The present status of ocean deep mining
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Dr. Steven Scott from the University of Toronto says that advances in marine geology and deep ocean technology have made mining more than two kilometers underwater for gold and other minerals realistic. While this type of deep sea mining has evoked concerns about environmental impacts, Dr. Scott believes it could be less destructive than terrestrial mining. Currently, the first two deep sea mining companies, Nautilus Minerals and Neptune Minerals, are actively exploring deposits in territorial waters off New Zealand and Papua New Guinea.
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Skyharbour Resources Ltd. explores for uranium in the Athabasca Basin of northern Saskatchewan and owns several uranium properties in the region. The company's properties near the Patterson Lake South discovery area have potential for high-grade uranium mineralization. Skyharbour also explores for gold in Red Lake, Ontario and owns copper-zinc and gold properties prospective for base and precious metal deposits. The company is led by an experienced management team with decades of expertise in mineral exploration.
3.Introduction to Geology and Geological Investigation.docx
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Asteroid mining 2006
Kind of funny - with all the news about Planetary Resources Inc and asteroid mining, here's some notes I made back in 2006 on the topic to talk with some of my colleagues on the subject.
NEPTUNE
Neptune is the eighth planet from the sun. It was discovered in 1846 and named after the Roman god of the sea. Neptune is the last planet in our solar system and orbits the sun at a distance of about 4.5 billion km. It takes Neptune 165 Earth years to orbit the sun and 16.1 hours to complete one rotation. Neptune has 13 known moons, with Triton being the largest, and five rings composed of dust and small rocks. Voyager 2 is the only spacecraft to have visited Neptune, providing data on its composition and atmosphere, which is similar to other gas giants with hydrogen and helium but also contains methane and ammonia.
Hydrothermal_Vents.pdf
Hydrothermal vents were first discovered in 1977 at depths around 7,000 feet below sea level. They form where super-heated water from inside the earth's crust, reaching temperatures up to 400°C, meets the cold deep ocean water around 2°C. This interaction causes minerals to precipitate out of the vent fluids, forming chimney-like structures called "smokers". The vent fluids are rich in metals like iron, manganese, and sulfides which sustain unique ecosystems powered by chemosynthesis rather than sunlight. Organisms like giant tube worms and clams thrive in the absence of photosynthesis by consuming chemicals from the vent fluids.
Hydrothermal vents
Hydrothermal vents are fissures on the seafloor where geothermally heated water emerges. They host unique ecosystems fueled by chemosynthesis. The first hydrothermal vent communities in the Indian Ocean were discovered in 2000 at a depth of 2420-2450m, containing active black smokers up to 360°C. The communities included shrimp, actinians, polychaetes, gastropods, crabs, and mussels with links to both Pacific and Atlantic vent fauna. This discovery supported the hypothesis of connectivity between vent ecosystems globally via mid-ocean ridges.
LIthosphere
OVERVIEW:
Theories on How the continents came to its present Position
Rocks
Minerals
Soil
Erosion
LEAVE A COMMENT. :D
NEPTUNE : The World Largest Undersea Observatory. - JS.MOCOY
NEPTUNE Canada is the world's first regional-scale underwater ocean observatory network that is directly connected to the Internet. It allows ocean scientists to remotely conduct deep-water experiments from their labs and universities anywhere in the world. The network offers a unique approach to ocean science by enabling researchers to study biological, chemical, physical and geological processes unfolding within oceans in real-time without needing ship cruises.
The earth’s interior
This document provides an overview of the internal structure of the Earth. It describes the three main layers - crust, mantle, and core. The crust is the outermost layer and is divided into continental and oceanic crust. Beneath the crust is the mantle, which makes up most of the Earth's volume. The core is at the center and has a solid inner core and liquid outer core. Seismic waves and magnetic reversals provide evidence about the composition and movement of materials in the Earth's interior.
