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The partition of bengal 1947
- 1. THE PARTITION OF BENGAL-1947 CAUSES, PROCESSES AND CONSEQUENCES
- 2. Group-5 Aviation Elite Members: Sahib Jada Eyakub Khan Nazmus Shahadad Alam Mohammad Ashraful Miah Shaheed Al Mamun
- 3. Sequences Introduction & Background - Sahib Jada Eyakub Khan Causes - Nazmus Shahadad Alam Process - Mohammad Ashraful Miah Consequences - Shaheed Al Mamun Conclusion - Shaheed Al Mamun Q & A
- 4. Map of Ancient Bengal
- 5. Significant Events Leading to Partition of 1947 7th AD • Shashank 8th to 11th AD • Pala Dynasty 12th AD • Sena Dynasty 12th to 17th AD • Muslim Rule 1757 • Battle of Palassey 1757 to 1947 • 1905 – 1st partition of Bengal • 1911 – Reunification • 1943 – Femine • 1946-47 – Communal Violance 1947 • Final partition of Bengal
- 6. Behind the Scene of the Partition of Bengal Trans-Bengal Unity was achieved by Husain Sahi rule; named by Shah-I- Bangla. Under the Mughal and early British regime; the Bengal had undergone a little change of its boundaries. Bengal, Bihar and Orissa had formed a single province of British India since 1765. On 16 October,1905 the first Bengal partition was held by Lord Curzon. Due to public controversy the Bengal was reunited on 1911.
- 7. Causes Administration of this region did not function properly. The Eastern region of the British India was neglected, under governed, and poor means of communications. East Bengal was dominated by the Muslims and West Bengal by the Hindus Hindus were in a better position in terms of economic status and professional qualities than the Muslims. The benefits of the Western education were given only to the Hindus and not the Muslims.
- 8. Hindu Vs Muslim The Hindus by and large opposed the 1905-partition and most Muslims rendered their support to it; The Hindu Mahasabha, who proposed the partition of Bengal in 1947 and Muslim leadership first opposed and later accepted the proposal sullenly. The rapid change in the political mood of the Hindus and Muslims of the province ought to be measured by the complex politics of communalities, communalism, and imperialism of the time. HS Suhrawardy, Chief Minister of Bengal, made a last moment attempt to transcend the limits and keep Bengal united with the status of an independent state. However, his move for a United Independent Bengal floundered.
- 9. Causes Muslims’ Response It received a favorable response from the Muslims. It was thought that it would bring the emancipation of Muslims socially and economically. The Muslims welcomed the Partition of Bengal for the following reasons: 1. In the majority province of East Bengal the Muslims would be free from Hindu dominance in economic field. They would get opportunities of services and advancement of agriculture. 2. The city of Dacca, where the Muslims were in majority was the centre of Muslim culture. In Dacca Muslims had a great chance of success for social and cultural advancement than in Calcutta. 3. The Partition could result in political uplift and securing represent action in the Government. 4.The partition of Bengal relieved the Muslims from competing with Hindus, who were more advanced in every field of life.
- 10. Causes Hindus Response The Hindus did not accept it, as it dealt a telling blow to their monopolies and exclusive hold on economic, social, Political life of the whole of Bengal. They called it as a deliberate attempt by British Government The Partition of Bengal had brightened the possibility of betterment of Muslims; while the Hindu landlords, capitalists and traders wanted status quo and to continue the exploitation of the Muslims. Hindu lawyers also reacted to the partition of Bengal because they thought that the new province would have its separate courts and thus their practice would be affected. Hindu press was not different from that of Hindu advocates. Hindus had their monopoly over almost whole of the province press. They were afraid that new newspapers would be established which would decrease their income naturally. The Hindus launched Swadeshi Movement whose sole purpose was to boycott of British goods.
- 11. Official declaration Vs. Actual fact The cause behind the partition that was officially announced that the Bengal province was too large to be administered by a single Governor and therefore was partitioned on administrative purpose. But the actual cause behind the partition was political and not administrative. East Bengal was dominated by the Muslims and West Bengal by the Hindus.
