This document summarizes a study on the impact of aquaculture ponds on soil quality in the Godavari Western Delta region of Andhra Pradesh, India. Soil samples were collected from 0-50 meters around four different types of ponds and analyzed for parameters like pH, salinity, nutrients, and texture. Results showed that soil salinization decreased with distance from ponds and was more severe near ponds without trenches compared to those with trenches. Salinization was also found to extend farther in sandy soils compared to clayey soils. More acidification was observed in surface soils within 10cm of the surface. The study concluded that seepage from aquaculture ponds can negatively impact nearby agricultural soils through
Irrigation Groundwater Quality for Agricultural Usability in Biochar and Fert...Jenkins Macedo
1J. Macedo, 2M. Souvanhnachit, 3S. Rattanavong, 4B. Maokhamphiou, 4T. Sotoukee, 4P. Pavelic, 1M. Sarkis, 1T. Downs
1 Department of International Development, Community, and Environment, Clark University, Worcester, MA. U.S.A.
2 Department of Water Resources Engineering, National University of Laos, Vientiane, Lao PDR
3Independent Consultant, Washington DC, U.S.A.
4 International Water Management Institute Vientiane, Lao PDR.
Climate change risks pose significant challenge to smallholder irrigators who rely on rainfed agriculture for their livelihoods. Increased mean surface temperatures, varying rainfall, increasing evaporation and declining soil moistures all serve to impact productivity. Groundwater irrigation poses promising potential for agricultural productivity and the livelihoods of smallholders. Groundwater irrigation for agriculture use requires constant water quality monitoring. This excerpt is part of a field research, which assessed the impacts of biochar and fertilizer treatments on soil nutrients status, soil moisture, irrigation groundwater quality for agricultural use on the growth and yield of water spinach (Ipomoea aquatica). Groundwater quality was monitored to determine the levels of electric conductivity (EC) and total dissolved solids (TDS) determinants of salinity and sodium, calcium, and magnesium to calculate the sodium absorption ratio (SAR) to estimate sodicity. The methods involved daily field tests to measure EC, TDS, pH, temperature, and detailed chemical analysis. The results indicate that the mean EC (0.021 dS/m; SD = 0.010) is significantly less than the salinity tolerance threshold for water spinach (< 1.3 dS/m) and the mean TDS (12 ppm; SD = 4.5) with soil pH of 6.6. The results suggest that the irrigation groundwater quality was suitable for agriculture and the chance of salinity was significantly low. The computed SAR 0.174 was significantly lower than the normal level (<10) above which soil water permeability could result from sodic soil condition. The results demonstrate that groundwater use for agriculture could assist smallholders adapt to climate change risks, but judicious use requires constant monitoring of groundwater quality and resources to increase crop yield and improve soil health.
Key Words: Salinity, Sodicity, Groundwater Quality, Electric Conductivity, Total Dissolved Solids, Sodium Absorption Ratio
This PowerPoint only focuses on assessing irrigation groundwater quality in objective 4 and not the water use efficiency aspect/soil water savings. Here, we are only interested in the ability for biochar to reduce soil water salinity and sodicity.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceresearchinventy
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Aptitude of Ground waters for Irrigation in the South-East Coastal Region of ...inventionjournals
Development of agricultural areas pressures on the availability of water resources in the South-East coastal region of Côte d'Ivoire (from Abidjan to Aboisso) require farmers to use groundwater for irrigation food and industrial crops. The objective of this study is to assess the aptitude of groundwater for irrigation in this region by using methods that take into account the Sodium Adsorption Report (SAR) and the Permeability Index (PI). The different results show that the SAR values range from 0.03 to 9.90 with an average of 1.83 while the PIs range from 5.11 to 210.77 with an average of 91.40. The C1S1 and C2S1 classes, corresponding to the water suitable for irrigation, represent 95% of the water sampled. In general, therefore, the sampled waters quality is suitable for irrigation except the boreholes waters of Memni (No. 59) and Palmafrique (No. 64).
Low impact MAR activities and benchmarking - JSSSBoGo_1
This document discusses managed aquifer recharge (MAR) and its environmental impacts. It provides an overview of MAR, describing how MAR can be used to achieve environmental goals like wetland restoration, waste water treatment, and preventing saltwater intrusion. It also discusses potential environmental impacts of MAR, such as changes to air, groundwater, surface water, soil, flora, fauna, and more. The document then focuses on MAR implementations in Santiuste, Spain, outlining the multi-faceted MAR system used for water purification, agriculture, and salt lake restoration. It concludes that MAR can both target environmental goals and raise environmental concerns, so monitoring is needed to ensure proper performance.
Seasonal Variation of Groundwater Quality in Parts of Y.S.R and Anantapur Dis...IJERA Editor
Groundwater is used for domestic, industrial water supply and for irrigation all over the world. The groundwater
quality is a function of natural processes as well as anthropogenic activities. The safe potable water is
enormously essential for living and groundwater is one of the sources for human consumption in both urban as
well as rural areas. The area is located in the survey of India toposheet Number 57 J/3 lying between east
780
00’
0
’’ to 780
15’
0
” longitudes and 140
15’ 0
’’ to 140
30’
0
’’ North latitudes covering an area of 720 sq. kms.
Geologically, it is underlain mainly by Peninsular gneisses of Archean age followed by Gulcheru and Vemapalli
formations comprising quartzites, conglomerates, dolomites and shales. Major geomorphic units are
denudational hills, residual hills, pediments, pediplains, structural hills and valleys. The study area experiences a
semiarid climate. Physicochemical parameters viz., pH, total hardness, calcium, chloride, total dissolved solids,
fluoride were analyzed. Most of parameter show higher value than permissible limit in pre and post monsoon.
Further, a moderation in water quality was observed after the monsoon season, which can be attributed to a
possible dilution due to groundwater recharge People dependent on this water may prone to health hazard.
Therefore some effective measures are urgently required to enhance the quality of water in these areas
The Journal of The Earth Science and Climate Change is peer reviewed academic journal that cater to the needs of Earth Scientists, farmers, extensive agents, researchers and students. This Open access journal publishes high quality articles following rigorous and standard review procedure.
EVALUATION OF GROUNDWATER QUALITY OF VAIPPAR BASIN, TAMIL NADU, INDIA: A GEOI...SagarChougule11
The Vaippar Basin, one of the important basins of Tamil Nadu is located between 9° 0' 05" & 9° 44' 56" N latitudes and 77° 23' 25" & 78° 17' 02" E longitudes with an area of 5339 sq.km. Groundwater samples were collected from 91 different locations in the Vaippar basin, Tamil Nadu, India. Groundwater quality data for the period of 30 years (1983 to 2013) of both pre-monsoon and post-monsoon periods were used to analyze the groundwater quality aspects of the Vaippar basin. The physico-chemical parameters such as Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), pH, HCO3-, Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, SO4-, NO3- and Cl have been analyzed to determine the geological and non-geological source of contamination. An overall hydrogeochemical analytical study using Electrical Conductivity, Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR), Sodium percentage (Na%) and Residual Sodium Carbonate (RSC) values reveals that most of the groundwater samples collected from the study area are suitable for drinking, irrigation, and industrial purposes.
Irrigation Groundwater Quality for Agricultural Usability in Biochar and Fert...Jenkins Macedo
1J. Macedo, 2M. Souvanhnachit, 3S. Rattanavong, 4B. Maokhamphiou, 4T. Sotoukee, 4P. Pavelic, 1M. Sarkis, 1T. Downs
1 Department of International Development, Community, and Environment, Clark University, Worcester, MA. U.S.A.
2 Department of Water Resources Engineering, National University of Laos, Vientiane, Lao PDR
3Independent Consultant, Washington DC, U.S.A.
4 International Water Management Institute Vientiane, Lao PDR.
Climate change risks pose significant challenge to smallholder irrigators who rely on rainfed agriculture for their livelihoods. Increased mean surface temperatures, varying rainfall, increasing evaporation and declining soil moistures all serve to impact productivity. Groundwater irrigation poses promising potential for agricultural productivity and the livelihoods of smallholders. Groundwater irrigation for agriculture use requires constant water quality monitoring. This excerpt is part of a field research, which assessed the impacts of biochar and fertilizer treatments on soil nutrients status, soil moisture, irrigation groundwater quality for agricultural use on the growth and yield of water spinach (Ipomoea aquatica). Groundwater quality was monitored to determine the levels of electric conductivity (EC) and total dissolved solids (TDS) determinants of salinity and sodium, calcium, and magnesium to calculate the sodium absorption ratio (SAR) to estimate sodicity. The methods involved daily field tests to measure EC, TDS, pH, temperature, and detailed chemical analysis. The results indicate that the mean EC (0.021 dS/m; SD = 0.010) is significantly less than the salinity tolerance threshold for water spinach (< 1.3 dS/m) and the mean TDS (12 ppm; SD = 4.5) with soil pH of 6.6. The results suggest that the irrigation groundwater quality was suitable for agriculture and the chance of salinity was significantly low. The computed SAR 0.174 was significantly lower than the normal level (<10) above which soil water permeability could result from sodic soil condition. The results demonstrate that groundwater use for agriculture could assist smallholders adapt to climate change risks, but judicious use requires constant monitoring of groundwater quality and resources to increase crop yield and improve soil health.
Key Words: Salinity, Sodicity, Groundwater Quality, Electric Conductivity, Total Dissolved Solids, Sodium Absorption Ratio
This PowerPoint only focuses on assessing irrigation groundwater quality in objective 4 and not the water use efficiency aspect/soil water savings. Here, we are only interested in the ability for biochar to reduce soil water salinity and sodicity.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceresearchinventy
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Aptitude of Ground waters for Irrigation in the South-East Coastal Region of ...inventionjournals
Development of agricultural areas pressures on the availability of water resources in the South-East coastal region of Côte d'Ivoire (from Abidjan to Aboisso) require farmers to use groundwater for irrigation food and industrial crops. The objective of this study is to assess the aptitude of groundwater for irrigation in this region by using methods that take into account the Sodium Adsorption Report (SAR) and the Permeability Index (PI). The different results show that the SAR values range from 0.03 to 9.90 with an average of 1.83 while the PIs range from 5.11 to 210.77 with an average of 91.40. The C1S1 and C2S1 classes, corresponding to the water suitable for irrigation, represent 95% of the water sampled. In general, therefore, the sampled waters quality is suitable for irrigation except the boreholes waters of Memni (No. 59) and Palmafrique (No. 64).