Discovery Of Decade
NASA discovered Earth's older cousin planet Kepler 452b in 2015, which is 60% larger than Earth and has a similar temperature. The Mars Phoenix lander confirmed the presence of water ice and organic compounds on Mars. Researchers discovered that caves in Indonesia containing the world's oldest art are four times older than previously thought. Scientists mapped the largest known cave, Haiting Hall in China, which is 100 meters wide, 118 meters deep, and almost 200 meters long. NASA's Spitzer Space Telescope discovered seven Earth-sized planets orbiting a dwarf star called TRAPPIST-1 in 2017.
Crown Capital Eco Management Renewable Energy Scam
Crown Capital Eco Management works with government bodies, international entities, private sectors and other non-governmental organizations in providing extensive information to the public, media and policymakers that are involved in addressing environmental issues and sustainable initiatives in a worldwide scale.
Arctic Star Investor Report
Arctic Star Exploration Corp. is a junior natural resource company engaged in the acquisition, exploration and development of mineral properties. The Company owns 100% of its flagship Timantti Diamond Project including a 243 Ha Exploration Permit and a 193,700 Ha Exploration Reservation near the township of Kuusamo, in Finland. The project is located on the same geological belt of rock approximately 450 km SE of the operating Grib Diamond Mine in Russia. Arctic has discovered three diamondiferous kimberlites that may represent the first finds in a large kimberlite field. The Company also controls diamond exploration properties in Nunavut (Stein), the NWT (Diagras and Redemption) and a rare metals project in BC (Cap). Arctic Star has a highly experienced diamond exploration team previously responsible for numerous world class diamond mine discoveries.
Similar to The present status of ocean deep mining (20)
These 7 expeditions could reveal some of earth's biggest secrets in 2019
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Safety in mines
- Mining is a hazardous profession with high accident and injury rates in India. There were 117 and 101 fatalities and 509 and 52 serious injuries in coal and metalliferous mines respectively in 2010.
- On average over the last ten years, there were 83 and 49 fatalities and 729 and 94 serious accidents annually in coal and metalliferous mines respectively.
- The average death rate per 1000 persons employed annually is around 0.26 and 0.42 and the serious injury rate is around 1.95 and 0.74 in coal and metalliferous mines respectively.
- Several factors ranging from personal to management issues contribute to the high injury rates in Indian mines.
Tunneling
This document provides information on various topics related to tunnelling including introduction, role of geology, factors improving tunnelling, problems associated with tunnelling, future considerations, terms related to mining practices and tunnelling, tunnel service classification, methods of tunnelling, development of drills, equipment used, drilling processes, and specific drilling equipment. It discusses the importance of tunnels, describes different types of tunnels based on use and ground conditions, and outlines key factors to consider for tunnel design and construction methods.
Explosives and accesories
This document provides information on different types of explosives and blasting accessories used in mines. It defines explosives and classifies them based on their sensitivity, risk level, strength, and other factors. It describes various high and low explosives like dynamite, ANFO, emulsion, and their properties. It also discusses blasting accessories like non-electric and electric detonation systems, detonating cords, and their advantages. In conclusion, the document is an overview of explosives and detonation tools commonly used for rock fragmentation in mining operations.
Role of management information systems in a mine.
The document presents information on using a management information system (MIS) in a mine to optimize different operations such as drilling, blasting, loading, and transportation. It discusses using MIS to monitor these operations, provide operational and production data to managers, and help with decision making. Specific software solutions mentioned include blast information management systems, mine management reporting systems, and workforce management reporting systems. These systems can collect, analyze, and report various data like blast details, safety incidents, production figures, and personnel information to support mine planning and operations.
Basting
The document discusses various topics related to blasting and mucking in mines. It describes different types of cuts used for blasting weaker vs tougher rocks. It explains the common pattern of charging blast holes, with 2/3 filled with explosive and the remaining 1/3 with stemming material. It provides a formula for calculating the number of blast holes needed based on the powder factor and weight of explosives and rock. Finally, it discusses mucking, the loading of exploded materials, and the main machinery used for this in coal mines: side discharge loaders and load haul dump vehicles.
