The philosophical culture in XIX-XX centuries
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The document discusses the major philosophical schools and tendencies that emerged in Europe between the 19th and 20th centuries. It outlines how the tumultuous period from 1789-1815 transformed European culture and set the stage for dramatic changes. Philosophers reflected on and helped drive these changes. Some of the key philosophies discussed include German idealism, utilitarianism, Marxism, existentialism, positivism, pragmatism, and transcendentalism. Marxism in particular had a profound influence on the history of the 20th century.
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лефевр м. они предали его. от либерализма к отступничеству. -2007
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The document traces the historical foundations and emergence of the social sciences. It discusses how in ancient times, there was no distinction between liberal arts and sciences. During the medieval period, theorizing was dominated by the church. The 18th century saw the development of sociology as a field. The Age of Enlightenment and events like the French Revolution and Industrial Revolution prompted changes in thought that aided the emergence of social science disciplines like political science and economics to study newly transformed societies. Many influential figures from different eras contributed to shaping the social sciences through their intellectual work.
The Birth and Growth of Social Science.pdf
The document traces the origins and development of the social sciences from ancient Greek civilization through the modern period. Key events and thinkers that influenced the emergence of social sciences as distinct disciplines include the scientific revolution, enlightenment thinkers, secularization of education, and industrialization. Prominent early social scientists discussed include Comte, Marx, Durkheim, Weber, and Boas who established foundational theories and approaches.
The modern world
The document summarizes the major cultural and intellectual shifts between the Middle Ages and the mid-20th century. It describes how medieval Europe had a unified Christian culture with hierarchical social structures. The Renaissance then sparked a shift towards humanism and individualism as ancient Greek/Roman texts were rediscovered. This led to revolutions in theology, philosophy, politics, law, science and more as paradigms shifted from a vertical, transcendent worldview to a horizontal, human-centered one. By 1950, the modern world had ended and values like reason and progress no longer energized society, leading to feelings of alienation and malaise.
The modern world
The document summarizes the major cultural and intellectual shifts between the Middle Ages and the mid-20th century. It describes how medieval Europe had a unified Christian culture with hierarchical social structures. The Renaissance then sparked a shift towards humanism and individualism as ancient Greek/Roman texts were rediscovered. This led to revolutions in theology, philosophy, politics, law, science and more as paradigms shifted from a vertical spiritual view to a horizontal materialist view of humanity's place in the world and cosmos. By 1950, the modern world had ended and post-modernism brought feelings of alienation and disenchantment as institutions and beliefs lost their ability to engage people.
The modern world
The document summarizes the major cultural and intellectual shifts between the Middle Ages and the mid-20th century. It describes how medieval Europe had a unified Christian culture with hierarchical social structures. The Renaissance then sparked a shift towards humanism and individualism as ancient Greek/Roman texts were rediscovered. This led to revolutions in theology, philosophy, politics, law, science and more as paradigms shifted from a vertical, transcendent worldview to a horizontal, human-centered one. By 1950, the modern world had ended and values like reason and progress no longer energized society, leading to feelings of alienation and malaise.
Western phılosophy ın modern culture.pptx
Western philosophy began with the ancient Greeks and encompasses philosophical thought from Western cultures. Some key developments include pre-Socratic philosophers who were interested in cosmology and the natural world, Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle who established foundations of Western thought. Major periods include Hellenistic/Roman philosophy, medieval philosophy influenced by Christianity, and modern philosophy beginning in the 17th century which established more secular and empirical approaches. German idealism in the 18th-19th centuries responded to Kant and established absolute idealism. Late 19th century philosophy included utilitarianism, Marxism, and existentialism. Pragmatism emerged in the US emphasizing practical consequences over absolute truths.
Untitled_(3).pdf
The document provides information about several topics related to European history between the 14th-18th centuries, including the Black Death, the Renaissance, the Protestant Reformation, the Scientific Revolution, and the Enlightenment. It tests knowledge through multiple choice questions about events, people, developments, and differences between groups and time periods. The questions cover a wide range of subjects across several centuries of European history.
407557864-The-Renaissance detail-docx.docx
The document provides an overview of the Renaissance period in Europe from the 14th to 16th centuries. It discusses key aspects including the rise of humanism, spread from Italy to Northern Europe, and major artistic and political developments. Specifically, it summarizes that the Renaissance saw a rebirth of interest in classical antiquity which led to a focus on secularism, individualism, and glorifying man. Major Italian city-states like Florence helped spread these ideas and were centers of the new artistic and cultural achievements.
Third Research Paper Political Philosophies, the Age of Reason and .docx
Third Research Paper: Political Philosophies, the Age of Reason and Revolution
Arguably the most important event in human history during the past 300 years was the American Revolution. At its core, the American Revolution was the ideological child of the Age of Reason and the Enlightenment. European philosophers such as Hobbes, Locke, Bacon and Montesquieu defined the exchange of political and scientific theory and knowledge between Europe and the New World. The American Founding Fathers were all educated men of the Enlightenment. They were thoroughly versed in the new ideas of scientific inquiry and political self-determination that were being advanced by these philosophers in Europe. Familiarity with these concepts allowed the American founders to successfully rebel and eventually to separate themselves from Great Britain---our revolutionary era.