Low impact MAR activities and benchmarking - JSSSBoGo_1
This document discusses managed aquifer recharge (MAR) and its environmental impacts. It provides an overview of MAR, describing how MAR can be used to achieve environmental goals like wetland restoration, waste water treatment, and preventing saltwater intrusion. It also discusses potential environmental impacts of MAR, such as changes to air, groundwater, surface water, soil, flora, fauna, and more. The document then focuses on MAR implementations in Santiuste, Spain, outlining the multi-faceted MAR system used for water purification, agriculture, and salt lake restoration. It concludes that MAR can both target environmental goals and raise environmental concerns, so monitoring is needed to ensure proper performance.
Seasonal Variation of Groundwater Quality in Parts of Y.S.R and Anantapur Dis...IJERA Editor
Groundwater is used for domestic, industrial water supply and for irrigation all over the world. The groundwater
quality is a function of natural processes as well as anthropogenic activities. The safe potable water is
enormously essential for living and groundwater is one of the sources for human consumption in both urban as
well as rural areas. The area is located in the survey of India toposheet Number 57 J/3 lying between east
780
00’
0
’’ to 780
15’
0
” longitudes and 140
15’ 0
’’ to 140
30’
0
’’ North latitudes covering an area of 720 sq. kms.
Geologically, it is underlain mainly by Peninsular gneisses of Archean age followed by Gulcheru and Vemapalli
formations comprising quartzites, conglomerates, dolomites and shales. Major geomorphic units are
denudational hills, residual hills, pediments, pediplains, structural hills and valleys. The study area experiences a
semiarid climate. Physicochemical parameters viz., pH, total hardness, calcium, chloride, total dissolved solids,
fluoride were analyzed. Most of parameter show higher value than permissible limit in pre and post monsoon.
Further, a moderation in water quality was observed after the monsoon season, which can be attributed to a
possible dilution due to groundwater recharge People dependent on this water may prone to health hazard.
Therefore some effective measures are urgently required to enhance the quality of water in these areas
The Journal of The Earth Science and Climate Change is peer reviewed academic journal that cater to the needs of Earth Scientists, farmers, extensive agents, researchers and students. This Open access journal publishes high quality articles following rigorous and standard review procedure.
EVALUATION OF GROUNDWATER QUALITY OF VAIPPAR BASIN, TAMIL NADU, INDIA: A GEOI...SagarChougule11
The Vaippar Basin, one of the important basins of Tamil Nadu is located between 9° 0' 05" & 9° 44' 56" N latitudes and 77° 23' 25" & 78° 17' 02" E longitudes with an area of 5339 sq.km. Groundwater samples were collected from 91 different locations in the Vaippar basin, Tamil Nadu, India. Groundwater quality data for the period of 30 years (1983 to 2013) of both pre-monsoon and post-monsoon periods were used to analyze the groundwater quality aspects of the Vaippar basin. The physico-chemical parameters such as Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), pH, HCO3-, Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, SO4-, NO3- and Cl have been analyzed to determine the geological and non-geological source of contamination. An overall hydrogeochemical analytical study using Electrical Conductivity, Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR), Sodium percentage (Na%) and Residual Sodium Carbonate (RSC) values reveals that most of the groundwater samples collected from the study area are suitable for drinking, irrigation, and industrial purposes.
Land Conservation for the Protection of Water QualityHannah Kiesler
This document summarizes a study on the relationship between land use and water quality in the Saco River watershed in New Hampshire. Water samples were taken at 12 locations along the Saco River and its tributaries and tested for various parameters including dissolved oxygen, pH, turbidity, temperature, phosphorus, E. coli, and nitrogen. The results showed that water quality generally decreased further downstream as more developed land affected the sampling locations. Land use patterns like the percentage of developed land within a 1km radius also impacted water quality. Maintaining natural lands and riparian buffers is important for preserving the high water quality of the Saco River and protecting aquatic habitat.
Effect of Salt and Water Stresses on Jujube Trees under Ras Sudr Conditionsiosrjce
This investigation was carried out during two successive seasons (2010 and 2011) on 5 years old
Nabq (Zizyphus spina christi) trees at Ras Suder Research Station, Desert Research Center- South Sinai
Governorate, Egypt. This investigation aimed to study the effect of saline water treatments, water regulation
and water irrigation levels on vegetative growth, some fruit parameters, leaf mineral contents, yield and fruit
quality. The treatments contained the combination of three main factors: The first factor: two wells as a saline
water source (well I and well II with EC values 3.68 and 6.80 dS/m, respectively). The second factor: water
regulation method (WR): DI= deficit irrigation and RDI = regulated deficit irrigation by partial root zone
drying (PRD). The third factor: irrigation levels of ETc = crop evapotranspiration 50, 75 and 100% (IL)). The
obtained results showed that well I X deficit irrigation (DI) & regulated deficit irrigation (RDI) X 100% gave
the highest values of tree circumference, Number shoots/tree, leaf area, yield/tree, fruit length, fruit diameter,
fruit weight, fruit volume, fruit flesh weight, fruit moisture% and leaf contents of N, P, Mg beside TSS and total
sugars. Moreover, treatments with well I X deficit irrigation (DI) recorded the highest values of shoot length,
shoot diameter, fruit set, fruit retention, K and Fe. We can be recommended by treatment of trees with well I
under stresses with regulated deficit irrigation under 100 % ETc to get the best results of fruit quality
IRJET- Hydrogeochemistry and Environmental Implication of Periyar River S...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on the hydrogeochemistry and environmental implications of the Periyar River in southern Western Ghats, India after severe flooding in 2018. The study analyzed water and soil samples from different areas in the Periyar River basin to understand changes caused by the flood. Water samples were tested for various chemical parameters and compared to WHO and BIS standards. Soil samples were analyzed to determine Loss on Ignition (LOI) and composition through X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF). The results provide insight into the current water quality and soil composition/properties in the river basin following major flooding.
This document summarizes a study on using saturated riparian buffers to remove nitrate from subsurface agricultural drainage. Key findings include:
- Saturated buffers significantly reduced nitrate levels in tile drainage water compared to conventional buffers, removing on average 80% of nitrate.
- Nitrous oxide emissions, a greenhouse gas, were higher in saturated buffer soils than conventional buffer soils but remained low overall.
- Saturated buffers are a promising alternative to conventional buffers for removing nitrate from tile drainage in agricultural landscapes and improving water quality.
Aquatic ecosystems are hot spots of most terrestrial biodiversity. They interact with their surrounding terrestrial area through food webs and habitat resources. The aquatic ecosystems also attract a wide range of other fauna including wading and migrating birds, amphibians, riparian mammals and insects. Furthermore, aquatic ecosystems have ability to recycle nutrients of wastewater. Despite many benefits they have, their potentiality in the rehabilitation of quarries is not well recognized. The recent effort on the rehabilitation of quarry site is mostly focused on terrestrial plants despite the fact that quarries life are heterogeneous ecosystems. Owing to this reason, there is a need of using the potential of aquatic ecosystems to enhance the rehabilitation of quarries sites. The present project is therefore focused on establishing the aquatic ecosystem at Wazo hill quarry.
The project won the 1st Prize in National Quarry Life Award in 2014 in Tanzania.
Read more: http://www.quarrylifeaward.com/project/potential-use-aquatic-ecosystems-enhancement-rehabilitation-mining-sites
By Md. Rezaul Hasan, Md. Shamsuddin, Md. Sohel Masud, Dr. AFM Afzal Hossain (Institute of Water Modelling)
Revitalizing the Ganges Coastal Zone Conference
21-23 October 2014, Dhaka, Bangladesh
http://waterandfood.org/ganges-conference/
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
OPERATIONAL DRAINAGE WATER REUSE GUIDELINES, By Shaden Abdel Gawad, Professor and Former President National Water Research Center (NWRC), Egypt, Land and Water Days in Near East & North Africa, 15-18 December 2013, Amman, Jordan
This document provides an overview of watershed management and development. It defines a watershed and explains their importance for sustaining life. Watershed management aims to manipulate natural, agricultural, and human resources within a watershed to provide desired resources suitably. The objectives are to protect and improve land and water resources. Key perspectives include hydrological, environmental, socio-economic, financial, and administrative aspects. Approaches involve people's participation and a hierarchical organizational structure. Geological aspects that influence watersheds like soil, water, natural hazards are also described.
Fluctuation of NO3-N and PO4 Elements in The Traditional Pond Area at TidesIJAEMSJORNAL
Traditional pond technology depends on nature in management, such as filling and disposal of pond water utilizing the time of low and high tides. The food for traditional pond technology comes from nature. The availability of nutrients such as N and P greatly determines the productivity of pond. The study was aimed to determine the fluctuations of N and P elements in traditional pond areas at tides. This research was conducted with purposive sampling method and laboratory analysis for several water parameters. The results showed that pH ranged from 7 to 8 both at low tide and high tide. The average value of nitrate (NO3) from five locations was extended from 0.106 to 1.495 mg/l. The value of silica (Si) ranged from 5,287 to 10,876 mg/l in low tide. Orthophosphate at low tide ranged from 0.027 to 0.090 mg/l, the highest value was in the coast station and the lowest was in the sea station. Whereas the value of nitrate (NO3) and orthophosphate in high tide ranged from 0.830 to 1.495 mg/l and 0.039 to 0.090 mg/l. Nutrients were abundant enough to support the growth and development of primary producers. So, the waters in this region include fertile waters.