Pre requisites of marine operations
Marine operations require consideration of natural systems like weather, hydrology, geology, and biology. They also require ships and platforms, power sources, navigation tools, communication systems, and other technologies. Ships and platforms can be airborne, floating, submerged, or seabed-contacting, and are used to support equipment, work with seabed materials, and transport personnel and cargo. They come in various types including self-propelled or stationary, manned or unmanned designs. Power sources for marine operations face limitations similar to remote land areas and must be selected based on required power levels, available equipment, and cost.
Nuclear devices for mining
Nuclear devices can be used for various applications in exploration and mining by creating large cavities. They offer a cheaper alternative to traditional earth moving and mining methods. Specifically, nuclear explosions could help remove overburden for a large non-ferrous metal deposit located in an extreme northern territory. A test explosion is planned to determine the optimal explosion parameters for displacing 900 million cubic meters of the total 2.3 billion cubic meters of overburden, with an expected cost savings of 1 billion roubles. Nuclear devices provide a way to mine remotely and in difficult climates by fragmenting rock and creating cavities.
Mining of manganese nodules from sea floor
Mining of Manganese nodules from sea floor
Polymetallic nodules, also called manganese nodules, are rock concretions on the sea bottom formed of concentric layers of iron and manganese hydroxides around a core. There are three main concepts for mining systems for deep-sea minerals like nodules: hydraulic mining using pumps, a continuous line bucket system using a chain of buckets, and a modular mining system using a self-propelled collector shuttle. The economic feasibility and delineation of a mine-site are important considerations for nodule mining based on the availability and demand for metals like nickel, copper, cobalt, and manganese.
Mine water risk in open pit slope stability
The document discusses mine water risk and its impact on open pit slope stability. It analyzes the slope stability of a chromite mine in India under three conditions: dry, drained, and undrained. Slope stability analysis was performed using the SLOPE/W software. The factor of safety was highest for the dry condition (1.277) and lowest for the undrained condition (1.230). Proper drainage is required to maintain stability as water can reduce shear strength and increase pore pressure.
Innovations and trend in metal mining & tunnellng
Underground mining technologies have advanced with innovations like raise boring, trackless haulage systems, ore sorting, tele-remote operation, and fuel cells. New methods access deeper ore bodies through declines and improve productivity with longer hole drilling, bulk explosives charging, and fully automated material handling. Monitoring systems and hydraulic roof supports enhance safety, while leaching and biotechnology may enable extraction from additional mineral deposits.
Lighting terminlologyand their units
Lighting terminology and units can be complex, but essentially come down to three main concepts:
1) Luminous flux refers to the total amount of visible light emitted by a source, measured in lumens. 2) Illuminance refers to the amount of light falling on a surface, measured in lux. 3) Luminance refers to the amount of light emitted from or reflected off a surface, measured in candelas per square meter. Understanding these core photometric concepts and the related units like lumens, lux, and candelas is essential for working with lighting.
Evaluation of slope stability for waste rock dumps in a mine
This document evaluates the slope stability of waste rock dumps in an open cast mine. It discusses factors affecting dump stability such as shear strength, permeability, and hydrological issues. Modes of slope failure like planar, wedge, and circular failures are examined. A case study site is modeled using FLAC/Slope numerical software to analyze stability under varying conditions. Parametric studies show that stability decreases with steeper slopes and increases with higher cohesion and friction angle. The model provides accurate stability assessments and recommendations to optimize dump slopes.
Final grouting freezing
This document provides information on grouting systems, freezing methods, shaft drilling and boring, and shaft sinking. It discusses grout hole specifications, selection of cement parameters, equipment used, and testing. It also covers freezing hole specifications, the freezing process, equipment, and periods of active and passive freezing. Finally, it outlines equipment needed for shaft sinking such as temporary buildings, drilling and blasting, mucking, dewatering pumps and devices, typical numbers of equipment, and purposes and brakes for hoists.
