-2002 2003-2010
Andhra Pradesh 1590 2301 +711
Karnataka 2259 2123 -136
MP+Chhattisgarh 2304 2829 +525
Maharashtra 2508 3802 +1294
Source: NCRB Accidental Deaths & Suicides in India Reports 1995-2010
6. What do Census-2011 say
• Cultivators are 118.7 million (24.6%)
and Agricultural Labourers are 144.3
(30.0%)
• Proportion of cultivators reduced from
31.7 % and agriculture workers
increased from 26.5% in 2001
• Main cultivators only 95.8 million (< 8
per cent of the population) down from
103 million in 2001 and 110 million in
1991.
• 15 million farmers (‘Main’ cultivators)
fewer than there were in 1991 and
over 7.7 million less since 2001
• Agriculture workers numbers
increased from 63.4 m to 86.1 m
between 2001-11
• On average about 2,035 farmers losing
‘Main Cultivator’ status every single
day for the last 20 years
7. Where are they going?
• From 2004-05 to 2009-10, only 2 million additional employment
was generated but 55 million were added to working age
population!
• 25.1 million people lost their self-employment
• Increase in the number of casual workers by 21.9 million, while
growth in the number of regular workers nearly halved between
2004-05 and 2009-10, compared with the previous 5 year period.
Sector 2004-05 2009-10 Difference
Agriculture 258.93 243.21 -15.71
Manufacturing 55.77 48.54 -7.23
Services 112.81 112.33 -0.48
Non-Manufacturing
(construction)
29.96 56.10 26.14
TOTAL 457.46 460.18 2.72
Sector-wise unemployment (millions)
8. Lives not better….66th
NSSO survey says
• Per capita expenditure of urban India was 88% higher than rural India
• Average MPCE in 2009-10 to be Rs. 1054 and Rs. 1984 in rural India and
urban India respectively
• Top 10% of India’s rural population having an average MPCE (Rs. 2517) 5.6
times that of the poorest 10% (Rs. 453)
• Top 10% of urban population having a 9.8 times higher average MPCE (Rs.
5863) compared that of the bottom 10% (Rs. 599)
• Considering the average rural MPCE value of Rs. 1054 in isolation would
be partially misleading. The rural MPCE median of Rs. 895 (about Rs. 30
per day) implies that half the rural population had MPCE below this level.
• 40% of the rural population had MPCE below Rs. 800 while 60% had MPCE
below Rs. 1000
• Compared to the rural median MPCE (Rs. 895), the urban median MPCE
level was 1.68 times higher at Rs. 1502 with 30% of the urban population
having MPCE above Rs. 2100 and 20% having MPCE above Rs. 2600.
9. Income and Expenditure of farmers
Land
holding
Category Total
Income
(Rs/month)
Expenditure
(Rs/month)
Percent of
farmers
<0.01 Landless 1380 2297 36 %
0.01-0.4 Sub marginal 1633 2390
0.4-1.0 Marginal 1809 2672 31 %
1.0-2.0 Small 2493 3148 17 %
2.0-4.0 Semi-medium 3589 3685 10 %
4.0-10.0 Medium 5681 4626 6 %
>10.0 Large 9667 6418
Total 2115 2770 All
farmers
Source: Report “On Conditions Of Work And Promotion Of Livelihoods In The Unorganised Sector” Arjun Sen
Gupta Committee, 2007
•Income per ha in Karnataka from Rs.8809 to Rs.5671
•Income per ha in Maharashtra from Rs.4194 to Rs.3047
10. Smaller holdings
• Between 1960-61 and 2003, the total number of
operational holdings increased from 50.77 million
to 101.27 million.
• During the same period, the total operated area
declined from 133.46 million hectares to 107.65
million hectares.
• Thus average operated area declined from 2.63
hectares to 1.06 hectares.
(NSSO, Some Aspects of Operational Land Holdings
in India, various issues, 2003)
11. Reducing institutional credit
• The share of agricultural credit in total bank lending nearly doubled
from around 10% in the mid-1970s to about 18% in the late 1980s.
• The share of agricultural credit in total bank lending declined from
the peak of 18% in the late 1980s to about 11% in 2005, the decline
has continued since then.
• Rural branches of commercial banks has declined from 51.2% in
March 1996 to 45.7% in March 2005.