This document summarizes an article from the International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology that analyzes nitrate contamination of groundwater in the Moulares-Redayef mining basin in Tunisia. The study area contains unconfined aquifers that supply water for domestic, industrial, and agricultural uses. Nitrate levels were found to exceed drinking water standards in some wells, likely due to fertilizer application and wastewater disposal. The study evaluates land for vulnerability to nitrate contamination using a modified DRASTIC method in a GIS. Sampled wells showed higher and more frequent nitrate detections in alluvial areas. The analysis aims to inform fertilizer management strategies and land use planning to protect groundwater
Impact of the salinity gradient on the mollusc fauna in flooded mine subsiden...EdytaSierka
Archives of Environmental Protection, 2014
This paper presents the impact of salinisation on the aquatic mollusc fauna in fl ooded mine subsidences in the Karvina region (Czech Republic). The results of the previous research on salinity in fl ooded mine subsidences show that some of them contain a high content of dissolved inorganic substances (above 1000 mg•l-1). These substances can affect the vegetation and animals occurring in the water and the surrounding area. The phylum of Mollusca was selected as a model group for the fi eldwork as it includes species with the proven bioindication potential. The occurrence of aquatic mollusc species was studied at 10 sites. The sites were selected based on the content of dissolved substances (the salinity gradient from <500 to >1000 mg•l-1. A total of 12 aquatic mollusc species were found, including one species identifi ed as a potential bioindicator of the negative effect of salinisation on aquatic biota. The analysis showed statistically signifi cant positive correlations between the content of dissolved inorganic substances and the presence of alien species Potamopyrgus antipodarum (J.E. Gray, 1843). The gradient of salinity signifi cantly affects the species composition of the mollusc fauna in fl ooded mine subsidences and may affect the biodiversity of this group.
Effects of freshwater restoration on carbon cycling in wetlands with salt and...DongYoonLee8
Preliminary summary for wetland restoration project. Short-term (~1 year) freshwater restoration lowered salinity and phosphorus (P) concentrations in porewater of the saltwater and saltwater+P treatments. Legacy effects of salt and P remained and continued to stimulate aboveground marsh growth. The enhanced marsh growth was likely caused by rapid recycling of nutrients stored in sawgrass litter. Net ecosystem metabolism is used a proxy for ecosystem balance and suggests that saltwater intrusion in Florida Everglades can disrupt carbon cycling. Everglades wetland will be more vulnerable to sea-level rise due to accelerated soil carbon loss.
Study of the Quality of Irrigation Water in South-East El-Kantara Canal, Nort...Medhat Elzahar
The document examines the quality of irrigation water used in the South-East El-Kantara Canal in North Sinai, Egypt, which receives a 1:1 mixture of agricultural wastewater and Nile freshwater. Water samples were collected monthly from 6 locations along the canal from 2007-2014 and analyzed for parameters including salinity, pathogens, nutrients, oxygen levels. The results show that several parameters such as BOD, NO3, and fecal coliform levels exceeded Egyptian standards. The study concludes the water quality restricts use for irrigating some crops and recommends pretreating the agricultural wastewater, such as with aerated lagoons, before mixing with Nile water to satisfy standards.
This document provides an overview of the scope and objectives of a course on watershed and integrated watershed management. The course aims to discuss various technical, social, ecological and environmental aspects of watershed development and management. It will focus on watershed modeling and analyzing complex water management issues. The course modules will cover topics such as introduction to watershed concepts, sustainable watershed practices, integrated watershed management, water quality management, and water conservation. The course will be useful for students, teachers, NGOs and field engineers.
This document summarizes the salinity risk assessment in Bangladesh. It finds that salinity is a major issue for the coastal region of Bangladesh, affecting over 35 million people in 19 districts. Salinity has increased the amount of affected land area from 8,330 square km in 1973 to 10,560 square km in 2009. This salinity is damaging agriculture and increasing costs of crop production. The government of Bangladesh is taking steps to address salinity through projects, but some projects have failed or been completed slowly. Overall salinity poses serious economic and infrastructure risks for Bangladesh.
The document summarizes the mission and science-based work of the National Park Service at the Cape Cod National Seashore. It discusses inventorying, monitoring, and research efforts across various natural systems to understand resources, track changes over time, and inform adaptive management. Examples of current and future studies are provided covering topics like salt marsh restoration, water quality, species populations, climate change impacts, and more. The work involves interdisciplinary teams of scientists, technicians, and ecologists.
Impact of Tile Drainage on Manured LandChris Unrau
The summary provides an overview of the key points discussed in the document:
1) The document discusses tile drainage and its potential impacts on water quality, specifically looking at whether liquid manure poses higher risks than synthetic fertilizers and how those risks can be minimized.
2) It outlines the key concepts around soil physics, tile drainage, and its effects on hydrology and water quality. Research shows tile drainage can reduce surface runoff and peak flows while having little impact on total annual flow.
3) The document analyzes nutrient leaching and finds that while tile drainage may increase nutrient transport to surface water, adopting best management practices like controlled drainage and nutrient management can help minimize these risks.
Intense agriculture, overgrazing, logging, and urbanization can degrade land through loss of soil and vegetation cover, exposing the land to erosion. This strips nutrients from the soil, reduces future crop and animal production, and pollutes water sources. Water impoundment and shoreline alterations also impact land and aquatic ecosystems by changing sediment and water flows, altering natural habitats and reducing fisheries. Sustainable land management practices are needed to preserve land productivity and ecosystem services.
Spatial Analysis of Soil and Water Quality in Tsunami AffectedAreas of Nagapa...IJERA Editor
In India, the natural disasters, especially the Tsunami in 2004 having exposed our unpreparedness, variability, diverse scientific, engineering, financial and also social processes. Vedaranyamtalukof Nagapattinam coastal region of Tamilnadu, India,was severely affected by Tsunami-2004. Due to its unique geological nature and climate conditions, the quality of soil and water resources was subjected to natural and synthetic changes. The recent efforts of prawn culture and saltpan in these areas also affect the natural resources. This study has revealed the present scenario of soil and water resources by analyzing their chemical parameters in the Tsunami affected areas after ten years of Tsunami-2004. For this study, soil samples (less than 30cm depth from land surface) and groundwater samples (from existing hand/bore pumps) were collected in the study area. It was observed from the analysis that the pH of soil was improved well and EC was lowered significantly except few places. Regarding the available N, P, K of soil, N was low, P and Kwere low to medium range. Further thepH,DO, Turbidity, Hardness,Cl and Mgof groundwater were within the permissible limit;EC and TDS were slight to moderate range for irrigation and drinking.The SAR is within the maximum allowable limit which inferred that groundwater can be used for irrigation without any risk.Thisspatial-temporal variability of soil and water parameters were mapped in GIS environment (Surfer ver. 9) and compared with pretsunami-2004 as well as ground truth scenario. Keeping these results, the soil is suitable for agriculture production. The natural flash flood has helped to reduce contamination of soil and water due to Tsunami-2004. However,due to alkaline in nature the quality of groundwater is not fit for drinking in some places but suitable for irrigation. Among the affected villages, Vedaranyam village has worst quality. This study also recommends suitable management strategies for sustainable development.
The document summarizes a study that was conducted to determine sources of water pollution in Appiakrom community, Ghana. The study examined a dam, pond, and two boreholes used by the community. Laboratory analysis of water samples found that the dam, which supplies water to the district, had been polluted by anthropogenic activities. The rusty nature of one borehole was attributed to underground parent materials. The pond interfaced with the dam, and pollution could flow between the two sources. The authors recommend blocking channels between the pond and dam, and practicing zero-fertilizer farming near the dam to reduce pollution.
Land Conservation for the Protection of Water QualityHannah Kiesler
This document summarizes a study on the relationship between land use and water quality in the Saco River watershed in New Hampshire. Water samples were taken at 12 locations along the Saco River and its tributaries and tested for various parameters including dissolved oxygen, pH, turbidity, temperature, phosphorus, E. coli, and nitrogen. The results showed that water quality generally decreased further downstream as more developed land affected the sampling locations. Land use patterns like the percentage of developed land within a 1km radius also impacted water quality. Maintaining natural lands and riparian buffers is important for preserving the high water quality of the Saco River and protecting aquatic habitat.
Effect of Salt and Water Stresses on Jujube Trees under Ras Sudr Conditionsiosrjce
This investigation was carried out during two successive seasons (2010 and 2011) on 5 years old
Nabq (Zizyphus spina christi) trees at Ras Suder Research Station, Desert Research Center- South Sinai
Governorate, Egypt. This investigation aimed to study the effect of saline water treatments, water regulation
and water irrigation levels on vegetative growth, some fruit parameters, leaf mineral contents, yield and fruit
quality. The treatments contained the combination of three main factors: The first factor: two wells as a saline
water source (well I and well II with EC values 3.68 and 6.80 dS/m, respectively). The second factor: water
regulation method (WR): DI= deficit irrigation and RDI = regulated deficit irrigation by partial root zone
drying (PRD). The third factor: irrigation levels of ETc = crop evapotranspiration 50, 75 and 100% (IL)). The
obtained results showed that well I X deficit irrigation (DI) & regulated deficit irrigation (RDI) X 100% gave
the highest values of tree circumference, Number shoots/tree, leaf area, yield/tree, fruit length, fruit diameter,
fruit weight, fruit volume, fruit flesh weight, fruit moisture% and leaf contents of N, P, Mg beside TSS and total
sugars. Moreover, treatments with well I X deficit irrigation (DI) recorded the highest values of shoot length,
shoot diameter, fruit set, fruit retention, K and Fe. We can be recommended by treatment of trees with well I
under stresses with regulated deficit irrigation under 100 % ETc to get the best results of fruit quality
IRJET- Hydrogeochemistry and Environmental Implication of Periyar River S...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on the hydrogeochemistry and environmental implications of the Periyar River in southern Western Ghats, India after severe flooding in 2018. The study analyzed water and soil samples from different areas in the Periyar River basin to understand changes caused by the flood. Water samples were tested for various chemical parameters and compared to WHO and BIS standards. Soil samples were analyzed to determine Loss on Ignition (LOI) and composition through X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF). The results provide insight into the current water quality and soil composition/properties in the river basin following major flooding.
This document summarizes a study on using saturated riparian buffers to remove nitrate from subsurface agricultural drainage. Key findings include:
- Saturated buffers significantly reduced nitrate levels in tile drainage water compared to conventional buffers, removing on average 80% of nitrate.
- Nitrous oxide emissions, a greenhouse gas, were higher in saturated buffer soils than conventional buffer soils but remained low overall.
- Saturated buffers are a promising alternative to conventional buffers for removing nitrate from tile drainage in agricultural landscapes and improving water quality.