Digitization and 3d modelling of a mine plan
This document describes digitizing and 3D modeling of a mine plan. The plan was scanned and imported into AutoCAD for digitization. The digitized file was then imported into Surpac software to generate a 3D model. Contours were triangulated to create terrain models of the underground mine surfaces and other features. Sections and views of the 3D model provided advantages over paper plans such as accurate volume calculations, reserve estimations, and teaching applications. Future work could include using the model for reserve calculations and pit design.
Variety of mine plans and sections & second schedule
The document lists 20 types of mine plans and sections that are required by mining regulations. They include surface plans, underground plans, vertical sections, ventilation plans, combined seam plans, geological plans, rescue plans, water danger plans, abandoned mine plans, stone dusting plans, sampling plans, firefighting plans, joint survey plans, electrical plans, subsidence plans, systematic support plans, manpower distribution plans, accident plans, and any other plans required by inspectors. The plans must show details of the mine workings, geology, infrastructure, ventilation, hazards, personnel, and accidents.
Statutory provisions for the preaparation of mine plans and sections
This document outlines 12 situations that require mine plans and sections to be prepared or updated according to regulations:
1) When a mine is abandoned, 2) When ownership of a mine changes, 3) When an old mine is re-opened, 4) When a tracing of a plan is prepared, 5) When workings are approaching the mine boundary, 6) When doubts arise about plan accuracy, 7) Before starting pillar extraction, 8) When working near railways/roads, 9) When working below rivers/canals, 10) When approaching disused workings, 11) Before constructing underground water dams, 12) For multi-section workings within 9m of each other. In each case, the document specifies what information must
Gps & its applications in opencast mine surveying
This document discusses the use of GPS technology for surveying applications in opencast mines. It provides information on the basic components and operation of GPS including its satellite constellation, signal structure, positioning principles, sources of error, and different receiver types. It then describes how GPS can be used for applications like surveying benches, faces, machines, boreholes, and establishing surface and control plans in opencast mines. Different GPS modes like static, rapid-static, kinematic and stop-and-go are outlined with their achievable accuracies for various surveying tasks.
Laser and its mining applications
This document discusses the applications of lasers in mining. It mentions that lasers are used for airborne scanning to detect mine subsidence over large areas, and for 3D scanning underground to create digital mine plans. Lasers are also used for distance measurement between points that are difficult to access, for shaft deepening, measuring shaft depths, underground surveying, and large hole drilling while maintaining orientation.
Gyrotheodolite
The document summarizes a gyro-theodolite, which uses a spinning gyroscope integrated with a theodolite to determine true north underground. It describes the main components, including the Wild GAK1 and more modern Gyromat 3000 suspended gyroscope systems. It provides details on operating and calibrating the gyro-theodolite, including running up the gyroscope, making observations of the moving shadow mark on the gyro scale, and equations to determine the midpoint of motion and calculate true north from the observations.
Gps2
The document discusses GPS receivers and positioning methods. It provides details on:
- How GPS receivers obtain data from at least 4 satellites to determine position through measuring pseudo-ranges or carrier phase.
- Modern receivers can track all visible satellites simultaneously through multiple channels.
- Basic positioning involves measuring distances to 3 satellites, but using 4 eliminates clock bias errors.
- Carrier phase measurements provide more accurate positioning needed for engineering surveys.
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Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
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- 2. THE PRESENT STATUS OF OCEAN DEEP MINING
- 3. Dr. Steven Scott, a geologist at the University of Toronto, in Toronto, Canada says that advances in marine geology and deep ocean technology have combined to make it realistic to go more than two kilometres underwater for gold and other mineral treasures.
- 4. It's a transformation that he says has evoked a knee-jerk reaction over the possible environmental impacts of this mining, which he believes could be less destructive than terrestrial mining.
- 5. Presently, the world's first two neophyte marine mining companies, Nautilus Minerals and Neptune Minerals are actively exploring the possibility of mining deep sea floor deposits. Neptune is assessing deposits it holds the rights to in territorial waters off the north coast of New Zealand's North Island. Nautilus and its joint venture partner Placer Dome, a Canadian gold mining company, are collecting samples from a deposit to which Nautilus holds the rights in the Bismarck Sea off the eastern coast of Papua New Guinea.