Immediately following the American Revolution, the other great revolution of Western Culture occurs. The French Revolution is fired by the ideas expressed by the Americans and also by their attendant military successes against Great Britain. However the French Revolution sees a very different and bloody outcome. During the 19
th
Century, Europe undergoes a radical reformation of its political and philosophical foundations. New political ideas will emerge and provide fuel for philosophical consideration well into the 20
th
Century, a time that sees Europe torn between competing political ideologies.
For the purposes of this assignment, you must draw extensively on your readings from both of your texts. You should know not only the history of the Enlightenment and the Age of Reason, but also of the American Revolution, French Revolution and the writings of the philosophers expressed in your Readings to Accompany Experience Humanities.
Once you have completed your research and readings, put together a paper, between 2000-2200 words. In it I want you to address the following: Explain the influences of the Enlightenment and Age of Reason philosophers on the American Revolution. How is the American Revolution different from the French Revolution? Drawing on the readings of Dr. Martin Luther King, Alexander Solzhenitsyn and others, describe how they view their struggles for freedom and equality. Did the Age of Reason and the Enlightenment benefit them?
Remember your paper must be submitted online in either .doc or .docx format. It must be double-spaced in either 11 or 12 pt Times New Roman or Arial fonts.
.
Positivism and Auguste comte
Auguste Comte was a French philosopher who founded the doctrine of positivism. He proposed that societies progress through theological, metaphysical, and positive stages of development. In the theological stage, man believes in supernatural powers, while in the metaphysical stage man questions beliefs but lacks evidence. In the positive stage, scientific methods are used to solve social problems. Comte's positivism asserted that valid knowledge comes only from sensory experience and logic. He influenced many later 19th century thinkers and the development of sociology as a discipline.
Uncertainty In Modern Thought (1918 1939)
Nietzsche, Bergson, and Sorel challenged beliefs in progress and rationality prior to WWI. After the war, thinkers like Paul Valery expressed a "terrible uncertainty" as physics and psychology revealed a non-rational universe. Existentialism stressed individual action could overcome meaninglessness, while Christian thinkers like Kierkegaard emphasized faith over reason. Literature also reflected new ideas, using stream-of-consciousness to show complexity and irrationality of the human mind.
Emergence of sociology
Sociology emerged from philosophical and intellectual developments in Europe in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. The Enlightenment challenged traditional authorities and emphasized the scientific study of social phenomena. The Scientific Revolution and philosophy of history influenced viewing society scientifically. The Industrial Revolution and French Revolution drove major social changes, creating needs to study and understand emerging social problems. Early sociologists studied how industrialization and new social structures affected societies.
Discourses on post modernism
Friedrich Nietzsche criticized western rationalism and the idea that history has meaning or purpose. Martin Heidegger believed modern technology reduced humans to slavery. Michel Foucault analyzed how institutions like psychiatry and prisons developed from European modernity and exert power over subjects. Jean-Francois Lyotard defined postmodernism as skepticism of grand narratives and advocated for acknowledging difference. Hayden White and F.R. Ankersmith viewed history as constructed through imagination and language rather than directly representing the past.
19 the enlightment v2018
The Enlightenment occurred between 1715-1799 in France and saw the emergence of rational and scientific thought. Key developments included advances in science and technology like the steam engine which fueled the Industrial Revolution. Economists like Adam Smith advocated for free market capitalism and less government intervention. Philosophes spread new ideas through salons and publications, challenging traditional institutions and advocating for religious tolerance and human rights. In the arts, Neoclassicism replaced Rococo as the dominant style, emphasizing reason and order over ornamentation.
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Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
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1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
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The philosophical culture in XIX-XX centuries
- 2. BRIEF HISTORICAL OUTLINE • With the tumultuous years of 1789- 1815, European culture was transformed by revolution, war and disruption. • By ending many of the social and cultural props of the previous century, the stage was set for dramatic economic and political change. • European philosophy reflected on, participated in, and drove, many of these changes.
- 3. PHILOSOPHICAL SCHOOLS AND TENDENCIES • German idealism • One of the most famous opponents of idealism in the first half of the German 19th century was Ludwig Feuerbach, who advocated materialism and atheism • Utilitarianism • In early 19th century Britain,Jeremy bentham and John Stuart Mill promoted the idea that actions are right as they maximize happiness, and happiness alone.
- 4. Marxism Marxism is a sociopolitical and economic view based on the philosophy of dialectical materialism, which opposes idealism in favour of the materialist viewpoint. Marxism had a profound influence on the history of the 20th Century. Existentialism Existentialism as a philosophical movement is properly a 20th- century movement, but its major antecedents, Søren Kierkegaard and Friedrich Nietzsche wrote long before the rise of existentialism.
- 5. • Kierkegaard wrote of 19th-century Europe, "Each age has its own characteristic depravity. Ours is perhaps not pleasure or indulgence or sensuality, but rather a dissolute pantheistic contempt for the individual man." Positivism Auguste Comte, the self-professed founder of modern sociology, had hoped to order the sciences in increasing degrees of complexity from mathematics, astronomy, physics, chemistry, biology, and a new discipline called "sociology", which is the study of the "dynamics and statics of society".
- 6. • Pragmatism (Pragmaticism) The American philosophers Charles Sanders Peirce and William James developed the pragmatist philosophy in the late 19th century. Transcendentalism Transcendentalism was rooted in Immanuel Kant's transcendence and German idealism, led by Ralph Waldo Emerson andHenry David Thoreau. The main belief was in an ideal spiritual state that 'transcends' the physical and empirical and is only realized through the individual's intuition, rather than through the doctrines of established religions.