Aquatic ecosystems are hot spots of most terrestrial biodiversity. They interact with their surrounding terrestrial area through food webs and habitat resources. The aquatic ecosystems also attract a wide range of other fauna including wading and migrating birds, amphibians, riparian mammals and insects. Furthermore, aquatic ecosystems have ability to recycle nutrients of wastewater. Despite many benefits they have, their potentiality in the rehabilitation of quarries is not well recognized. The recent effort on the rehabilitation of quarry site is mostly focused on terrestrial plants despite the fact that quarries life are heterogeneous ecosystems. Owing to this reason, there is a need of using the potential of aquatic ecosystems to enhance the rehabilitation of quarries sites. The present project is therefore focused on establishing the aquatic ecosystem at Wazo hill quarry.
The project won the 1st Prize in National Quarry Life Award in 2014 in Tanzania.
Read more: http://www.quarrylifeaward.com/project/potential-use-aquatic-ecosystems-enhancement-rehabilitation-mining-sites
By Md. Rezaul Hasan, Md. Shamsuddin, Md. Sohel Masud, Dr. AFM Afzal Hossain (Institute of Water Modelling)
Revitalizing the Ganges Coastal Zone Conference
21-23 October 2014, Dhaka, Bangladesh
http://waterandfood.org/ganges-conference/
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
OPERATIONAL DRAINAGE WATER REUSE GUIDELINES, By Shaden Abdel Gawad, Professor and Former President National Water Research Center (NWRC), Egypt, Land and Water Days in Near East & North Africa, 15-18 December 2013, Amman, Jordan
This document provides an overview of watershed management and development. It defines a watershed and explains their importance for sustaining life. Watershed management aims to manipulate natural, agricultural, and human resources within a watershed to provide desired resources suitably. The objectives are to protect and improve land and water resources. Key perspectives include hydrological, environmental, socio-economic, financial, and administrative aspects. Approaches involve people's participation and a hierarchical organizational structure. Geological aspects that influence watersheds like soil, water, natural hazards are also described.
Fluctuation of NO3-N and PO4 Elements in The Traditional Pond Area at TidesIJAEMSJORNAL
Traditional pond technology depends on nature in management, such as filling and disposal of pond water utilizing the time of low and high tides. The food for traditional pond technology comes from nature. The availability of nutrients such as N and P greatly determines the productivity of pond. The study was aimed to determine the fluctuations of N and P elements in traditional pond areas at tides. This research was conducted with purposive sampling method and laboratory analysis for several water parameters. The results showed that pH ranged from 7 to 8 both at low tide and high tide. The average value of nitrate (NO3) from five locations was extended from 0.106 to 1.495 mg/l. The value of silica (Si) ranged from 5,287 to 10,876 mg/l in low tide. Orthophosphate at low tide ranged from 0.027 to 0.090 mg/l, the highest value was in the coast station and the lowest was in the sea station. Whereas the value of nitrate (NO3) and orthophosphate in high tide ranged from 0.830 to 1.495 mg/l and 0.039 to 0.090 mg/l. Nutrients were abundant enough to support the growth and development of primary producers. So, the waters in this region include fertile waters.
This document summarizes an article from the International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology that analyzes nitrate contamination of groundwater in the Moulares-Redayef mining basin in Tunisia. The study area contains unconfined aquifers that supply water for domestic, industrial, and agricultural uses. Nitrate levels were found to exceed drinking water standards in some wells, likely due to fertilizer application and wastewater disposal. The study evaluates land for vulnerability to nitrate contamination using a modified DRASTIC method in a GIS. Sampled wells showed higher and more frequent nitrate detections in alluvial areas. The analysis aims to inform fertilizer management strategies and land use planning to protect groundwater
Impact of the salinity gradient on the mollusc fauna in flooded mine subsiden...EdytaSierka
Archives of Environmental Protection, 2014
This paper presents the impact of salinisation on the aquatic mollusc fauna in fl ooded mine subsidences in the Karvina region (Czech Republic). The results of the previous research on salinity in fl ooded mine subsidences show that some of them contain a high content of dissolved inorganic substances (above 1000 mg•l-1). These substances can affect the vegetation and animals occurring in the water and the surrounding area. The phylum of Mollusca was selected as a model group for the fi eldwork as it includes species with the proven bioindication potential. The occurrence of aquatic mollusc species was studied at 10 sites. The sites were selected based on the content of dissolved substances (the salinity gradient from <500 to >1000 mg•l-1. A total of 12 aquatic mollusc species were found, including one species identifi ed as a potential bioindicator of the negative effect of salinisation on aquatic biota. The analysis showed statistically signifi cant positive correlations between the content of dissolved inorganic substances and the presence of alien species Potamopyrgus antipodarum (J.E. Gray, 1843). The gradient of salinity signifi cantly affects the species composition of the mollusc fauna in fl ooded mine subsidences and may affect the biodiversity of this group.
Effects of freshwater restoration on carbon cycling in wetlands with salt and...DongYoonLee8
Preliminary summary for wetland restoration project. Short-term (~1 year) freshwater restoration lowered salinity and phosphorus (P) concentrations in porewater of the saltwater and saltwater+P treatments. Legacy effects of salt and P remained and continued to stimulate aboveground marsh growth. The enhanced marsh growth was likely caused by rapid recycling of nutrients stored in sawgrass litter. Net ecosystem metabolism is used a proxy for ecosystem balance and suggests that saltwater intrusion in Florida Everglades can disrupt carbon cycling. Everglades wetland will be more vulnerable to sea-level rise due to accelerated soil carbon loss.
Study of the Quality of Irrigation Water in South-East El-Kantara Canal, Nort...Medhat Elzahar
The document examines the quality of irrigation water used in the South-East El-Kantara Canal in North Sinai, Egypt, which receives a 1:1 mixture of agricultural wastewater and Nile freshwater. Water samples were collected monthly from 6 locations along the canal from 2007-2014 and analyzed for parameters including salinity, pathogens, nutrients, oxygen levels. The results show that several parameters such as BOD, NO3, and fecal coliform levels exceeded Egyptian standards. The study concludes the water quality restricts use for irrigating some crops and recommends pretreating the agricultural wastewater, such as with aerated lagoons, before mixing with Nile water to satisfy standards.
This document provides an overview of the scope and objectives of a course on watershed and integrated watershed management. The course aims to discuss various technical, social, ecological and environmental aspects of watershed development and management. It will focus on watershed modeling and analyzing complex water management issues. The course modules will cover topics such as introduction to watershed concepts, sustainable watershed practices, integrated watershed management, water quality management, and water conservation. The course will be useful for students, teachers, NGOs and field engineers.
This document summarizes the salinity risk assessment in Bangladesh. It finds that salinity is a major issue for the coastal region of Bangladesh, affecting over 35 million people in 19 districts. Salinity has increased the amount of affected land area from 8,330 square km in 1973 to 10,560 square km in 2009. This salinity is damaging agriculture and increasing costs of crop production. The government of Bangladesh is taking steps to address salinity through projects, but some projects have failed or been completed slowly. Overall salinity poses serious economic and infrastructure risks for Bangladesh.
The document summarizes the mission and science-based work of the National Park Service at the Cape Cod National Seashore. It discusses inventorying, monitoring, and research efforts across various natural systems to understand resources, track changes over time, and inform adaptive management. Examples of current and future studies are provided covering topics like salt marsh restoration, water quality, species populations, climate change impacts, and more. The work involves interdisciplinary teams of scientists, technicians, and ecologists.
Impact of Tile Drainage on Manured LandChris Unrau
The summary provides an overview of the key points discussed in the document:
1) The document discusses tile drainage and its potential impacts on water quality, specifically looking at whether liquid manure poses higher risks than synthetic fertilizers and how those risks can be minimized.
2) It outlines the key concepts around soil physics, tile drainage, and its effects on hydrology and water quality. Research shows tile drainage can reduce surface runoff and peak flows while having little impact on total annual flow.
3) The document analyzes nutrient leaching and finds that while tile drainage may increase nutrient transport to surface water, adopting best management practices like controlled drainage and nutrient management can help minimize these risks.
Intense agriculture, overgrazing, logging, and urbanization can degrade land through loss of soil and vegetation cover, exposing the land to erosion. This strips nutrients from the soil, reduces future crop and animal production, and pollutes water sources. Water impoundment and shoreline alterations also impact land and aquatic ecosystems by changing sediment and water flows, altering natural habitats and reducing fisheries. Sustainable land management practices are needed to preserve land productivity and ecosystem services.
Spatial Analysis of Soil and Water Quality in Tsunami AffectedAreas of Nagapa...IJERA Editor
In India, the natural disasters, especially the Tsunami in 2004 having exposed our unpreparedness, variability, diverse scientific, engineering, financial and also social processes. Vedaranyamtalukof Nagapattinam coastal region of Tamilnadu, India,was severely affected by Tsunami-2004. Due to its unique geological nature and climate conditions, the quality of soil and water resources was subjected to natural and synthetic changes. The recent efforts of prawn culture and saltpan in these areas also affect the natural resources. This study has revealed the present scenario of soil and water resources by analyzing their chemical parameters in the Tsunami affected areas after ten years of Tsunami-2004. For this study, soil samples (less than 30cm depth from land surface) and groundwater samples (from existing hand/bore pumps) were collected in the study area. It was observed from the analysis that the pH of soil was improved well and EC was lowered significantly except few places. Regarding the available N, P, K of soil, N was low, P and Kwere low to medium range. Further thepH,DO, Turbidity, Hardness,Cl and Mgof groundwater were within the permissible limit;EC and TDS were slight to moderate range for irrigation and drinking.The SAR is within the maximum allowable limit which inferred that groundwater can be used for irrigation without any risk.Thisspatial-temporal variability of soil and water parameters were mapped in GIS environment (Surfer ver. 9) and compared with pretsunami-2004 as well as ground truth scenario. Keeping these results, the soil is suitable for agriculture production. The natural flash flood has helped to reduce contamination of soil and water due to Tsunami-2004. However,due to alkaline in nature the quality of groundwater is not fit for drinking in some places but suitable for irrigation. Among the affected villages, Vedaranyam village has worst quality. This study also recommends suitable management strategies for sustainable development.