• Data also shows that the share of agricultural credit cornered by
farm sizes of more than 5 acres has increased
• Tenancy is informal and tenant farmers do not get access to credit
(GOI, 2007).
12. Year Share in total agricultural Credit (%)
Direct Finance Indirect Finance Total
1985 83.2 16.8 100.0
1990 86.8 13.2 100.0
2000 84.5 15.5 100.0
2005 76.1 23.9 100.0
2006 72.1 27.9 100.0
2007 74.5 25.5 100.0
2008 77.5 22.5 100.0
2009 77.1 22.9 100.0
2010 76.1 23.9 100.0
Source: Basic Statistical Returns’ Reserve Bank of India, Various Issues
Shares of direct and indirect finance to agriculture in total credit to agriculture
from scheduled commercial banks, India, 1985 to 2009 in per cent
13. Credit limit size class of
loans (Rs)
Share of amount outstanding in total out standing (%)
1990 2000 2005 2010
Less than 2 lakh 82.6 67.6 51.9 44.3
2 lakh to 10 lakh 4.3 11.7 17.9 22.6
10 lakh to 1 crore 7.6 6.6 6.4 6.4
1 crore to 10 crore 4.2 6.7 8.0 6.3
10 crore to 25 crore
1.3
1.7 3.3 2.7
Above 25 crore 5.7 12.6 17.7
100 100 100 100
Source: ‘Basic Statistical Returns’, Reserve Bank of India, Various Issues
Distribution of amount outstanding under total agricultural advances by
scheduled commercial banks, by credit limit size-classes of loans, 1990 to 2010,
in per cent
14. • Not adequate
• Not accessible-
crops, region,
tenant farmers
• Interest
subvention who
benefits?
• How to increase
coverage?
Year Rural + semi-
urban
branches
Only rural
branches
Urban+
metropolitan
branches
Only
metropolitan
branches
All branches
All India
1990 85.1 55.5 14.9 4.0 100.0
1994 83.4 54.6 16.6 5.6 100.0
1995 83.7 52.7 16.3 7.3 100.0
2005 69.3 43.0 30.7 19.0 100.0
2006 62.4 37.1 37.6 23.8 100.0
2008 66.0 38.4 34.0 20.0 100.0
Maharashtra
1990 82.4 59.7 17.6 - 100.0
1994 76.8 52.9 23.2 - 100.0
1995 70.5 46.5 29.5 - 100.0
2005 41.8 26.1 58.2 48.5 100.0
2006 31.6 18.4 68.4 61.3 100.0
2008 42.4 25.7 57.6 48.3 100.0
Share of agriculture credit from different bank branches
1990-2008 (in %)
15. Insurance
• Inadequate coverage: crops, people, regions
• Problems in settling claims
• Claims not covering the loss
• Completely becoming a business model
• How do we increase the coverage and make it
workable to reduce risks
16. subsidies
• On decline….
• Input based hence benefits only the suppliers
• Specific inputs hence drives particular
technologies and models of agriculture
• Farmers own resources, labour never
supported
17. Unremunerative prices
• MSP determination is faulty and unscientific.
• Governments keep the prices low to ensure cheap
labor and cheap inputs, and food security for poor
• Minimum Support Prices are announced for 25
commodities but market intervention only for rice,
wheat, cotton
• Agricultural prices don’t account for living costs of rural
families. Rising inflation has double impact on farmers
with increasing living costs & decreasing incomes
• Removal of quantitative restrictions and allowing
cheaper imports
• Restrictions on exports on certain crops depressing local
market prices
19. Monoculturing crops, varieties, genes, trees animals
• Today Cotton, Maize, Paddy are the only crops whose
area increasing..globally only 3 crops supply 60% of
food
• Within crops 80% of the production comes from few
genetic backgrounds
• Increasing area under hybrid crops in areas not
suitable like rainfed areas, hill regions
• 99 % of the cotton with bt genes to fight four major
pests..several others in pipeline
• Promotion of water intensive orchards in rainfed areas
• Promotion of cross bred animals, buffaloes in rainfed
areas
20. GM crops and foods
• Key issues
• Relevance of GM crops
• Biosafety issues
• IPRs andMarket monopoly
• Conflicts of interests and scandals
• Studies on NPM vs/Bt cotton
• Documentary evidences on Violations of regulations
in field trials,
• Illegal GM food crop field trials
• First reports on Bronze wilt, Tobacco Streak Virus,
Mealybug
• Evidences on sheep death
• Studies on Environmental Risk Assessment and Socio
Economic Impacts
• Contamination
• IPRs
http://www.indiagminfo.org
21. 1995 2000
Changes in area under
the four Gossypium
species
1947
Decline in diversity – a concern
24. Public Sector-the lost empire
• Crops in pipeline-bt rice, bt brinjal, bt ….
