Europe is a continent that can be divided into four regions: Western Europe, Eastern Europe, Northern Europe, and Southern Europe. The United Nations Geoscheme also divides Europe into the same four subregions. The exact placement of individual countries may vary based on the criteria being used, and there is no universal agreement on Europe’s regional composition.
Europe is a continent that can be divided into four regions: Western Europe, Eastern Europe, Northern Europe, and Southern Europe. The United Nations Geoscheme also divides Europe into the same four subregions. The exact placement of individual countries may vary based on the criteria being used, and there is no universal agreement on Europe’s regional composition.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
2. CONTEXTS
THE ENLIGHTENMENT
The age of Enlightenment can be situated between the death of
Louis XIV, in 1715, and the coup d'état of the November 9th
, 1799,
when Napoleon Bonaparte took power.
France, at that time the most densely populated country in Europe,
was to experience almost eighty years of domestic peace and
economic prosperity.
With the emergence of the philosophical spirit in salons, cafés and
clubs, came the gradual erosion of monarchical authority,
undermined by tentative, short-lived reforms and opposition from the
aristocracy.
Strengthened by their newfound financial power, the capitalistic
bourgeoisie showed clear signs of wanting to annex political power,
an ambition that would be achieved from 1789 onwards.
CONTEXTS AND CONCEPTS
3. TECHNOLOGY
Inventions:
barometer
thermometer
air pump
stem engine: the most significant invention of the period. Had
been developed in England in 1699. It marked the cornerstone in
the INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION.
The use of coal revolutionized metallurgy increasing the capacity of
blast furnaces.
The improvements in metallurgy directly influenced the
developments in bridge construction and later in architecture.
Metal = tensile strength.
4. ECONOMICS AND POLITICS
The same spirit of challenge was applied to econnomics. Critics of
government control were called physiocrats. The physiocrats
advocated development without governmental interference in the
exploitation of natural resources.
ADAM SMITH (1723-1790). Economist
By publishing in 1776 An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the
Wealth of Nations, Adam Smith founded the science of political
economy.
So significant were the effects of this book for the modern world
that it has been described as one of the most important ever
written. The basic doctrine of The Wealth of Nations was that labor
is the only source of a nation's wealth.
5. Smith advocated division of labor in the productive process,
stressed the importance of individual enterprise and argued the
benefits of free trade.
The true wealth of a nation, he held, lay not in gold but in the
achievement of an abundance of the necessities of life. He warned
against unnecessary intervention by the state in this process.
POLITICAL CONTEXT
War between Austria and Prussia for disputed territories. Both
countries emerged strong and socially stable.
In England, King George lll presided over the American Revolution
In France the revolution (1789) and the second revolution (1792) had
important effects on the arts
6. CONCEPTS
RATIONALISM
Enlightenment was concerned with more than philosophy and
inventions. The leaders of enlightenment movement wanted to
elevate the social circumstances for all people.
This led to an examination and questioning of political, judicial,
economic, and ecclesiastical institutions. The ideas of
enlightenment were spread through the efforts of the pilosophes.
The philosophes were not philosophers in the usual sense of the
word. They were popularizers or publicists.
During this period modern ideas started to take shape: people
were rational beings in a universe governed by systematic natural
law.
7. The idea of progress was based on the assumption that each
generation made life better for the next. Science, art, and literature
were better because they were built upon the achievements of their
predecessors.
Enlightenment, reason and progress are secular ideas and the age
became increasingly secular.
New sciences appeared as a need for organizing the data gathered
during previous periods:
1. mineralogy
2. botany
3. zoology
Antoine Lavoisier isolated hydrogen and oxygen from water. He
also postulated the although matter may alter its state, its mass
always remains the same.
8. Among the most important figures of the enlightenment were:
Denis Diderot (1713-1784), “Encyclopedia”. 17 volumes. Its
completion took 21 years. It was a compendium of scientific,
technical, and historical information.
Voltaire (1697-1778), was the most vocal critic of contemporary
institutions. His popularizing of knowledge and his broad program
of social reform contributed significantly to the start of the French
Revolution.
Jean-Jaques Rousseau (1712-1772). He was an anarchist, and did
not believe in any kind of government. Among the most important
of his books is the Social Contract that became the text-book of
the French Revolution, and Rousseau's theories as protests bore
fruit in the frenzied bloody orgies of the Commune as well as in the
rejuvenation of France and the history of the entire Western world.
9. Today the Enlightenment is often viewed as a historical anomaly, a
brief moment when a number of thinkers infatuated with reason
vainly supposed that the perfect society could be built on common
sense and tolerance, a fantasy that collapsed amid the Terror of
the French Revolution and the triumphal sweep of Romanticism.
Yet in many ways, the Enlightenment has never been more alive.
The notions of human rights it developed are powerfully attractive
to oppressed peoples everywhere, who appeal to the same notion
of natural law that so inspired Voltaire and Jefferson.
Wherever religious conflicts erupt, mutual religious tolerance is
counseled as a solution. Rousseau's notions of self-rule are ideals
so universal that the worst tyrant has to disguise his tyrannies by
claiming to be acting on their behalf.
10. European these ideas may be, but they have also become global.
Whatever their limits, they have formed the consensus of
international ideals by which modern states are judged.
If our world seems little closer to perfection than that of 18th-
century France, that is partly due to our failure to appreciate gains
we take for granted.
11. AESTHETICS AND CLASSICISM
The society of this period valued décor. Classical influences from
Renaissance were very strong
A “classical education” was essential for the members of the upper
classes.
1748 Pompeii was excavated. Found virtually intact.
1738 Herculaneum was excaveted.
1750-58, Gottlieb Baumgarten writes “Aesthetica”. A study of beauty
and the theory of art.
1764 Johan Winklemann, “History of Ancient Art”
12. THE ARTS OF THE ENLIGHTENMENT
PAINTING
ROCOCO STYLE
The Rococo style succeeded Baroque style in Europe. It is a light,
elaborate and decorative style of art.
Centered in France, was generally associated with the reign of
King Louis XV (1715-1774).
`Rococo', comes from the French word `rocaille' (meaning `rock
work'),
Rococo was replaced in France in the 1740's by Neoclassicism.