The document summarizes a study that was conducted to determine sources of water pollution in Appiakrom community, Ghana. The study examined a dam, pond, and two boreholes used by the community. Laboratory analysis of water samples found that the dam, which supplies water to the district, had been polluted by anthropogenic activities. The rusty nature of one borehole was attributed to underground parent materials. The pond interfaced with the dam, and pollution could flow between the two sources. The authors recommend blocking channels between the pond and dam, and practicing zero-fertilizer farming near the dam to reduce pollution.
Ground Water Quality Assessment using Geo Spatial Technology in Part of Lower...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that assessed groundwater quality in the lower Vaigai river basin in Madurai District, Tamil Nadu, India using geospatial technology. Water samples were collected from 10 locations and tested for parameters like pH, nitrate, sulfate, chloride, and total dissolved solids. Maps showing the spatial distribution of water quality in 2003 and 2015 were generated. It was found that the maximum nitrate level was 4800 mg/l in 2006, and that some areas had increasingly high levels of salts and nitrates over time due to factors like fertilizer use and wastewater. The study identified some areas as potable and others as moderate or non-potable. It concluded that water quality is
Effects of laundry greywater on soil propertiesIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that analyzed the effects of laundry greywater from powdered and liquid detergents on soil properties. Soil was irrigated with tap water, liquid detergent greywater, and powdered detergent greywater. Testing found that irrigation with both types of greywater increased soil pH, electrical conductivity, organic carbon, and nutrient levels like phosphorus, potassium, and micronutrients compared to tap water irrigation. In most cases, the increases were highest for soil irrigated with powdered detergent greywater. The results indicate long-term greywater irrigation could raise soil alkalinity and salt levels.
The quality groundwater for irrigation in Fetzara basin, northeast AlgeriaInnspub Net
The document summarizes a study on the quality of groundwater in the Fetzara basin in northeast Algeria for irrigation purposes. Hydrochemical analysis of 25 groundwater samples found that salinity ranged from 1240-6390 μS/cm, with most samples classified as moderately saline. Evaluation of sodium absorption ratio (SAR) and electrical conductivity (EC) found that 40% of samples were classified as C3S1 (high salinity, low sodium water) suitable for irrigation in most soils, while 60% were C4S1 (high salinity, low sodium) with some danger of exchangeable sodium and salinity issues. However, some samples had unsuitable values for sodium percentage, Kelly's index, magnesium hazards
Relationship of qualitative and quantitative fisheries diversity with the environmental variables was studied for the period of two years along the three zones, viz. upper, middle and lower, of the Ulhas River estuary. Total ten hydro-sedimentological parameters were analyzed on monthly basis from each zone to depict ambient pollution level. Zones with comparatively higher pollution level deterred fisheries landings. The principal coordination analysis (PCO) ordination and zonewise K-dominance curves revealed the direct correlation of fish diversity with the existent spatial environmental conditions of the Ulhas River estuary.
Keywords: hydrological conditions, parameters, water pollution, Ulhas River, estuary, fisheries, diversity, landings, water color, phosphates, nitrates, DO, BOD, organic carbon, silt, principal coordination analysis.
To Study the Effect of Municipal Treated Effluent on Groundwater Quality Near...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study examining the effect of treated effluent from a sewage treatment plant on local groundwater quality in Davangere, India. The study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of the plant's treatment process and identify potential environmental hazards. Groundwater samples were collected from wells near the plant and analyzed for parameters like pH, electrical conductivity, turbidity, chlorides, and more. The results found that while effluent quality generally improved with increased distance from the plant, some groundwater parameters exceeded safety limits, indicating the treated sewage is negatively impacting local water sources. Further monitoring is recommended to better understand health and environmental risks.
This study analyzed water samples from hand-dug wells in villages in Edati, Niger State, Nigeria. The results of physico-chemical and bacteriological tests on the water samples revealed that most parameters were within acceptable limits of Nigerian drinking water standards, except for iron, manganese, E. coli, and total coliform levels which exceeded limits in some locations. The high levels of bacteria and iron may be due to shallow well depths, proximity to pit latrines, and improper well construction. Overall, the groundwater quality in the area fell between the maximum standards, although siting of new wells should avoid proximity to pit latrines or septic systems to prevent future contamination.
Geospatial and Statistical Assessment of Groundwater Contamination Due to Lan...Kavya Prabhakar
This study assessed groundwater contamination from a landfill leachate plume in Kozhikode, India. Groundwater samples were collected from wells near the landfill during wet and dry seasons and analyzed for physical, chemical and bacteriological parameters. Most samples exceeded drinking water standards. Spatial analysis using GIS showed contamination was highest within 300m of the landfill. The leachate was also analyzed and found to contain high levels of contaminants like dissolved solids, chlorides, COD and BOD. Leachate pollution indices were calculated and revealed significant pollution potential from the landfill leachate.
Spatial distribution and environmental geochemistry of zinc metal in water an...Javier Quesada Duque
This document summarizes a study on the spatial distribution and fractionation of zinc metal in water and bottom sediments of Lagoon Burullus in Egypt. Zinc concentrations were measured at 14 sites covering the lagoon. Zinc was fractionated into five fractions using sequential extractions. The average zinc concentration in bottom sediments was 189 μg/g, about three times the average for earth's crust. Most zinc was found in the residual fraction, followed by organic, exchangeable, carbonate, and Fe-Mn hydroxides fractions. Zinc concentrations in water ranged from 0.7-3.6 μg/L. Higher concentrations were found in areas receiving agricultural and industrial discharges, indicating anthropogenic pollution sources
Macedo et al (2015)-Irrigation Groundwater Quality for Agricultural UseJenkins Macedo
The document summarizes a study on assessing irrigation groundwater quality for agricultural use in Ekxang Village, Lao PDR. Daily field tests were conducted to measure parameters like EC, TDS, pH, and temperature of the groundwater. Laboratory analyses found that mean EC and SAR were below thresholds for crop tolerance, indicating groundwater quality was suitable for agriculture with low salinity and sodicity risks. While groundwater irrigation could help smallholders adapt to climate change, constant monitoring of quality is needed to sustainably increase crop yields and soil health.
IRJET - Underground Water Recharge through Rainwater Harvesting using Rem...IRJET Journal
1) The document discusses using remote sensing and GIS technologies to identify suitable locations for underground water recharge through rainwater harvesting. It identifies five major factors that influence groundwater recharge potential: lithology, land use/cover, lineaments, drainage, and slope.
2) GIS is used to spatially analyze these factors, assign weights to each, and demarcate zones in the basin according to groundwater recharge potential. Direct surface recharge techniques like infiltration basins are discussed as the most widely used method to enhance natural percolation of water into subsurface aquifers.
3) Literature on previous studies of groundwater issues in the local region is reviewed, covering topics like seasonal water
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Taking all these into account, it is important to increase the fertility of the soil from the erosion process in Ismayilli and to prevent the washing of fodder crops from perennial herbs. The cultivation of these plants in the mountainous regions protects the slopes from the terrible erosion process and provides the animals with a strong fodder. It is proved by the results of the research that restoration of fertility and ecological balance of erosion lands and the implementation of soil-agro-technical measures to increase productivity are of great importance. Due to the application of these measures, I, as a result of improving the water and physical properties of the affected land, prevent surface water flows. In addition, the results of the study have been proven by the fact that, for certain reason, erosion and erosion hazards are most likely to be taken over by the sowing of perennial herbs. Thus, perennial herbs, in particular, accumulate the nitrogen atmosphere of the legumes, enriches the soil with organic matter, accelerates the formation of water-resistant granular - topical structure and improves its water-physical properties, which in turn facilitates the rapid digestion of foodstuffs.
Quality status of groundwater around industrial area for irrigationIAEME Publication
The document summarizes a study on the quality status of groundwater around an industrial area in Mandya district, Karnataka, India for irrigation purposes. 96 groundwater samples were collected from 16 locations around the Tubinakere industrial area and analyzed. The results showed that some locations had groundwater with high salinity, alkalinity, and sodicity levels that could pose hazards for irrigation. Permanent hardness, salinity, and alkalinity hazards were identified in the groundwater around some agricultural lands near the industrial area based on analyses of parameters like electrical conductivity, calcium, magnesium, sodium, bicarbonate, and chloride concentrations. The dominant ions in the groundwater that could be contributing to specific ion toxicity were
PHYSICO-CHEMICAL EFFECTS OF SAND HARVESTING ON WATER QUALITY IN RIVER THWAKE ...Tabitha Nzula Mwanzia
This document summarizes a study that assessed the physicochemical effects of sand harvesting on water quality in River Thwake in Machakos County, Kenya. Water samples were collected from a sand harvesting site and a non-sand harvesting site and analyzed for various parameters including temperature, pH, turbidity, color, conductivity, heavy metals, BOD and COD. The results showed significant differences in color, turbidity, iron, COD and zinc between the two sites, indicating sand harvesting is negatively impacting water quality. However, other parameters like copper, conductivity, temperature and pH were not significantly different. The results were compared to WHO and Kenyan water quality guidelines to determine suitability for domestic use.