• No IPR literacy
– UAS dharwar, TNAU and CICR cases
• ABSP-II
– UAS dharwar, TNAU
• Regulatory role
– Bt bhendi case in AP
– Bt brinjal trials in AICRP vegetables
• Bt Cotton Case
– Bt Bikeneri Narma case
25. Do you
remember I was
this small when
we first met!
Pests and pesticides contribute to the major economic and ecological problems affecting the
farmers, crops and their living environment
• Pesticide induced pest problem
• Pesticide resistance
• Pesticide poisoning (acute and chronic)
• Pesticide and ecological problems
• IPM > IRM
26. Source: Government of India, 2009; RBI, 2009.
Irrigation and fertilizer based production
32. Contributing to Climate Change
• Feed stock to produce N fertilizers in India (2006-07)
– Natural gas-62 %
– Naptha-15 %
– Ammonia (ext. supply)-13 %
– Fuel oil-9 %
– Others-1 %
• Fertilizer industry uses 25 % of Natural Gas, 18 % of Naptha and 14 % of Fuel Oil
• Total greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) from the manufacturing and transport of
fertiliser are estimated at 6.7 kg CO2 equivalent (CO2, nitrous oxide and methane)
per kg N
• 1.25 kg of N2O emitted per 100 kg of Nitrogen applied
• Globally, an average 50% of the nitrogen used in farming is lost to the
environment:
• as N2O to the air as a potent GHG (310 x CO2)
• as nitrate polluting wells, rivers, and oceans
• Volatilization loss 25-33 %
• Leaching loss 20-30 %
35. Depleting natural resources
• Increasing dark zones due
to groundwater depletion
• 30 % of soils are reported
to be saline by the recent
study by ministry of
environment
36. BUSINESS AS USUAL IS NOT AN OPTION
Sustainable Agriculture as a tool to improve rural economy
37. Farmer
•Shifting to better and sustainable practices
•Getting organised to deal with the markets and policies
Policy Support
•Supporting sustainable
models
•Regulating unsustainable
practices
•Invest more in agriculture
•Income security to farmers
Market Support
•Farmers moving up the
value chain
•Direct marketing
•Forward and backward
linkages
•Better prices
38. Strategies: with communities
• Reducing the costs of cultivation
– Reducing external input use by NPM/Organic methods
– Collective sourcing
– Small farm mechanisation
• Reducing the risk of crop failures
– Suitable cropping patterns based on soil types and available resources
– Improving soil moisture holding capacity
– Agronomic innovations like SWI in wheat and HDPS in cotton
– Weather monitoring and advisories
• Building Cohesive Communities
– Collective planning
– Regular interactions and building confidence
39. Strategies: Increasing the net incomes of the farming
households
• Increasing productivity
– Good quality seed through community managed seed systems
– timely interventions on pests and disease management and poor soil management
– effective production planning at the farmer level and community level
– Increasing soil organic matter will increasing water holding capacity and thereby
contribute for the enhanced productivity
– Integrating trees (both biomass and fruit trees) in to the cropping system will help the
farmers to have additional incomes
– In a three years period productivity can be increased by at least 10%.
• Improving the work efficiency of the farmers/agriculture workers:
– small farm mechanisation (reducing the number of labour days and drudgery)
– Building biogas units
• Increasing the price realisation: Collectivisation will improve the bargaining power
and can increase the price realisation at least by 10%. Value addition provides
additional sources of income.
• Additional income generating activities: backyard poultry, nursery raising, seed
production, food processing etc. These will also provide additional person days of
work.
