The Enlightenment was an intellectual movement that dominated European society from the 17th to 18th centuries. It emphasized reason, science, logic and freedom of thought over myth, faith and absolute authority. The Thirty Years' War, scientific discoveries, and criticism of mistreatment by monarchies and the church fueled the Enlightenment. Enlightenment thinkers produced books and essays that challenged traditional ideas and spread new philosophies, influencing political and social change across Europe.

1. The English
Enlightenment

2. English Enlightenment what is it and when it
began?
The Enlightenment: also known as “Age of Reason”. It was a
philosophical and intellectual movement that dominated European
society during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. The name
came from the belief espoused by many humanist thinkers and artists of
the time that human reason could bring light into the darkness of the
world that it could prevail over tyranny, ignorance and superstition.

3. The characteristics of Enlightenment :
• The enlightenment emphasized reason over myth
and superstition.
• It stressed science over blind faith and doctrine.
• It emphasized on logic, rational and freedom
thought.
• It also emphasized on society and on the human
intellect.
• It rejected the idea of absolute authority of the
church.

4. The reasons behind its appearance :
On the surface, the most apparent cause of the Enlightenment was the Thirty
Years’ War. This horribly destructive war, which lasted from 1618 to 1648,
compelled German writers to pen harsh criticisms regarding the ideas of
nationalism and warfare. These authors, such as Hugo Grotius and John
Comenius, were some of the first Enlightenment minds to go against tradition
and propose better solutions.
At the same time, European thinkers’ interest in the tangible world developed
into Scientific Study, while greater Exploration of the world exposed Europe to
other cultures and philosophies.
Finally, centuries of mistreatment at the hands of monarchies and the church
brought average citizens in Europe to a breaking point, and the most intelligent
and vocal finally decided to speak out.

5. How the Enlightenment affected Europe :
Enlightenment thinkers in Britain, in France and throughout Europe
questioned traditional authority and embraced the notion that humanity could
be improved through rational change.
The Enlightenment produced numerous books, essays, inventions, scientific
discoveries, laws, wars and revolutions.
The Enlightenment caused significant changes throughout Europe. It was lead
by Philosophers such as Voltaire, John Locke, Montesquieu and Rousseau. These
men spread their ideas and challenged the basic ideas of society.
After the Scientific revolution, Scientific knowledge was expanding. Through the
Enlightenment, Scientists were able to make new discoveries in mechanics,
physics, biology, and chemistry.

6. How the Enlightenment affected Europe :
Another key change that happened during the Enlightenment was the
challenging of religion. Before the Enlightenment, people accepted things they
didn't understand as acts of God. During the Enlightenment, Scientists began to
understand these things and prove mathematically they weren’t necessarily the
work of God.
The Enlightenment also had a political impact on Europe. One major thinker,
Rousseau produced a theory of republican legitimacy, but the majority of
Enlightenment thinkers accepted a monarchy.
The Enlightenment was based on ideas and work of early Philosophers. In
Europe, the Enlightenment can be known as a period of time of advancement in
thought.

7. The three central concepts of the Enlightenment :
■ Reason : The most important and original idea was that the
methods of natural science could be used to examine and
understand all aspects of life. Everything was to be
submitted to rationalism.
■ Scientific Method : The scientific method was capable of
discovering the laws of human society as well as those of
nature.
■ Progress : The goal of Enlightenment thinkers to create
better societies and better people by discarding outmoded
traditions and embracing rationalism.

8. Done By :
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■Samar Ibrahem ( ‫ﺗ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﺨ‬‫ﯿ‬‫ﺺ‬‫ا‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﺗ‬‫ﯿ‬‫ﻦ‬٣‫و‬٤ )
■Lama Salem )‫ا‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻘ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ة‬‫ا‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﺨ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻣ‬‫ﺴ‬‫ﺔ‬+‫ﺗ‬‫ﻨ‬‫ﺴ‬‫ﯿ‬‫ﻖ‬‫ا‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ض‬‫و‬‫ا‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﻤ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ا‬‫ﺟ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﺔ‬(