IRJET- Water Quality Analysis of Avaragere Lake- A Case StudyIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study analyzing water quality parameters of Avaragere Lake in Karnataka, India over a 2 month period. Twenty-two physical and chemical parameters were analyzed including turbidity, pH, dissolved oxygen, alkalinity, phosphates, nitrates, and heavy metals. The results showed fluctuations in the parameters throughout the sampling period. Higher amounts of alkalinity, pH, turbidity, and poor dissolved oxygen were observed. Most parameters were within permissible limits for drinking water. The lake was found to be influenced by nitrates, pH, chlorides, total dissolved solids, calcium, magnesium, and some parameters exceeded drinking water limits, likely due to pollutants from various point and non-point
Assessment of groundwater quality for irrigation useeSAT Journals
Abstract The availability of groundwater, namely fresh water is too less. This situation provokes the scientific community to further research in the field groundwater exploration of fresh water and natural recharge estimation, which are the most important components essential to formulate dependable groundwater management strategies in scarcity, affected regions. Hydrochemical studies were conducted in Chinnaeru river basin of Nalgonda District, Andhra Pradesh, India. Water samples from 28 locations were collected from bore wells during May 2011 and analyzed for different physico-chemical parameters. Based on various indices and water quality standards, the water is classified for safe drinking and irrigation uses. The concentration of fluoride in groundwater ranges from 0.4-2.9 mg/l. Piper diagram reflect that the water belong to Ca+2–Mg+2–HCO3- to Na+–HCO3- types. The Wilcox diagram suggests that most of the samples are within the permissible limits which can be used for irrigation. High fluoride content in groundwater can be attributed to the continuous water rock interaction during the process of percolation with fluorite bearing country rocks under arid, low precipitation and high evaporation conditions of the study area. The low calcium content in rocks and soils and the presence of high levels of sodium bicarbonate in soils and waters are important factors favouring high levels of fluoride in waters. The basement rocks provide abundant sources of fluoride in the form of amphibole, biotite, fluorite and apatite. The high fluoride concentration areas are demarcated and de-fluoride plant were installed to treat the water for safe drinking purposes. Index Terms: Groundwater, Bore wells, Wilcox diagram, Piper diagram, Fluoride content.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Similar to Impact of Aqua Ponds on Soils of Godavari Western Delta, West Godavari District, Andhra Pradesh, India (20)
A Novel Method for Prevention of Bandwidth Distributed Denial of Service AttacksIJERD Editor
Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) Attacks became a massive threat to the Internet. Traditional
Architecture of internet is vulnerable to the attacks like DDoS. Attacker primarily acquire his army of Zombies,
then that army will be instructed by the Attacker that when to start an attack and on whom the attack should be
done. In this paper, different techniques which are used to perform DDoS Attacks, Tools that were used to
perform Attacks and Countermeasures in order to detect the attackers and eliminate the Bandwidth Distributed
Denial of Service attacks (B-DDoS) are reviewed. DDoS Attacks were done by using various Flooding
techniques which are used in DDoS attack.
The main purpose of this paper is to design an architecture which can reduce the Bandwidth
Distributed Denial of service Attack and make the victim site or server available for the normal users by
eliminating the zombie machines. Our Primary focus of this paper is to dispute how normal machines are
turning into zombies (Bots), how attack is been initiated, DDoS attack procedure and how an organization can
save their server from being a DDoS victim. In order to present this we implemented a simulated environment
with Cisco switches, Routers, Firewall, some virtual machines and some Attack tools to display a real DDoS
attack. By using Time scheduling, Resource Limiting, System log, Access Control List and some Modular
policy Framework we stopped the attack and identified the Attacker (Bot) machines
Hearing loss is one of the most common human impairments. It is estimated that by year 2015 more
than 700 million people will suffer mild deafness. Most can be helped by hearing aid devices depending on the
severity of their hearing loss. This paper describes the implementation and characterization details of a dual
channel transmitter front end (TFE) for digital hearing aid (DHA) applications that use novel micro
electromechanical- systems (MEMS) audio transducers and ultra-low power-scalable analog-to-digital
converters (ADCs), which enable a very-low form factor, energy-efficient implementation for next-generation
DHA. The contribution of the design is the implementation of the dual channel MEMS microphones and powerscalable
ADC system.
Influence of tensile behaviour of slab on the structural Behaviour of shear c...IJERD Editor
-A composite beam is composed of a steel beam and a slab connected by means of shear connectors
like studs installed on the top flange of the steel beam to form a structure behaving monolithically. This study
analyzes the effects of the tensile behavior of the slab on the structural behavior of the shear connection like slip
stiffness and maximum shear force in composite beams subjected to hogging moment. The results show that the
shear studs located in the crack-concentration zones due to large hogging moments sustain significantly smaller
shear force and slip stiffness than the other zones. Moreover, the reduction of the slip stiffness in the shear
connection appears also to be closely related to the change in the tensile strain of rebar according to the increase
of the load. Further experimental and analytical studies shall be conducted considering variables such as the
reinforcement ratio and the arrangement of shear connectors to achieve efficient design of the shear connection
in composite beams subjected to hogging moment.
Gold prospecting using Remote Sensing ‘A case study of Sudan’IJERD Editor
Gold has been extracted from northeast Africa for more than 5000 years, and this may be the first
place where the metal was extracted. The Arabian-Nubian Shield (ANS) is an exposure of Precambrian
crystalline rocks on the flanks of the Red Sea. The crystalline rocks are mostly Neoproterozoic in age. ANS
includes the nations of Israel, Jordan. Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Yemen, and Somalia.
Arabian Nubian Shield Consists of juvenile continental crest that formed between 900 550 Ma, when intra
oceanic arc welded together along ophiolite decorated arc. Primary Au mineralization probably developed in
association with the growth of intra oceanic arc and evolution of back arc. Multiple episodes of deformation
have obscured the primary metallogenic setting, but at least some of the deposits preserve evidence that they
originate as sea floor massive sulphide deposits.
The Red Sea Hills Region is a vast span of rugged, harsh and inhospitable sector of the Earth with
inimical moon-like terrain, nevertheless since ancient times it is famed to be an abode of gold and was a major
source of wealth for the Pharaohs of ancient Egypt. The Pharaohs old workings have been periodically
rediscovered through time. Recent endeavours by the Geological Research Authority of Sudan led to the
discovery of a score of occurrences with gold and massive sulphide mineralizations. In the nineties of the
previous century the Geological Research Authority of Sudan (GRAS) in cooperation with BRGM utilized
satellite data of Landsat TM using spectral ratio technique to map possible mineralized zones in the Red Sea
Hills of Sudan. The outcome of the study mapped a gossan type gold mineralization. Band ratio technique was
applied to Arbaat area and a signature of alteration zone was detected. The alteration zones are commonly
associated with mineralization. The alteration zones are commonly associated with mineralization. A filed check
confirmed the existence of stock work of gold bearing quartz in the alteration zone. Another type of gold
mineralization that was discovered using remote sensing is the gold associated with metachert in the Atmur
Desert.
Reducing Corrosion Rate by Welding DesignIJERD Editor
This document summarizes a study on reducing corrosion rates in steel through welding design. The researchers tested different welding groove designs (X, V, 1/2X, 1/2V) and preheating temperatures (400°C, 500°C, 600°C) on ferritic malleable iron samples. Testing found that X and V groove designs with 500°C and 600°C preheating had corrosion rates of 0.5-0.69% weight loss after 14 days, compared to 0.57-0.76% for 400°C preheating. Higher preheating reduced residual stresses which decreased corrosion. Residual stresses were 1.7 MPa for optimal X groove and 600°C
Router 1X3 – RTL Design and VerificationIJERD Editor
Routing is the process of moving a packet of data from source to destination and enables messages
to pass from one computer to another and eventually reach the target machine. A router is a networking device
that forwards data packets between computer networks. It is connected to two or more data lines from different
networks (as opposed to a network switch, which connects data lines from one single network). This paper,
mainly emphasizes upon the study of router device, it‟s top level architecture, and how various sub-modules of
router i.e. Register, FIFO, FSM and Synchronizer are synthesized, and simulated and finally connected to its top
module.
Active Power Exchange in Distributed Power-Flow Controller (DPFC) At Third Ha...IJERD Editor
This paper presents a component within the flexible ac-transmission system (FACTS) family, called
distributed power-flow controller (DPFC). The DPFC is derived from the unified power-flow controller (UPFC)
with an eliminated common dc link. The DPFC has the same control capabilities as the UPFC, which comprise
the adjustment of the line impedance, the transmission angle, and the bus voltage. The active power exchange
between the shunt and series converters, which is through the common dc link in the UPFC, is now through the
transmission lines at the third-harmonic frequency. DPFC multiple small-size single-phase converters which
reduces the cost of equipment, no voltage isolation between phases, increases redundancy and there by
reliability increases. The principle and analysis of the DPFC are presented in this paper and the corresponding
simulation results that are carried out on a scaled prototype are also shown.
Mitigation of Voltage Sag/Swell with Fuzzy Control Reduced Rating DVRIJERD Editor
Power quality has been an issue that is becoming increasingly pivotal in industrial electricity
consumers point of view in recent times. Modern industries employ Sensitive power electronic equipments,
control devices and non-linear loads as part of automated processes to increase energy efficiency and
productivity. Voltage disturbances are the most common power quality problem due to this the use of a large
numbers of sophisticated and sensitive electronic equipment in industrial systems is increased. This paper
discusses the design and simulation of dynamic voltage restorer for improvement of power quality and
reduce the harmonics distortion of sensitive loads. Power quality problem is occurring at non-standard
voltage, current and frequency. Electronic devices are very sensitive loads. In power system voltage sag,
swell, flicker and harmonics are some of the problem to the sensitive load. The compensation capability
of a DVR depends primarily on the maximum voltage injection ability and the amount of stored
energy available within the restorer. This device is connected in series with the distribution feeder at
medium voltage. A fuzzy logic control is used to produce the gate pulses for control circuit of DVR and the
circuit is simulated by using MATLAB/SIMULINK software.
Study on the Fused Deposition Modelling In Additive ManufacturingIJERD Editor
Additive manufacturing process, also popularly known as 3-D printing, is a process where a product
is created in a succession of layers. It is based on a novel materials incremental manufacturing philosophy.
Unlike conventional manufacturing processes where material is removed from a given work price to derive the
final shape of a product, 3-D printing develops the product from scratch thus obviating the necessity to cut away
materials. This prevents wastage of raw materials. Commonly used raw materials for the process are ABS
plastic, PLA and nylon. Recently the use of gold, bronze and wood has also been implemented. The complexity
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Simulated Analysis of Resonant Frequency Converter Using Different Tank Circu...IJERD Editor
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#Abstract:
- Learn more about the real-world methods for auditing AWS IAM (Identity and Access Management) as a pentester. So let us proceed with a brief discussion of IAM as well as some typical misconfigurations and their potential exploits in order to reinforce the understanding of IAM security best practices.