40. Strategies: Sustainability
• Farmers Institutions: Program built through farmers institutions
and focus on building good governance
• Change as ‘Factor 10’: reducing the costs of cultivation by 10% and
increasing the productivity and price realisations by 10%.
• Incremental change: entry points would be based on the most
pressing problems in the region.
• Knowledge based Extension: Regular farmer field schools, quality
resource material, experienced farmers as resource persons are
approaches used by us. The production practices are custom
developed for each region based on the soil type, locally available
resources and problems faced
• Using ICT tools: locally produced quality videos, call centre
• Convergence with the ongoing government programmes
• Showcasing the success stories
43. Habitat conversion and
enhancement
Stress pest/
enhance beneficials
Reactive inputs
Build healthy soils
Other practices to
reduce crop stress
Growing healthy plants
Reducing pest numbers
Minimal pest damage
Non Pesticidal Management
44. Non-Bt Genotype under HDPS versus Bt hybrid-
(Spacing 45x15 cm for variety and 90x60 cm for Bt hybrid)
Yield (q/ha)
Parbhani Khandwa
Genotype 2010-11 2011-12 Genotype 2010-11 2011-12
NH-545 12.85 17.03 Vikram 18.47 14.72
NH-452 12.21 15.23 Khandwa 2 19.11 15.22
PKV-081 12.38 15.40 JK-4 20.14 16.04
Mallika Bt 13.88 — Jai Bt 13.38 —
Akola Nandyal
PKV-081 17.31 15.87 Narasimha 18.47 18.94
NH-615 16.19 16.19 Sivanandi 18.67 20.42
NH-630 19.07 16.46 NDLH-1938 25.10 23.55
Bunny Bt 10.28 — Bunny Bt 22.98 19.85
CICR results on High Density Plantation of Cotton
Straight varieties
1.Short duration 140-160 days,
2.Compact plant type
3.6-8 bolls per plant with
4.best quality and big bolls
5.High density at 250,000 /ha
45. 45
System of Rice Intensification
• System of Rice Intensification is a
cost effective and resource
efficient method of cultivation
• Extended to sugarcane, wheat,
ragi etc
47. Yenabavi -Organic Village
• Entire village (55 households’ 228 acres) organic for last five
years
• Most of the inputs internalised into farming
• Land Productivity increased, crop yields maintained
• In SRI paddy 44 bags were also recorded
• Recently awarded Krishi Gaurav Award by Baba Ramdev’s
Patanjali Trust for their role in promoting organic farming
• More than 30 thousand farmers visited the village in last
three years
48. Community Managed Sustainable
Agriculture in Andhra Pradesh
Basic Principles
Regenerative, ecologically sound practices
Organized action by communities in
planning, implementing and managing the
program
Govt/ngos playing facilitating agency role
2004-05 started with 225 acres in one dist and
reached 7 lakh acres in 2007-08 in 18 dist. World
Bank says this is a good tool for poverty
eradication and now promoted as part of NRLM
With 50 % development expenditure one can
double the incomes of the farmers
A national program called Mahila Krishi
Sashaktikaran Pariyojana (MKSP) is launched
based on this experiencce
49. 0.225 25
200 700
1300
2000
2800
3500 3600
0.1 15
80
300
600
1000
1500 1600 1770
2135 1997
1394 1541 1381
1015
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
Acerage ('000acres) Farmers ('000) Pesticide use (MT Active Ingradient)
Farmers and area covered under CMSA
http://65.19.149.140/pilots/cmsanew/index.html
50. Distinguished visitors
Dr. V L Chopra,
Member Planning Commission
Jairam Ramesh,
Honble Minister for
Commerce
T. Nandakumar
Secretary Agriculture
GOI
52. Average Reduction in costs and net
additional income for different crops
Crops Reduction in cost
due to NPM (Rs)
Reduction in costs due to use
of organic fertilisers/manures
(Rs)
Net additional
income (Rs)
Paddy 940 1450 5590
Maize 1319 2357 5676
Cotton 1733 1968 5676
Chillies 1733 1968 7701
Groundnut 1021 3462 10483
Vegetables 1400 390 3790
3rd Party Evaluation of Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana (RKVY) : Community Managed
Organic Farming implemented by SERP
Evaluation Team
Prof. R. Ratnakar, Director, Dr. M. Surya Mani, Professor, EXTENSION EDUCATION
INSTITUTE, (Southern Region), Ministry of Agriculture, Government of India
53. Improved Agricultural Incomes (Pre CMSA Compared
to Post CMSA farms)
Average Returns: District wise/Farmer/ha.:
S.N
o
District
Average returns per farmer/ha. (Rs. per
annum) Percent of Increase in
Net Returns (in %)Pre-CMSA Post-CMSA
1 Srikakulam 52,398. 80 55,596.84 6.10
2 Guntur 29,631.43 65,319.97 120
3 Nellore 37,976.19 72,894.48 91.94
4 Anantapur 15,333.54 25,493.16 66.25
5 Warangal 51,351.39 73,904.52 43.91
6 Medak 35.511.10 37,962.04 6.90
53
Note: A huge increase is observed in Guntur district due to the fact that the Chilly crop has had a high remunerative
price which has more than doubled.
