The Khilafat movement was launched in British India in 1919 to preserve the Ottoman Caliphate and Muslim control over holy sites after World War I. Hindus and Muslims collaborated in mass demonstrations and boycotts to pressure the British. The movement's goals were to keep the Ottoman Khilafat intact, preserve its territories, and ensure non-Muslim control over holy places. Though popular and involving leaders like Gandhi, the movement declined after violence in 1921-1922 and the abolition of the Caliphate in 1923, exposing divisions between Hindus and Muslims.

1. By: Saif Khalid khan Kakar
Lecturer (Civics/Pol. Sci)
Pakistan Education Center

2. INTRODUCTION
• The Khilafat movement was a religio-
political movement launched by the
Muslims of British India for the retention
of the Ottoman Caliphate and for retaining
control of Muslim Holy places.

3. BACKGROUND
 Turkey sided with Germany in World War 1. As it began to
lose the war, concerns were expressed in India about the future
of Turkey.
 this movement was at its peak from 1919 to 1922, casting
demonstrations, boycott, and other pressure tactics.
 Muslims and Hindus collaborated with each other during this
period.
 Being brothers, the Indian Muslims realized their religious
duty to help the Muslim country (Turkey).
 It was also the extra territorial attachment based on Islam.

5. GOALS
 Ottoman Khilafat (Turkey) should be kept intact.
 To preserve its Territorial solidarity.
 Control of Holy places should not be given to
non-Muslims.

6. DIMENSIONS
 The writings of the Muslim intellectuals provoked the sentiments
for the preservation of Khilafat and retention of the Muslims control
of the Holy places.
 The Muslims journalism played a vital role to steer the direction of
the struggle.
 Zamindar of Zafar Ali Khan, Comrade and Hamdard of Maulana
Muhammad Ali Jauhar, and Al - Hilal of Maulana Abul Kalam
Azad etc. were the prominent newspapers and magazines which
performed their duties to express their resentment towards British
policy over Ottoman Khalifat (Turkey).
 The Allies imposed humiliating terms on vanquished Turkey.

7.  Khilafat movement started by observing the Khilafat day on 27th
October 1919.
 both Hindus and Muslims formed the Khilafat conference on 23
November 1919.
 1st meeting was held in Amritsar under the leadership of Maulana
Shaukat Ali.
 Khilafat Conference decided to send a delegation to England
under the leadership of M. Ali Johar, Syed Suliman Nadvi, Syed
Hussain in March 1920.
 British P.M Llyod George refused to meet the demands on 1th
March 1920.

8.  during this period the British government passed the Rowlatt act in March 1919.
 on 13 April 1919 people gathered to protest against the act and against the
detention of Dr. Satyapal & Maulana Saif ud din in Amritsar near Jallianwala Bagh
when General MacDowell o Dyer ordered the troops to open fire at the Mob which
resulted in 379 deaths and 1200 injuries.
Khilafat committee passed a resolution on 8th July 1920 during a meeting in
Karachi in favor of Turkey.
The Indian National congress joined the Khilafat Movement and in September
1920 launched the non-cooperation movement.
The delegation returned to India in October 1920.
 British government in India took stern action and from Dec 1921 till January 1922
almost 30000 demonstrators were arrested from both communities.
 during the period from 1921 till 1922 two major incidents took place that had
negative impact on the Khilafat movement:
I. Mopla Uprising in Bombay.
II. Chauri Chaura incident.
 after these two incidents Mr. Gandhi called of the non-cooperation movement
and thus the movement lost its momentum.
 On 23rd of March 1923 Mustafa Kemal declared Turkey a republic and the Treaty
of Lausanne was signed between the new Turkish Government and Britain.

9. Causes of failure
1. Major reason for disintegration of Khilafat was its alliance with Germany in
World War 1 and had to fight against Great Britain.
2. Gandhi called off the movement when it had reached its peak.
3. Mustafa Kemal defeated the Greeks in the Battle of Smyrna and British were
forced to sign a treaty with Turkey. Mustafa Kemal abolished the Khilafat and
declared Turkey a Republic.

10. Importance/ conclusion
1. It generated political conscious among the Muslim
community.
2. Muslim leadership had emerged in the form of
different leaders.
3. This movement exposed the anti-Muslim design of
congress and Hindu community.
4. Muslims emerged as an effective force in the
national politics of united India.