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Try at [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
IEEE Aerospace and Electronic Systems Society as a Graduate Student Member
Impact of Aqua Ponds on Soils of Godavari Western Delta, West Godavari District, Andhra Pradesh, India
1. International Journal of Engineering Research and Development
e-ISSN: 2278-067X, p-ISSN: 2278-800X, www.ijerd.com
Volume 11, Issue 05 (May 2015), PP.58-65
58
Impact of Aqua Ponds on Soils of Godavari Western Delta,
West Godavari District, Andhra Pradesh, India
Raghuram P1
., Rambabu T1
., S.R. Reddy M2
., Sankara Pitchaiah P3
.,
A.R.K. Raju P4
. Suri Babu G1
., and Jeevan Kumar J1
1
Assistant Professor, 2
Research Associate, 4
Professor
Water and Environment Technology (WET) Research Centre, Department of Civil Engineering,
SRKR Engineering College, Bhimavaram – 534204, W.G. Dt. A.P. India
3
Professor, Dept. of Geology, Acharya Nagarjuna University, Guntur
Abstract: - Aquaculture is a key part of the regional economy in India and many other parts of Asia, but at
present it is also responsible for diverse problems related with the environmental health. The industry is known
to cause soil salinization, which can affect the productivity of surrounding croplands. Salinization of soil in
nearby agricultural land and drinking water resources due to seepage and percolation from aqua ponds is one of
the environmental issues in aquaculture as it merges and interacts with the environment. The high seepage rate
not only results into water loss but also reduces pond fertility. In the present paper, soil salinization of
agricultural lands around aqua ponds due to seepage of water from ponds was studied. The ponds selected were
viz. aqua ponds with clay type of soil without any trench, a nearby aqua pond with a small trench of one meter
width, a pond with integrated aquaculture and agriculture and a pond with sandy soil with one meter trench.
Samples were collected from 0 meters (outer side of the pond or trench bund) up to 50meters distance from the
pond and 10cm to 30 cm depth between 0 m to 50 meters and analyzed for pH, TDS, EC, Total Nitrogen,
Phosphorous, Potassium, Sulphur, Sodium etc. Relationship with soil texture and seepage was also established.
Seepage is more in case of a pond without any trench when compared to a pond with trench. Salinization due to
seepage was observed to a long distance in case of sandy soils than clay soils. More soil acidification was
observed up to 10cm depth from surface than deeper soils.
Keywords: - Aqua ponds, Salinization, Soil texture, Buffer zone, Seepage, Sodocity, Acidification, Agriculture
I. INTRODUCTION
Aquaculture is the fastest growing food sector. In the past decades aquaculture around the world has
been pursued only on the basis of economic costs without considering the social costs and negative impacts on
the environment. Aquaculture has diversified and intensified contributing significantly to economic and social
well being in many countries. Of this, a large scale of production comes from the small scale production in
developing countries like India. But marine aquaculture has been heavily criticized for its environmental
impacts including pollution from fish waste and uneaten food escapes, chemicals to control diseases and
parasites, and ecological impacts of sourcing raw materials from the sea to produce fish [1,2,3].
The east coast of India offers excellent opportunity for irrigated agriculture due to availability of vast
stretches of arable fertile land created by river and coastal deltas [8]. The coastal regions suffer from
environmental degradation due to increased salinity of soils, canals and ponds [11,12].
Seepage of salt water into the adjacent agricultural lands from aquaculture ponds is well documented
and sometimes it makes cultivation impossible [10]. The seepage may take place through salt water leakage,
aquaculture pond overflow and leaching from sludge pile during rain fall. In general, paddy fields are typically
located behind the dense aqua ponds. Complaints were frequently received from local people about low yields
and the contamination of ground water aquifers rendering large areas of land unsuitable for rice cultivation due
to salinization [5,7]. The salinity and sodocity of soil were found to be inversely proportional to the distance
from the sea and aquaculture ponds [6].
Study Area:-
Aquaculture is predominant land use practice in deltaic environment of Godavari western delta, having
geographical coordinates of 16°31' N, 81°28' E, with toposheet number 65H/6 of clay soil, 16°33' N, 81°35'E
with toposheet number 65H/10 and integrated pond 16°34' N, 81° 32' E with toposheet number 65H/10, West
Godavari district. The location map of the study area is shown in the figure 1. Aqua ponds are selected and 28
samples are collected from Bhimavaram, Kalla and Palakoderu mandals of West Godavari district. These
2. Impact of Aqua Ponds on Soils of Godavari Western Delta, West Godavari District, Andhra Pradesh, India
59
samples are collected from clay and sandy textured deltaic formations. Morphological features like tidal flat /
mudflat and paleo beach regions are noticed in this region.
Figure.1 Location map of the study area
II. MATERIALS AND METHODS
Aqua ponds are selected for analysis viz. first pond with clay soil type without any trench, second in
the same area (Clay type soil) with a small 1 meter trench, third pond with sandy soil also with 1 meter trench
and fourth tank with clay type of soil with integrated agriculture and aqua culture practice. Soil samples are
collected with the aid of a Global Positioning System (GPS) - Garmin eTraxvista.
In the adjacent agriculture fields of the above ponds, samples are collected (1kg) from 0 to 50 meters.
The samples were dried in the shade and analysed for pH, TDS, EC, Total Nitrogen (TN), Phosphorus (P),
Sulphur(S), Sodium (Na), Potassium (K) and Soil texture- Sand, Silt and Clay. For analysis of particle size, soil
was gently crushed to pass through a 2-mm sieve; water soluble salts are removed by washing with distilled
water and organic matter was destroyed by oxidation with hydrogen peroxide. Soil was dispersed in a solution
prepared by dissolving sodium carbonate and sodium hexa meta phosphate. Sand was separated and determined
by sieving and washing. The dissolved soil suspensions are then placed in 1000 ml sedimentation cylinder for
determination of silt and clay by the pipette method. Soil samples are analysed according to standard protocol
[13]. However more emphasis was given on pH and Electrical conductivity to know the acidification of the soil
and increased saltation by the seepage from aqua ponds. Emphasis was also given to soil texture of sand, silt and
clay to study the seepage variation with the type of soil. Similarly soil samples are also collected from surface to
10cm, 20 cm and 30 cm depth all along the 50 meters distance from the pond.
ANDHRA
PRADESH
WEST
GODAVARI
DISTRICT
3. Impact of Aqua Ponds on Soils of Godavari Western Delta, West Godavari District, Andhra Pradesh, India
60
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The aquaculture sector in India especially shrimp farming is passing through a transitional stage and
facing many problems. The condition of pond’s bottom and the exchange of substances between soil and water
are strongly influenced water quality. The water is slowly leaked through earthen bunds of the pond and altering
the soil quality of nearby paddy fields. Various physico-chemical parameters are analysed and tabulated in the
following tables1, 2, 3 and 4. Horizontal and vertical distribution of chemical parameters are analysed and their
average values of pH, EC, TDS and Na are shown in table 5 & 6 and graphically represented in the figure 2 & 3.
Textures of the soils and their percentages are calculated and shown in table 7.
Table 1.Physico-chemical characteristics in agricultural soils adjacent to aquaculture
(Prawn pond) without trench in Clayey Soil
S. No Distance
from
prawn
pond
(meter)
pH T.D.S
(ppt)
E.C
(mS/cm)
T.N
kg/Acre)
P
(kg/Acre)
K
(kg/Acre)
S
(kg/Acre)
Na
(ppm)
Sand
(%)
Silt
(%)
Clay
(%)
1 2.74 8.0 1.50 2.20 76 307 270 102 180 5.0 25.8 69.2
2 3.35 7.9 1.40 2.10 77 272 232 91 177 5.4 25.6 69.0
3 5.48 7.5 1.80 2.60 121 291 297 228 175 4.9 22.6 72.5
4 6.40 7.3 1.60 2.30 32 284 297 196 175 5.7 29.5 64.8
5 7.32 7.1 1.70 2.40 111 290 297 193 172 5.7 28.4 65.9
6 8.23 7.0 1.80 2.60 188 277 286 163 172 5.1 26.5 68.4
7 9.14 7.0 1.60 2.30 81 267 270 153 163 4.8 22.5 72.7
8 13.71 6.9 1.80 2.50 178 256 270 141 167 5.0 36.3 58.7
9 18.29 6.9 1.50 2.10 176 235 270 156 160 4.6 33.1 62.3
10 22.86 6.7 1.11 1.60 169 228 243 136 145 5.0 30.2 64.8
11 27.43 6.9 1.00 1.43 167 210 243 124 143 5.0 25.8 69.2
12 32.00 6.6 1.08 1.57 143 201 254 142 140 4.8 27.4 67.8
13 41.18 6.8 0.95 1.39 134 197 270 128 137 5.2 28.7 66.1
14 50.29 6.6 0.72 1.03 107 188 286 132 133 5.5 24.7 69.8
15 59.44 6.8 0.96 1.03 107 173 286 123 133 5.9 31.5 62.6
16 68.58 6.7 0.94 1.03 67 163 270 89 130 5.9 30.4 63.7
Table 2. Physico-chemical characteristics in agricultural soils adjacent to aquaculture
(Prawn pond) with 1m trench – Clayey Soil
S.No Distance
from
pond
(meter)
pH T.D.S
(ppt)
E.C
(mS/cm)
T.N
(kg/Acre)
P
(kg/Acre)
K
(kg/Acre)
S
(kg/Acre)
Na
(ppm)
SAND
(%)
SILT
(%)
CLAY
(%)
1 00 7.9 1.40 2.10 77 272 232 91 177 5.4 24.0 70.6
2 05 7.0 1.80 2.60 188 277 286 163 172 5.2 26.6 68.2
3 10 6.9 1.80 2.50 178 256 270 141 167 5.0 25.9 69.1
4 15 6.9 1.50 2.10 176 235 270 156 160 4.6 33.1 62.3
5 20 6.7 1.11 1.60 169 228 243 136 145 5.0 36.3 58.7
6 25 6.9 1.00 1.43 167 210 243 124 143 5.0 30.3 64.7
