HISTORICAL FOUNDATION _SOCIAL SCIENCE

1. Disciplines and Ideas in the
Social Sciences
T h e E m e r g e n c e s o f
S o c i a l S c i e n c e s

2. OBJECTIVES
• trace the historical foundations and
social contexts that led to the
development of each discipline
• explain the relevance of the social
contexts of the various discipline in
your life

3. Social Science
As a body of Scientific knowledge, the social
sciences provide diverse set of lens that help
us understand and explain the different facets
of human society.

4. Historical Foundation of Social
Science
( Western Civilization )
Ancient Times: In ancient civilizations,
there was no distinction between the
disciplines now considered the liberal
arts and the sciences. There was no
difference between mathematics and
the study of history, poetry, or politics.

5. Historical Foundation of Social
Science
Medieval Times: After the fall of Rome, which did
little in the way of science, theorizing was transferred
to the priesthood and a group of scholars known as
the Scholastics. The influence of the church through
the Scholastics, remained strong until the
Enlightenment, leaving no room for the development
of ideas regarding human nature that were separate
from theology.

6. Thomas Aquinas
(13th Century)
in his Summa theologiae,
developed ideas about man and
society that contain political,
social, economic,
anthropological, and
geographical conceptions.

7. 18th Century
Auguste Comte:
invented the term
sociology, he was the
first to systematize and
give a complete analysis
of the principles of the
positive character of
the social sciences.

8. 18th Century
EMILE DURKHEIM
KARL MARX

9. The Age of Enlightenment
( 19th Century ) French Revolution

10. STRUCTURE OF OLD FRENCH
SOCIETY

11. MONTESQUIEU LAFAYETTE
CONDORCET
ROBESPIERRE
INTELLECTUAL VOICES

12. How did the French Revolution aid
the emergence of social science?

13. •Political Science
•Democracy
•Human Rights

14. The Age of Enlightenment
( 19th Century ) Industrial Revolution

15. How did the Industrial revolution affect the development of social
science?

16. •Transformation of Society
• Emergence of Sociology
•Social Inequality

17. OTHER PERSONALITIES THAT SHAPED
SOCIAL SCIENCES AND THEIR
CONTRIBUTION
✓ Nicolaus Copernicus – Scientific Revolution
refers to historical changes in thought and belief,
to changes in social and institutional
organization, that unfolded in Europe.

18. OTHER PERSONALITIES THAT SHAPED
SOCIAL SCIENCES AND THEIR
CONTRIBUTION
✓ Isaac Newton – proposed universal laws of
motion and mechanical model of the universe.
Laid the foundation that allowed science and
technology to change the world.

19. OTHER PERSONALITIES THAT SHAPED
SOCIAL SCIENCES AND THEIR
CONTRIBUTION
✓ Francis Bacon – established the supremacy
of reason over imagination

20. OTHER PERSONALITIES THAT SHAPED
SOCIAL SCIENCES AND THEIR
CONTRIBUTION
✓ Rene Descartes – French Philosopher,
mathematician, and writer who considered the of
Father of modern philosophy. Advocated the use
of rigorous philosophical analysis to arrive the
truth rather than basing them to dogmas.

21. OTHER PERSONALITIES THAT SHAPED
SOCIAL SCIENCES AND THEIR
CONTRIBUTION
✓ Martin Luther – Organized the protestant
movement and eroded the power of the Roman
Catholic

22. OTHER PERSONALITIES THAT SHAPED
SOCIAL SCIENCES AND THEIR
CONTRIBUTION
✓ Immanuel Kant – Challenge the use of
Metaphysics or absolute truth derived mainly
from unjustified tradition and authority such
as the existence of God. Advocated the use of
reason in order to know the nature of the
word and human beings.

23. OTHER PERSONALITIES THAT SHAPED
SOCIAL SCIENCES AND THEIR
CONTRIBUTION
✓ Max Weber – One of the leading figures in
modern sociology and described this process
as Rationalization, which means that social
life is more and more subjected to calculation
and prediction.

24. OTHER PERSONALITIES THAT SHAPED
SOCIAL SCIENCES AND THEIR
CONTRIBUTION
✓ Francois Lyotard – French Sociologist
points out science triumphed because it
provided reliable results.

25. OTHER PERSONALITIES THAT SHAPED
SOCIAL SCIENCES AND THEIR
CONTRIBUTION
✓ Harriet Martineau – founding mother of
sociology, a social scientist shifted their
attention to non-western world as a model of
the early stage of Western
Civilization

26. OTHER PERSONALITIES THAT SHAPED
SOCIAL SCIENCES AND THEIR
CONTRIBUTION
✓ George Simmel – German Sociologist in
the early 20th century, to decry the growing
depersonalization of life due to the
introduction of money. The Rise of
Individualism

27. OTHER PERSONALITIES THAT SHAPED
SOCIAL SCIENCES AND THEIR
CONTRIBUTION
✓ Franz Boas – considered as the father of
modern American Anthropology. The first to
have rejected the biological basis of racism or
racial discrimination.

28. OTHER PERSONALITIES THAT SHAPED
SOCIAL SCIENCES AND THEIR
CONTRIBUTION
✓ Bronislaw Malinowski -contributed to the
development of modern anthropology.
Participation Observation, a social science
research that requires the anthropologists to
have the ability to participate and blend with
the way of life of a given group of people.