The professional bureaucracy is characterized by standardized work processes and decentralized decision making. Professionals such as teachers, doctors, and case workers work independently with their clients but coordinate with their peers. Their work is governed by standards set by external organizations. While work processes are complex, professionals exercise judgment within established guidelines. Administrators organize professionals by client type and coordinate their work while respecting professional autonomy. Attempts to impose external controls can undermine professional standards and dampen innovation. Gradual change through professional associations may be most effective.