7 30 6.6 1.08 1.57 143 201 254 142 140 4.8 22.5 72.7
8 40 6.8 0.95 1.39 134 197 270 128 137 5.2 28.7 66.1
9 50 6.6 0.72 1.03 107 188 286 132 133 5.5 27.7 66.8
10 60 6.8 0.96 1.03 107 173 286 123 133 5.9 31.0 63.1
11 70 6.7 0.94 1.03 67 163 270 89 130 5.9 20.1 74.0
Table 3. Physico-chemical characteristics in clayey soil of Integrated culture system (Paddy field with
Aquaculture)
S. No Distance
from
pond
(meter)
pH T.D.S
(ppt)
E.C
(mS/cm)
T.N
(kg/Acre)
P
(kg/Acre)
K
(kg/Acre)
S
(kg/Acre)
Na
(ppm)
SAND
(%)
SILT
(%)
CLAY
(%)
1 00 6.8 0.59 0.83 129 126 162 44 123 2.4 14.4 83.2
2 05 6.8 1.07 1.55 103 123 151 108 130 2.7 22.1 75.2
3 10 6.8 1.24 1.82 101 128 162 141 138 3.4 12.2 84.4
4 15 6.6 0.84 1.20 100 126 162 137 135 3.7 12.1 84.2
5 20 7.2 0.83 1.20 88 121 162 122 128 2.9 13.0 84.1
5. Impact of Aqua Ponds on Soils of Godavari Western Delta, West Godavari District, Andhra Pradesh, India
62
Table 6. Vertical variation of chemical parameters in sandy (Pond with trench) soils
Distance
0 m 05m 10m 20m
Depth pH
TDS
ppt
EC
mS/cm
Na
ppm
pH
TDS
ppt
EC
mS/cm
Na
ppm
pH
TDS
ppt
EC
mS/cm
Na
ppm
pH
TDS
ppt
EC
mS/cm
Na
ppm
0 cm 5.7 3.30 4.70 184 5.0 4.20 6.00 192 4.8 4.20 6.10 224 4.7 4.20 6.00 155
10 cm 5.8 1.23 1.75 212 4.8 1.23 1.75 200 4.9 1.22 1.74 158 4.6 1.50 2.10 156
20 cm 6.0 0.93 1.32 220 5.7 0.97 1.38 124 6.6 0.73 1.04 158 5.2 1.18 1.68 142
30 cm 6.7 0.53 0.76 220 7.0 0.69 0.98 160 7.2 0.57 0.81 152 6.8 0.72 1.02 132
Distance
30m 40m 50m
Depth pH
TDS
ppt
EC
mS/cm
Na
ppm
pH
TDS
ppt
EC
mS/cm
Na
ppm
pH
TDS
ppt
EC
mS/cm
Na
ppm
0 cm 4.9 3.80 4.50 142 5.0 3.80 4.50 156 5.0 3.00 4.40 136
10 cm 4.7 1.16 1.65 150 4.7 1.17 1.67 126 5.8 0.94 1.34 124
20 cm 5.9 0.76 1.08 132 6.1 0.67 0.95 120 7.5 0.57 0.81 118
30 cm 7.1 0.49 0.70 132 7.2 0.48 0.68 120 7.7 0.48 0.68 116
Table7.Texture of the soil (Percentages of Average Values)
S.NO Sand
%
Silt
%
Clay
%
P1 5.2 28.0 66.8
P2 5.2 27.8 67.0
P3 3.0 14.8 82.2
P4 19.6 18.1 62.3
The values of pH are decreased from the pond to agricultural land whereas TDS, EC, organic carbon,
total nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, sodium and sulphur increased in the beginning and slowly decreased up
to 70 meters. The seepage of effluents discharged from an inland shrimp farm increases salinity of soil up to 70
meters. Any land area with recorded EC value more than 2 mS/cm is considered to be salt affected area and is
not suitable for cultivation. Accumulation of salts in soil can degrade the vegetation and soil quality.
The decrease in pH indicates the acidification of the soil. In case of sandy soil, pH varies from 5.7 to
4.7 with an average of 5.0, infers more acidification, pH ranges from 7.1 to 5.9 with an average of 6.4 for clay
pond without any trench and 7.9 to 6.6 with an average of 6.8 with trench for the clay soil. In case of integrated
culture, change in pH is only from 7.2 to 6.6 with an average of 6.8. Electrical conductivity values increased in
the order of 4.71 to 6.57 with an average of 5.9 in case of sandy soil, 1.8 to 5.5mS/cm with an average of 2.7
(without trench), 1.03 to 2.6 mS/cm with an average of 1.8 mS/cm (with trench) and 0.83 to 1.82 with an
average of 1.3 mS/cm (integrated culture). It indicates seepage is very high in sandy soil (more permeable) and
moves to more distance which causes high content of salt deposition when compared to clay soils(less
permeable).
6. Impact of Aqua Ponds on Soils of Godavari Western Delta, West Godavari District, Andhra Pradesh, India
63
Figure2. Horizontal variation of chemical parameters in different ponds
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
ppt
mS/cm
ppt
mS/cm
ppt
mS/cm
ppt
mS/cm
ppt
mS/cm
ppt
mS/cm
ppt
mS/cm
pH TDS EC pH TDS EC pH TDS EC pH TDS EC pH TDS EC pH TDS EC pH TDS EC
0m 5m 10m 20m 30m 40m 50m
Distance from Aquapond
P1
P2
P3
P4
Linear (P4)
Linear (P2)
Linear (P1)
Linear (P3)
Figure 3. Vertical variation of chemical parameters in soil samples adjacent to aqua pond in sandy soils
0.1
1
10
100
1000
pH
TDS
EC
Na
pH
TDS
EC
Na
pH
TDS
EC
Na
pH
TDS
EC
Na
pH
TDS
EC
Na
pH
TDS
EC
Na
pH
TDS
EC
Na
0 m 05m 10m 20m 30m 40m 50m
0 cm
10 cm
20 cm
30 cm
Distance from Aqua pond
7. Impact of Aqua Ponds on Soils of Godavari Western Delta, West Godavari District, Andhra Pradesh, India
64
In aqua pond with clay soil (without trench) percentage of clay varies from 58.7% to 72.7% with an
average of 66.8%, the silt content percentage varies from 36.3% to 22.6% with an average of 28.0%, the
percentage of sand varies from 4.6% to 5.9% with an average of 5.2%. In the pond with clay soil (with trench),
the percentage of clay varies from 58.7% to 74.0% as maximum with an average of 67.0%, the silt varies in
between 20.1% to 36.3% and with an average of 27.8% and the sand content varies from 4.6% to 5.9 % with an
average of 5.2%. In case of sandy soils, the clay percentage varies from 58.10% to 66.70 % with an average of
62.3%, silt percentage from 13.6% to 21.6% with an average of 18.1% and sand percentage varies from 11.70%
to 23.7% with an average of 19.6%. In integrated pond the percentage of clay varies from 75.2% to 84.4% with
an average of 82.2%, silt varies from 12.1 % to 22.1% with an average of 14.8% and sand 2.4% to 3.7 % with
an average of 3.0%
The values obtained from surface to 30 cm depth shows that pH varies from 4.6 to 5.8 with an average
of 4.2 at 10 cm depth, which indicates that soil acidification is maximum up to 10 cm depth. This is followed by
5.2 to 7.5 with an average of 6.1 at 20cm depth, which is moderately acidic in nature and finally 6.7 to 7.7 at an
average of 7.1 at 30 cm depth, which is more or less not affected by seepage water. This is also supported by EC
values of 1.34 to 2.14 with an average of 1.72 mS/cm EC values at 10 cm depth, 0.81 to 1.68 with an average of
1.18mS/cm at 20cm depth and 0.68 to 1.08 mS/cm with an average of 0.75 mS/cm at 30 cm depth respectively.
It clearly depicts the seepage problem is severe up to 10cm depth.
Sodium concentration decreases from the pond to 50m distance as 245 to 148 ppm with an average of
186 ppm in pond with clayey soil without any trench, 177 to 133 ppm with an average of 153ppm in pond
with clayey soil having one meter trench ( 10-30% decrease) and 224 to 94 with an average of 201 ppm in
pond with sandy soil with one meter trench (2.0 to 35 % increase) and 123 to 138 with an average of 130 ppm
in case of clayey soil with integrated aquaculture and agriculture which are very much lower than all the above
three ponds and variation is also negligible. This clearly indicates the efficacy of buffer zone between aqua
pond and agricultural fields and the sustainability of integrated aqua and agriculture practice.
IV. CONCLUSIONS
The aquaculture and agriculture can coexist successfully in coastal areas if there are buffer zones in
between. The above analysis clearly demonstrates the worth of a buffer zone between aquaculture pond and
agriculture fields. If there is a fresh water buffer zone of 10 m width and 4m depth, then aqua farm will not
impair paddy field in case of clayey soils but 50 meters buffer zone is required in case of sandy soils .In places
where it is not possible to have a buffer zone with fresh water, a gap of more than 50m between the aqua pond
and rice field is necessary. The country stands to gain on various counts through shrimp farming and it will be a
loss if we fail to promote it in a sustainable way. The above analysis reflects that the buffer zone was found to
be helpful in preventing salinization of the adjacent agricultural fields and to maintain electrical conductivity
less than one was found which is harmless to the rice crop.
Aquaculture combined with rice production enables a farmer to grow two crops on the same land. The
fish will consume algae and weeds, fertilize the water and improve soil texture. In recent years, there has been
increasing emphasis on developing sustainable integrated culture with micro algae, filter feeders and deposit
feeders. It is ideal to accommodate two or more ecologically compatible species in one system without conflict
for food and space and can co-inhabit in same environment.
By integrating fed mariculture (fish and shrimp) with inorganic and organic extractive mariculture
(seaweeds and with filter feeding bivalves), the wastes of one resource consumer become a resource (fertilizer
or food) for others in the system. Such balanced and integrated ecosystem approach provides nutrient
bioremediation capacity, mutual benefits to co-cultured organisms and economic diversification by producing
other value added profitable products [9].
Finally, inland shrimp farming represents a situation where significant short term economic benefits
may be obtained, but at the risk of creating long term cumulative environmental impacts [4].
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This is a part of the work under the project No: WTI/WAR-W/37/2012 sponsored by Department of
Science and Technology, New Delhi. The authors express their sincere gratitude to Dr. D.R. Prasada Raju
former Scientist-G/Adviser & Head (TMC), Dr. Sanjay Bajpai, Associate Head, Scientist F and Dr. Neelima
Alam, Scientist-D, Technology Mission Cell: Water and Clean Energy, Department of Science and Technology
and Government of India, New Delhi for their encouragement and guidance. We are also acknowledging the
Principal and Management of S.R.K.R. Engineering College, Bhimavaram for their support in our research work.
8. Impact of Aqua Ponds on Soils of Godavari Western Delta, West Godavari District, Andhra Pradesh, India
65
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