- 14. Process 1906-Muslim League Founded in the primary aim of securing adequate Muslim political re-presentation based on separate electorates for Muslims and Hindus 1909-Separate electorates conceded by the colonial government 1911- Annulment of partition 1914 -First world war started , Muslim support Garman in faith of Turkey Lucknow Pact, 1916- Joint action against the British by Hindus and Muslims Congress accepted the Muslim demand of separate electorate
- 15. Process (Cont…) • Non-cooperation movement(1920-1922)-led by Mahatma Gandhi • It involves non-payment of taxes and boycott of the new ‘reformed’ councils • 1930-1933: Gandhi launches further all-India Civil Dis-obedience campaigns, now based on the demand for full independence from British rule. • Second World War 1939-1945: Congress resigns its ministries in protest against the British • The Lahore Resolution presented by AK Fazlul Haque in 1940- on be half of Muslim League to demarcate the territories for the Muslims along the line of Iqbal’s two nation theory.
- 16. Process (Cont…) 1940- in Lahore Muhammad Ali Jinnah, gave a seminal speech setting out the need for a separate state for Muslims on the subcontinent. Congress announced “Quit India “ campaign in 1942 Tens of thousands were imprisoned by the British Japan set up an Army of the Prisoner of War which fought against the British Army
- 17. Process (Cont…) A major famine in Bengal in 1943- millions of death s by starvation and remains a highly controversial issue regarding Churchill’s decision to not provide emergency food relief. The Calcutta Riots of 1946, also known as the “Great Calcutta Killing,” were four days of massive Hindu-Muslim riots in the capital of Bengal, India; resulting in 5,000 to 10,000 dead, and some 15,000 wounded, between August 16 and 19, 1946. In the 1945-46 elections, both at the national and at the provincial level, Congress had won most of the seats in the Hindu majority areas and the Muslim League in the Muslim majority areas. Suhrawardy realized that if Bengal was partitioned, it would be economically disastrous for East Bengal as all coal mines, all jute mill but two and other industrial plants would certainly go to the western part since these were in an overwhelmingly Hindu majority area.
- 20. Riots of 1947
- 21. Riots of Calcutta 1946-47
- 22. Consequences
- 23. Consequences The End of British Empire Holding of notional system of voting by the members of the Hindu-majority and Muslim-majority Referendum in the Surma Valley of Assam i.e;, the Sylhet district in the North-East to determine their future A Boundary Commission to demarcate the adjoining areas between the proposed states
- 24. Consequences Sir Cyril Radcliffe did territorial demarcation within fifteen days Th border demarcation was very drastic and unrealistic Neighbors, relatives and friends, who were living side by side for many generations, to be separated and to migrate The new border also created a very strange type of `island' which is known as Chitmahal
- 25. Consequences Greatest mass migration of humans in 20th century Over 15 Million Muslims, Sikhs and Hindus moved across borders Communal violence took 1 million lives Tens of thousands of women raped and kidnapped
- 26. Consequences Creation of India and Pakistan on the basis of religion The power was finally officially transferred to Pakistan and India on 14 and 15 August respectively East Pakistan lost the hub of economy, culture and education--- Kolkata East Pakistan suffered deprivation and discrimination from the West Pakistan 1971, East Pakistan fought for independence and with aid from India, broke off from West Pakistan December 16,1971, Independent Bangladesh was created under the leadership Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman
- 27. Conclusion The geography of Gangetic Delta, present day Bangladesh witnessed many changes in her territorial boundary The land was ruled by Buddhist, Hindu, Muslim and British Rulers The peaceful population Bengal always fell victim of politics and religious motives During the Muslim Rule ( 12-17th AD), most of the population turned to Islam In the British Period, the local Hindu population dominated business, education, administrative aspects which resulted in a sense of deprivation in majority of Muslim population 1905, Partition of Bengal gave Muslims opportunity to see the light of prosperity 1947, The Partition Bengal of 1947 eventually paved the way for creation of Bangladesh in 1971
- 28. Q & A