54. Sr.n
o
District Suicides Severe cases of hospitalization
Before
2005-06
After 2005-06 Before
2005-06
After 2005-06
In NPM
villages
Other
villages
In NPM
villages
Other
villages
1 Khammam*
(4 villages/
4 mandals)
3 0 9 139 0 104
2 Vijayanagaram*
*
0 0 0 6 0 2
3 Adilabad *
(18 mandals)
26 0 3 97 0 40
Total 29 0 12 242 0 146
Status of Suicides and Severe Hospitalization, 2007-08
* Crops grown are cotton, chillies, redgram and paddy
** Crops grown are paddy, vegetables
55. Maharashtra
• CSA started working in Dorli cluster
from 2006
• Today farmers are back to farming and
managing
• Started a seed producer company
57. Organic Hybrids through
Participatory Plant Breeding
• CSA worked on developing non GM cotton varieties
and hybrids through participatory plant breeding
which are used by organic farming groups
58. Malkha cotton fabric
• CSA along with Decentralised Cotton Yarn Trust established Decentralised
cotton processing units where in cotton can be processed without bailing
and can be calibrated for diverse cotton varieties. Three units are now in
Andhra Pradesh, at Punukula, Siricilla and Boorgula. The units provide
employment to the 30 people in the village.
60. Sahaja Aharam Community Marketing
Producer Co-op-1
Farmer Group B
Consumer Co-op
•Healthy food
•Affordable Price
•Max share to farmers Organic Store
Mobile Store
Direct to Home
Producer Co-op-2
Other farmers and
farmers groups
Farmer Group A
Farmer Group C
Sahaja Aharam
Cooperative Federation
•Capacity building
•Institutional building
•Investment support
•Brand building
•Qualtiy Management
•Fair Trade
Market place
Direct to
resellers
Whole sale to
traders
Bulk buyers
Organic Store
Processing units
Seed market
Yet to estiblish
Marketing
Agency
Value Chain
Fund
63. Kisan Swaraj Policy
• economic sustainability and income security
for agricultural families,
• ecological sustainability to preserve the
productive natural resources,
• people's control and access to agricultural
resources including land, water, forest, seed
and knowledge,
• ensuring non-toxic, diverse, nutritious and
adequate food for all Indians.
Today, India, with a successful green revolution has over 300 million living below the poverty line, mainly in rural areas. With 86 percent of India’s operational holdings being marginal and small (less than 2 hectares), largely unviable due to increasing input costs – of fertilizers, chemicals, water, seeds, agro-machinery and implements, (Acharya and Jogi, 2007), technology fatigue with increasing input prices and declining factor productivity (Swaminathan, 2005), increasing soil and water problems –both quantity (declining arable land and water tables) and quality (soil and water systems degradation) (ICAR, 1998; Government of India, 2005; 2008), limited rural employment opportunities (NCEUS, 2006), increasing capital intensity of agriculture (doubling the ICOR (Golait and Lokare, 2008), increasing deployment of labour saving technologies in agriculture and the low and declining employment elasticity (Palanivel, 2006), and the rate of growth of income per worker in the agriculture sector falling from 1.15% per annum (1980-81 to 1990-91) to 0.48% per annum (1990-91 to 2000-2001) (Sen and Bhatia, 2004; Bhalla and Hazell, 2003), the picture of agriculture in India is no longer green.